About the Authors

Gloria Mwanjali

Affiliation School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Charles Kihamia

Affiliation School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Deodatus Vitalis Conatus Kakoko

Affiliation School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Faustin Lekule

Affiliation Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Helena Ngowi

Affiliation Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Maria Vang Johansen

mvj@sund.ku.dk

Affiliation Section for Parasitology, Health and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark

Stig Milan Thamsborg

Affiliation Section for Parasitology, Health and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark

Arve Lee Willingham III

Affiliation Section for Parasitology, Health and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Revised the mansucript: DVCK SMT MVJ SMT ALW. Conceived and designed the experiments: GM CK FL HN MVJ SMT ALW. Performed the experiments: GM DVCK. Analyzed the data: GM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MVJ SMT ALW. Wrote the paper: GM ALW.