About the Authors

Hanne M. Norseth

Affiliations Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Patricia D. Ndhlovu

Affiliation Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Elisabeth Kleppa

Affiliations Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Bodo S. Randrianasolo

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Peter M. Jourdan

Affiliations Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Borghild Roald

Affiliation Center for Paediatric and Pregnancy Related Pathology, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Sigve D. Holmen

Affiliations Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Svein G. Gundersen

Affiliations Research Department, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway, Department for Global Development and Planning, Institute for Development Studies, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

Jayanthilall Bagratee

Affiliation Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Mathias Onsrud

Affiliation Department of Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway

Eyrun F. Kjetland

e.f.kjetland@medisin.uio.no

Affiliations Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway, Discipline of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HMN EFK SDH SGG EK. Performed the experiments: HMN EFK PDN JB PMJ SDH BSR. Analyzed the data: EFK SGG HMN PDN JB BR EK BSR PMJ MO SDH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EFK HMN BR EK BSR PMJ MO SDH. Wrote the paper: HMN EFK EK PMJ BR SGG MO BSR JB PDN SDH.