About the Authors

Chanika Worasith

Contributed equally to this work with: Chanika Worasith, Christine Kamamia, Anna Yakovleva

Affiliations Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Christine Kamamia

Contributed equally to this work with: Chanika Worasith, Christine Kamamia, Anna Yakovleva

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Anna Yakovleva

Contributed equally to this work with: Chanika Worasith, Christine Kamamia, Anna Yakovleva

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Kunyarat Duenngai

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Phetchabun, Thailand

Chompunoot Wangboon

Affiliations Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Jiraporn Sithithaworn

Affiliation Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Nattaya Watwiengkam

Affiliation Department of Pre-Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand

Nisana Namwat

Affiliations Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Anchalee Techasen

Affiliations Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Watcharin Loilome

Affiliations Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Puangrat Yongvanit

Affiliations Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Alex Loukas

Affiliation Centre for Biodiversity and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia

Paiboon Sithithaworn

paibsit@gmail.com

‡ PS and JMB also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Jeffrey M. Bethony

‡ PS and JMB also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PS PY. Performed the experiments: CWo CWa NW KD. Analyzed the data: CK AY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JS NN AT WL. Wrote the paper: PS AL JMB.