About the Authors

Hitoshi Kawada

Contributed equally to this work with: Hitoshi Kawada, Yukiko Higa, Kyoko Futami, Takashi Suzuki

vergiss@nagasaki-u.ac.jp

Affiliation Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Yukiko Higa

Contributed equally to this work with: Hitoshi Kawada, Yukiko Higa, Kyoko Futami, Takashi Suzuki

Affiliation Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Kyoko Futami

Contributed equally to this work with: Hitoshi Kawada, Yukiko Higa, Kyoko Futami, Takashi Suzuki

Affiliation Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Yuto Muranami

Affiliation Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

Emiko Kawashima

Affiliation Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Joseph H. N. Osei

Affiliation Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Kojo Yirenkyi Sakyi

Affiliation Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Samuel Dadzie

Affiliation Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Dziedzom K. de Souza

Affiliation Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Maxwell Appawu

Affiliation Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Nobuo Ohta

Affiliation Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

Takashi Suzuki

Contributed equally to this work with: Hitoshi Kawada, Yukiko Higa, Kyoko Futami, Takashi Suzuki

Current Address: Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Kobe-Tokiwa University, Kobe, Japan

Affiliations Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Noboru Minakawa

Affiliation Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HK YH KF TS SD DKdS MA NO NM. Performed the experiments: HK YH YM JHNO TS EK KYS. Analyzed the data: HK KF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KF. Wrote the paper: HK KF MA. Obtained permission for field collection of mosquitoes: SD DKdS MA TS NO NM. Revised the article critically for important intellectual content: SD DKdS MA NM. Final approval of the version to be published: DKdS NO NM.