About the Authors

Helen L. Zhang

Affiliation Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Kunda W. Mnzava

Affiliations Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Sarah T. Mitchell

Affiliation Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Matayo L. Melubo

Affiliations Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Tito J. Kibona

Affiliations Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Sarah Cleaveland

Affiliation Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Rudovick R. Kazwala

Affiliation Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

John A. Crump

Affiliations Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania

Joanne P. Sharp

Affiliation School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Jo E. B. Halliday

jo.halliday@glasgow.co.uk

Affiliation Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SC RRK JPS JAC JEBH. Performed the experiments: KWM MLM TJK. Analyzed the data: HLZ KWM STM JPS JEBH. Wrote the paper: HLZ KWM STM SC JPS JAC JEBH.