About the Authors

International Typhoid Consortium

Membership of the International Typhoid Consortium is listed in the Members of International Typhoid Consortium section.

Vanessa K. Wong

vw1@sanger.ac.uk; vanessawong@doctors.org.uk

Current address: The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK

Affiliations The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Kathryn E. Holt

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Chinyere Okoro

Affiliations The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Stephen Baker

Affiliations The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Derek J. Pickard

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Florian Marks

Affiliation International Vaccine Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Kwanak, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Andrew J. Page

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Grace Olanipekun

Affiliation International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria

Huda Munir

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

Roxanne Alter

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America

Paul D. Fey

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America

Nicholas A. Feasey

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Francois-Xavier Weill

Affiliation Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, France

Simon Le Hello

Affiliation Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, France

Peter J. Hart

Affiliations Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom

Samuel Kariuki

Affiliations The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya

Robert F. Breiman

Affiliations Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Emory Global Health Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Melita A. Gordon

Affiliations Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome-Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi

Robert S. Heyderman

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome-Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Jan Jacobs

Affiliations Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgium

Octavie Lunguya

Affiliations National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Chisomo Msefula

Affiliations Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi

Calman A. MacLennan

Affiliations The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Karen H. Keddy

Affiliation Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division in the National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Anthony M. Smith

Affiliation Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division in the National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Robert S. Onsare

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya

Elizabeth De Pinna

Affiliation Salmonella Reference Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom

Satheesh Nair

Affiliation Salmonella Reference Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom

Ben Amos

Affiliation St Augustine’s Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania

Gordon Dougan

Affiliation The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Stephen Obaro

Affiliations Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria, Bingham University, Karu, Nassarawa State, Nigeria

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Analyzed the data: VKW KEH AJP CO SO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DJP KEH AJP CO SO GD GO HM RA PDF SB NAF FXW PJH SLH SK RFB JJ OL CM FM MAG RSH CAM KHK AMS RSO EDP SA BA. Wrote the paper: VKW SO KEH GD. Project oversight: SO GD. Study design: SO KEH GD. Isolate acquisition and processing and clinical data collection: DJP KEH AJP CO SO GD GO HM RA PDF SB NAF FXW PJH SLH SK RFB JJ OL CM FM MAG RSH CAM KHK AMS RSO EDP SA BA. Sequencing data generation: AJP. Contributed to manuscript editing: DJP KEH AJP CO SO GD GO HM RA PDF SB NAF FXW PJH SLH SK RFB JJ OL CM FM MAG RSH CAM KHK AMS RSO EDP SA BA.