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Ethnic disparities in the longer-term clinical care and outcomes of stroke patients in England

  • Eugene Yee Hing Tang ,

    Contributed equally to this work with: Eugene Yee Hing Tang, Uchenna Anyanwagu

    Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

    eugene.tang@newcastle.ac.uk

    ‡ These authors are joint first authors on this work.

    Affiliation Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

  • Uchenna Anyanwagu ,

    Contributed equally to this work with: Eugene Yee Hing Tang, Uchenna Anyanwagu

    Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

    ‡ These authors are joint first authors on this work.

    Affiliation Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

  • Yu Fu,

    Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

    Affiliation Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

  • Christopher Price,

    Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

    Affiliation Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

  • The SSNAP Collaboration

    The complete membership of the author group can be found in the Acknowledgements.

    Affiliation Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom

Abstract

Ethnic disparities in stroke incidence and recurrence are well-known but there is conflicting evidence regarding post-stroke care and recovery. In the UK, stroke-survivors are recommended a six-month specialist review but fewer than half receive this review, potentially exacerbating health inequities. Using data from the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) from inception to August 2023 across four regions in England with varying ethnicity profiles we conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis to assess ethnic differences in six-month care and outcomes for stroke-survivors. A total of 80,413 (26.2%) stroke-survivors attended their 6-month review (whites: 26.5%, Black patients: 27.9%; Asian patients: 26.1%; Mixed patient: 27.6%; other: 23.5% other; unknown: 23.1%) with a higher proportion of reviews taking place via telephone for Black and Asian patients (X = 955.7, p = 0.001). After adjustment, non-White patients were significantly more likely to be followed up at 6 months (Black patients OR 1.29 (95%CI 1.21–1.38), Asian patients OR 1.10 (95% CI: 1.04–1.15). The odds of having a further stroke (Black OR 1.49 (95% CI: 1.21–1.84), Asian OR 1.25 (95% CI 1.03–1.52)) or other illness requiring hospital readmission (Black OR 1.25 (95% CI: 1.12–1.40), Asian OR 1.15 (1.05–1.27)) were significantly higher in Black and Asian patients following adjustment for age and stroke severity. At six months lipid therapy was significantly lower in Black patients (OR 0.79 (95% CI: 0.72–0.87)). Black and Asian stroke-survivors experience worse outcomes and lower use of secondary prevention despite similar clinic attendance. Culturally sensitive interventions are needed to reduce post-stroke complications.

Introduction

Globally, the future incidence of stroke is likely to increase in both sexes, all age groups, and all socio-demographic groups [1]. Stroke also remains the second-leading cause of death and third-leading cause of death and disability [2]. Studies have shown higher incidence and death rates from stroke in Black patients compared to White patients. This is driven by the disproportionately higher incidences of hypertension and diabetes (which are known risk factors of stroke) in this group [3].

There are racial disparities in both stroke incidence [4] and stroke recurrence [5] in non-White ethnic patients. A higher proportion of White patients tend to present sooner following the onset of their stroke symptoms, receive thrombolysis and thrombectomy compared to minority ethnic patients in the USA [6]. It is yet unclear as to whether there are similar ethnic disparities in the post-stroke recovery period as there is a dearth of data on strategies to mitigate inequities in stroke rehabilitation [7]. In the UK, the healthcare system is free at the point of need. Current UK national guidance recommends that all stroke patients should receive a patient-centred structured review of their health and social care needs at 6 months after a stroke, usually in specialist settings, followed by an annual review in Primary Care [8]. Despite the importance in reviewing stroke patients particularly at the 6-month review, only around 40% of eligible patients actually receive this review [9]. There is a danger that not only are non-White individuals at heightened risk of stroke and the associated complications, there may also be further disparities in their subsequent post-stroke care. This also includes often hidden effects of stroke namely cognition. When compared to White stroke-survivors, Black patients are at increased risk of poorer neurocognitive outcomes [10]. Those from non-White (excluding white minorities) groups are also more likely to report worsening confusion or memory loss impacting their engagement in day-to-day activities [11]. As these are often the less visible deficits post-stroke, it is vital that services can detect and recognise these challenges to ensure earlier intervention and to reduce its impact particularly if there is a need to tailor this support to specific cultural groups.

The aim of this exploratory study was to describe aspects of post-stroke care and outcomes during the 6-month follow-up period and to assess whether there are any differences across non-White ethnic groups, and the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown.

Materials and methods

Data source

Data were on obtained from the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) on the 30th April 2024 following approval by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP). SSNAP is a national quality audit register used in collecting data on stroke care in all hospitals across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Data are submitted by individual teams prospectively on patient demographics, clinical treatments and outcomes on all patients presenting with acute stroke from admission to 6 months after stroke (SSNAP - Home). Ethnicity was categorised as White, Black, Asian, Mixed and Others according to the clinical data inputted by the clinical team. As this was a retrospective analysis on clinical audit data, we anticipated that ethnicity can often be missing or not known, and these were defined according to the categories dictated by SSNAP. The authors did not have access to information that could identify individual participants during or after data collection.

Study design and population

SSNAP is a prospective, registry-based cohort study of adult stroke patients aged ≥18 who were admitted to hospital across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. For this study, publicly available data from SSNAP were retrieved to order the 16 strategic clinical networks (SCN) by the proportion of Black and Asian stroke patients admitted. To ensure appropriate representation and mix of populations were included, data from four SCNs (London, East of England, South-East and North of England) were placed in order from the top to bottom quartiles for Black and Asian representation. Data were then requested from 4 SCNs, one from each quartile from SSNAP. The index date was defined as the date/time of onset/awareness of symptoms. All patients were eligible from inception to the 31st of August 2023. Data were retrieved from admission to their point of discharge from the registry, i.e., the six-month review. Fig 1 summaries how the study population was derived from the dataset.

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Fig 1. Participant summary flow chart.

*The percentage represents the proportion of those who attended follow-up compared to the total number of patients in each ethnic category.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354353.g001

Statistical analysis

The study’s objectives were to describe the ethnic differences with regards to the 6 months follow-up period attendance, the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on post-stroke on this, and the ethnic differences in post stroke care (clinical outcomes and use of medications).

Firstly, we stratified the entire study population by White vs Black vs Asian vs Mixed patients and others/unknown ethnicities, and used descriptive statistics to summarise the baseline demographics, comorbidities, use of medications, and stroke episode outcomes (S1 Table). Chi-square and T-test/linear regression analyses were used to compare differences between these among the ethnic groups.

To estimate the odds of follow up among the different ethnic groups, only data from those who attended the 6-month follow up were used (Fig 1). An exploratory analysis approach was used to examine the associations between the patients’ sociodemographic variables and the odds of follow up at 6 months within the ethnic groups First, we conducted a univariate logistic regression analysis to determine the variables that were associated with follow up at 6 months. Then all the significant variables in were fitted in the final multivariate model to adjust for their effect on the 6-month follow-up outcomes.

Secondly, to explore the impact that the COVID-19 lockdown had on the 6-month follow up, participants were divided into two cohorts – those whose stroke onset was before the 26th of March 2020 first lockdown versus after that. Follow up was categorised as binary (yes – attended or no – not attended). Patients who died before the follow up period, or in whom follow up was not indicated or with missing data were excluded. Pearson’s chi-square analysis was used to calculate the difference in the proportion between the two groups pre- and post-lockdown. Logistic regression model was fitted to explore the association between follow up within the ethnic groups in this period and this was adjusted for the lockdown period.

Finally, to explore the differences in post-stroke care (clinical outcomes and use of medications), the study population was stratified by their ethnicities and logistic regression model was fitted to explore the odds of each defined outcome in other ethnic groups compared to White patients. The univariate logistic regression models tested the association between each outcome the a priori baseline confounders. Only age and stroke severity (signified by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NHISS) score on arrival were associated with the outcomes. These were fitted in the final multivariate models to adjust for their confounding effect.

All point estimates were computed with 95% confidence intervals (CI), at the conventional statistical significance level of 0.05. Missing data in large proportion was classified as a different category for analysis. All data analyses were done using Stata Software, version 18.

Ethical approval

SSNAP has permission granted under Section 251 approval by the Confidentiality Advisory Group of the Health Research Authority to collect the confidential patient information. The data retrieved following approval from the HQIP (Application number HQIP1450) provided non-identifiable patient data to the research team. The project also had ethical approval from Newcastle University’s Faculty of Medical Sciences (Reference: 35360/2023).

Results

Baseline characteristics

A total of 307,054 participants had a stroke within the defined period. Of this, 82.3% were White patients, while 2.9% Black patients, 4.5% Asian patients,0.6% mixed race patients, 2.6% other ethnic groups, and 7% unknown ethnicity (Fig 1).

As anticipated, the highest proportion of strokes was in the elderly with the age group 80–84 showing the highest proportion (16.2%) while this was 1.8% in those aged less than 40 (p < 0.001). There are slightly more males (51.9%) than females (48.1%). Asian patients had the highest proportion of patients with a modified Rankin Score (mRS) greater than zero compared to all other ethnic groups (55.1%, p < 0.001). More than a quarter of all the participants have had a previous stroke or TIA while a significant proportion had ischaemic stroke (87.3%) compared to other types (p < 0.001). S1 Table is the summary of the baseline demography, comorbidities, use of medication, and stroke episode outcomes of all the participants stratified by ethnicities.

Six months review

A total of 80,413 out of 307,054 (26.2%) participants attended their 6-month review. Of the total population in each ethnic group, 26.5% of White patients attended, 27.9% Black patients, 26.1% Asian patients, 27.6% Mixed patients, 23.5% other ethnicities, and 23.1% unknown (Fig 2). On the contrary, 10.3% defaulted for no reasons, 13.7% had missing records, 3.9% died within 6 months), while 46.0% were not able to be followed up because they either declined assessment or could not be contacted as they were not registered with a GP or have moved overseas, or had another stroke after being discharged from inpatient care and were readmitted into hospital.

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Fig 2. The proportion (%) of stroke survivors who attended their follow up at 6 months according to their ethnicities.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354353.g002

Fifty-seven percent of the 6 months review was in-person, 42% via telephone, 0.48% online and 0.44% via post. More White patients, Mixed and the unknown groups were seen in person, while a greater proportion of Black patients, Asian patients, and other ethnic groups were reviewed via telephone (p = 0.001). A significant proportion of follow ups were carried out by a stroke coordinator. Compared to both the pre-stroke (1.0) and discharge mRS (2.0), the mRS at 6 months (2.2) was worse (higher) in all ethnic groups (p-value <0.001).

S2 Table outlines the baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients who attended their six-month review by ethnicity. Those aged 75–84 years attended most compared to all other age groups across all ethnicities. Apart from the mixed ethnic group where equal proportion of males and females attended, more men attended follow up (p < 0.001). The proportion of participants with a pre-stroke mRS of zero was significantly greater in the unknown and mixed ethnic groups (54.5% each) than in others (51.8%), White patients (51.4%), Black patients (50%) and Asian patients (44.9%) ethnic groups (p < 0.001). The prevalence of heart failure was significantly lowest in the unknown ethnic group, while hypertension was significantly higher in Black patients (75%) compared to others (p < 0.001).

Compared to White patients, Black patients are 35% more likely have a follow up (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.27–1.44) while Asian patients are 12% (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.07–1.18), mixed 21% (OR 1.21 95% CI 1.06–1.38) and other ethnic groups 28% (OR = 1.28 95% CI = 1.19–1.38) more likely to attend. Conversely, the unknown ethnic group are 10% (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.86–0.94) less likely to attend the 6-month follow up review compared to White patients. Following adjustment for age, gender, pre-stoke mRS, comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke/TIA and dementia), and the use of medications like antiplatelets and anticoagulants, these odds slightly reduced in all ethnic groups (Table 1)

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Table 1. Odds and adjusted odds of follow up of stroke survivors at 6 months according to their ethnicities.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354353.t001

6-month follow-up review outcomes among the ethnic groups

The need for psychological support and the odds of change of residence of abode in all ethnic groups compared to White patients is shown in Table 2. After adjustment for age and stroke severity, the proportion of stroke-survivors being identified as requiring cognitive support was almost similar in Black and White patients, non-significantly lower in the mixed and other ethnic groups but was 19% in Asian patients and 24% higher in the unknown ethnic groups. The need for psychological support and the odds of change of residence of abode in all ethnic groups compared to White patients are summarised in Table 2.

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Table 2. Odds ratio showing differences in important clinical outcomes in stroke survivors who attended their six months follow up reviews according to their ethnicities.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354353.t002

Table 2 also summarises the odds of relevant clinical comorbidities like atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, the incidence of another stroke/TIA and the risk of hospital readmission in all other ethnic groups compared to White patients.

The odds of the use of secondary prevention medications are summarised in Table 3. Lipid therapy use was significantly lower in Blacks (21%), mixed (24%) and others (21%) ethnic groups but non-significantly higher in Asian patients (5%) (Table 3). Conversely, antihypertensive use was significantly higher in non-White ethnicities.

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Table 3. Odds ratio showing differences in the use of medications in stroke survivors who attended their six months follow up reviews according to their ethnicities.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354353.t003

Impact of COVID- 19 on the 6-month follow up among the ethnic groups

Compared to the pre-COVID-19 lockdown period, a significant proportion of 6-month follow up occurred after the COVID-19 lockdown (67% vs 53%, p < 0.001), Odds ratio = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.62–1.69, p < 0.001.

Following adjustment for the lockdown period, Black patients were 29% (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.21–1.37, p < 0.001) more likely to attend their follow up compared to White patients. In Asian patients, this was 9% (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.04–1.15, p = 0.001), 18% in the mixed ethnic group (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04–1.35, p = 0.013), and 24% in others (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.16–1.34, p < 0.001). However, in the unknown ethnic group category, the odds of attending follow up was 12% lower (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.84–0.92, p < 0.001) compared to White patients.

Discussion

Our findings demonstrate despite non-White stroke survivors having the highest attendance rate for 6-month follow-up, there were disparities in health outcomes. This did not change even when accounting for the COVID-19 period. Post-stroke comorbidities were more likely in all other ethnic groups combined, in particular recurrent stroke, and hospital readmissions for other illnesses in Black and Asian stroke-survivors. The odds of having a myocardial infarction within six months post-stroke was also significantly higher in Asian patients. Conversely, atrial fibrillation pre- and post-stroke was less likely in non-White stroke-survivors. There were differences in use of secondary prevention. Black and Asian stroke-survivors were more likely to be taking antihypertensives, which may reflect the fact that a higher proportion had hypertension pre-stroke. However, all other ethnic groups combined stroke survivors are less likely to be taking lipid therapy. There was a similar level of identification of need for cognitive support in Black and Mixed stroke-survivors compared to White patients with Asian patients identified as needing more psychological support.

The UK population is becoming increasingly more ethnically diverse with the 2021 UK census identified that the majority of the population remained Caucasian patients (81.7%), followed by Asian patients (9.3%), Black patients (4.0%), Mixed ethnicity patients (2.9%) and others (2.1%)(1). To capture a generalisable sample of stroke-survivors we requested a representative dataset from SSNAP with one SCN from each quartile by the proportion of those from Black and Asian ethnicities. This resulted in a generalisable sample as our study is roughly representative of the general population with most of the stroke-survivors being White patients (82.3%), followed by Asian patients (4.5%), Black patients (2.9%), Mixed ethnicity patients (0.6%) and other (2.6%) ethnic groups with 7% of unknown ethnicity. Importantly the proportion of all other ethnic groups combined patients in the UK has increased between 2011–2021 across all ethnicities [12]. It is therefore important primary, and specialist clinical services find ways to address any inequities in healthcare outcomes.

Attendance to the 6-months follow up review is generally low (26.2%), which is slightly lower than national data [13]. Although non-White patients were more likely to attend their 6-month review, a greater proportion of Black patients, Asian patients, and other ethnic groups were reviewed via telephone rather than in person. For those who attended their 6-month reviews, non-White patients were more likely to have comorbidities at baseline including hypertension and diabetes. This may be a factor in the higher recurrent stroke rate. Previous studies have found that Black patients, particularly at younger ages, were more strongly linked with both earlier acute onset [14] and recurrence [15] and may not be fully attenuated by traditional stroke risk factor management [5]. This difference was not confined to recurrent stroke as both hospitalisation for other illnesses and myocardial infarction at 6-month follow-up were higher in all other ethnic groups combined patients in our study. This suggests that there may be benefits to earlier or more targeted follow-up for these at-risk populations. Non-attenders for 6-month reviews tended to be younger in non-White patients (75–85 years age group among White patients, 55–64 years in Black patients; 65–69 years in Asian patients and 60–64 years mixed ethnic group), and were more likely to have risk factors for recurrent stroke such as hypertension in other than White stroke-survivors would appear to be a group that should be particularly targeted. Previous studies comparing immigrant health versus long-term residents, immigrants (mainly from Asian ethnicities) had a higher risk of being disabled following a stroke on discharge compared to long-term residents in a comparable healthcare system to the UK [16]. Future research should look at where in the stroke care pathway would be best to intervene to reduce the impact of stroke for those from minority ethnic populations.

Although racial and ethnic disparities are well known and persistent, less is known around how health services should be tackling these inequalities. The impact of race on post-stroke outcomes is just one of the social determinants of health which drives health inequalities. Those from Asian ethnicities have increased odds of undiagnosed hypertension and diabetes [17] which in turn increases the risk of stroke. Upon acute presentation of non-White populations are less likely to use emergency medical services and then tend to receive lower rates of treatment with thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy [6]. Factors such as cultural beliefs, lack of knowledge around stroke, language barriers and trust in clinical services may explain some of these disparities [7]. Delay in treatment could ultimately lead to worsening post-stroke outcomes and acute services also need to be mindful of these ethnic disparities. To address this delayed presentation, the Stroke Warning Information and Faster Treatment (SWIFT) trial compared the effect of an interaction intervention with enhanced educational materials on recurrent stroke arrival times in a multiethnic prospective cohort of both stroke and transient ischaemic attack survivors [18]. The SWIFT educational arms resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of patients arriving within <3 hours from symptom onset in both the intensive intervention group and those receiving enhanced usual care. There was no detectable difference between the two groups [19] which may be because the comparator arm was enhanced usual care. The comparison to enhanced usual care is not necessarily reflective of real-world clinical practice particularly given that different healthcare services can potentially offer heterogeneous packages of care post-stroke depending on locality.

In our UK sample, secondary prevention in the form of lipid therapy was found to be reduced particularly in Black patients, Mixed ethnicity patients, or other ethnicities. In Canada, which is a similar healthcare system to the UK, immigrants were more likely to achieve cholesterol targets [20]. Good lipid control is a mainstay of post-stroke management not only to reduce recurrent stroke but may also reduce adverse cognitive deficits such as dementia, which is known to be increased post-stroke [21,22]. Most randomized controlled trials which have tested the effectiveness of culturally-tailored interventions have tended to use blood pressure reduction as an outcome [7]. The Systemic Use of Stroke Averting Interventions (SUSTAIN) trial, which was conducted in a multi-racial/multi-ethnic vulnerable population, tested a chronic care model-based intervention consisting of group and individual clinics, self-management support, report cards and decision support [23]. Helpfully, African Americans not only had improved systolic blood pressure in the intervention arm, but there were also improvements in the lowering of low-density lipoprotein [23]. Working with underserved communities to understand their needs and their barriers to secondary prevention medication adherence is key.

Cognitive impairment is common post-stroke and also associated with ethnicity [24]. Neuropsychiatric outcomes such as depression, anxiety, fatigue, and apathy are common post-stroke [25]. Depression post-stroke has an estimated pooled prevalence of around a third (27%) from observational studies. Those experiencing depression within 3 months post-stroke more at risk of remaining depressed a year after stroke [26]. Similarly post-stroke anxiety can occur for 1 in 4 stroke-survivors [27]. Psychological outcomes such as depression and anxiety are often linked to cognitive deficits. Links between ethnicity and post-stroke outcomes such as depression are not consistent [28] with some finding no differences [29]. There do seem to be some ethnic differences when it comes to cognition with more cognitive impairment suggestive of dementia, found in non-Europeans compared with Europeans [30]. Post-stroke cognitive impairment is more common in those from Caribbean/African ethnicities [24]. In our study, at follow up, the use of psychological support was higher in Asian patients compared to White patients. Conversely, those from Mixed or Black ethnicities had similar levels to Whites in terms of receiving cognitive support. It is known that post-acute access to clinical psychology is often limited and below recommendations [31]. The degree of utilization of cognitive support offered to Black patients may be more of a reflection of the available clinical services or to cultural understanding of what normal or abnormal cognition may entail. Clinical services need to find ways to not only identify these individuals requiring psychological and/or cognitive support but also ways of following them up to ensure earlier detection of common post-stroke outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.

Although our exploratory has a number of strengths such as being representative of the national ethnicity profile, it has some inherent limitations. As a routinely collected audit across the 4 nations of UK, it runs a major risk of incomplete data entry by the clinical teams due to its prospective nature, and missing data especially relating to the ethnicities. Having up to 7% unknown and 2.6% ‘Others’ ethnic groups could potentially introduce a non-differential bias to our findings. The low 6-month follow-up data could be indicative of a poor reflection of the post-acute stroke population. Therefore, our findings should be interpreted with caution. SSNAP is a clinical prospective audit of all stroke survivors whose input is reliant on the clinical teams looking after the stroke patient. Whilst there is a high proportion, we have deemed missing due to lack of follow-up data, this is mainly since stroke-survivors have not attended or have no record of attendance. There will of course be clinical reasons for their non-attendance. This is reflected nationally where the proportion of patients receiving a 6 month stroke review is consistently only just over a third of all eligible stroke patients [32]. Techniques to address missing data, e.g., multiple imputation were considered but there were concerns that this would only serve to increase bias in the results as there would not be enough justification that the data were missing at random [33]. This was an issue when conducting the analysis around the odds of the patient taking their antiplatelets and anticoagulant therapy as there was significant missingness in the baseline data, which meant meaningful conclusions around this aspect would be biased by the missingness of the baseline data. Further, given the size of the dataset it would seem unlikely that spurious associations are being reported (especially if these show effects in a similar direction). We were therefore interested in those who do manage to attend their reviews and this exploratory study highlights areas for future research and implications for clinical teams to consider. Finally, we analysed all stroke-survivors together irrespective of underlying cause. As this is an exploratory study we wanted to assess the clinical outcomes of all stroke-survivors and to look at the standards of care across ethnicities rather than any mechanistic causes. Further, in routine clinical services in the UK, all stroke-survivors receive the same follow-up care post-stroke. We do recognise that there may be some underlying associations between type of stroke and ethnicity which could confound our interpretations and future studies could look more specifically on how subtype of stroke could influence post-stroke care.

Conclusions

Our exploratory study using real-world clinical audit data provides novel insights into the ethnic differences in six-month outcomes following stroke. Patients from all other ethnic groups combined may get the opportunities for routine specialist follow-up but prior to this 6-month review, they have already had poorer health outcomes post-stroke including myocardial infarction, recurrent stroke, and hospitalisation for other illnesses. Our findings have important clinical implications to emphasise the need for community and primary care services to support these individuals during the earlier post-stroke period in partnership with specialist services. Future research is needed to understand the reasons behind these ethnic differences in post-stroke outcomes and to work together with these at-risk communities to developed culturally sensitive interventions to address these disparities in post-stroke outcomes.

Supporting information

S1 Table. Baseline demography, comorbidities, use of medication, and stroke episode outcomes of all the stroke survivors stratified by their ethnicities.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354353.s001

(DOCX)

S2 Table. Baseline Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes in only stroke survivors who attended their 6 months follow up according to their ethnicities.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354353.s002

(DOCX)

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all the hospital teams that have contributed to Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme data collection and the patients whose data are included in this study. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

The SSNAP Collaboration List:

Mrs Abby Cowey, Clinical Specialist Neuro Physiotherapist, Guildford and Waverley Community Therapy Team- Neuro Stream

Dr Abdul Elmarimi, Consultant stroke physician, Lincoln County Hospital

Dr Adam Webber, Consultant Stroke Physician – lead clinician, Barnet General Hospital

Mrs Adele Griffiths, Allied Health Professions Consultant in Stroke, Aneurin Bevan UHB Community Neurological Rehab Service

Mrs Hutchings Ailsa, Specialist stroke Nurse, Frimley Park Hospital

Miss Ailsa Miller, Community Stroke and ESD Team Leader, South East Essex Community Stroke Team

Dr Ajoy Nair, Consultant in Rehabilitation Medicine, Alderbourne Rehabilitation Unit – Hillingdon

Dr Alakendu Sekhar, Consultant Neurologist, Walton Centre Stroke Team

Miss Alana Hunt, Occupational Therapist, Merton ESD/Neuro Rehab Team

Dr Alexandra Andrews, Consultant, Royal London Hospital HASU

Ms Alexandra Attwood, Speech and language Therapist, Community Clinical Lead for Stroke, Eastbourne Community Stroke Rehab Team

Miss Alexandra Hunter, Stroke Service Team Leader, Feldon Stroke Rehabilitation Unit SWFT

Mrs Alice Ramsey, Senior Occupational Therapist, Cumberlege Intermediate Care Centre

Miss Alice Shale, Clinical Team Lead, Lincolnshire Community Hospitals

Ms Alison Beattie, Stroke Services Co-ordinator, South West Acute CRT Team

Mrs Alison Stone, Snr stroke specialistnurse/ asociate team leader., Stafford Community Stroke Team

Mrs Alison Thomas, Business Support Supervisor, Cornwall and Isles of Scilly ESDCRT

Mrs Alison Wootton, Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist, Neurology, South East Staffordshire Community Neuro Rehab Team

Mrs Allison Kandiah, Clinical Lead for Long Term Conditions Support Services, First Community Health and Care 6 month assessment provider

Mrs Amanda Eddy, ESD Team Manager, Plymouth Community Healthcare ESD Team

Mrs Amanda Edwards, Team Lead Physiotherapist, Farnham Hospital Inpatient Rehab Team

Mrs Amanda Hulbert, Manager ICSS, Cornwall 6 Month Assessment Provider

Ms Amanda Jones, Stroke Nurse Consultant and Clinical Lead, Royal Hallamshire Hospital

Dr Amulya Misra, Consultant, Wycombe General Hospital

Prof Andrew Hill, Consultant and Clinical Lead for Stroke, Southport and Formby District General

Mrs Angela Dodd, Clinical Lead Therapist, Vale Specialist Stroke Rehabilitation Unit

Mrs Angela Keeney, Nurse Consultant, Barnsley Integrated Community Stroke Team

Ms Angela Kennedy, BELFAST COMMUNITY STROKE TEAM MANAGER, Belfast Community Stroke Team

Mrs Angela Storey, Occupational Therapist, Penrith ESD Team

Dr Angie Logan, Consultant Physiotherapist, Stroke Rehabilitation, East Devon Community Stroke Rehab Unit

Mrs Anita Bailey, Team Lead/Stroke Clinical Specialist Occupational Therapist, Gloucestershire ESD Team

Miss Anna Jillings, clinical nurse manager, Eastern Devon Stroke Support ESDCRT Team

Dr Anna Bahk, Consultant, St Helier Hospital

Ms Anna Lovegrove, service manager, Sutton and Merton ESD Team

Mrs Anne Kettlewell, Therapy Manager, Swindon ESD-CRT

Mrs annis lavric, team lead acute and community neuro team, Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Community Stroke Team – DPOW

Mrs Ann-Marie Clarke, Clinical Team Leader/ Occupational Therapist, Central Lancashire Community Neuro Rehab Team

Mrs Ann-Marie Gaul, Stroke ESD team leader, East Coast Community Healthcare Stroke ESD Team

Mr Anthony Dodds, Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist, Scarborough and Rydale Community Stroke Rehabilitation

Mr Antonio Moreno Salmeron, Physiotherapist, Central London Community Healthcare Neuro Rehab Team

Mrs Anu Thomas, Stroke Consultant Nurse, Chorley and South Ribble Hospital

Mrs Aoife Bennett, Band 7 Neuro Physio, Lewisham 6 Month Assessment Provider

Dr Bella Richard, Consultant, Nevill Hall Hospital

Dr Benjamin Jelley, Consultant, Llandough Hospital

Miss Bethan Griffiths, Physiotherapist, Dartford, Gravesham & Swanley ESDCRT Team

Mrs Bhairavi Shah, Team Lead Physiotherapist, Surrey Heath and Farnham Intermediate Care Team

Ms Barbara Holley, Team Lead, West Sussex Coastal (South) Community Neuro Rehab Team

Dr Breffni Keegan, Consultant Geriatrician, South West Acute Hospital

Dr Brian Clarke, Stroke Physician, St George’s Hospital HASU

Mrs Carly Broscombe, Occupational Therapist, Guildford and Waverley Community Therapy Team- Neuro Stream

Mr Callum Lloyd, Occupational Therapist, Cardiff and Vale ESD Team

Mrs Carly Adams, ESD, St Margaret’s Hospital Essex

Mrs Carole Walters, Head of Service, St Pancras Hospital

Mrs Carolina De Campos, Operational Team Lead, North Sefton Community Neuro Rehab Team

Mrs Caroline Thomas, Physiotherapist (Stroke and neuro services), Newton Abbot Hospital

Mrs Carrie Beaumont, Stroke ESD Co-ordinator, Locala (Huddersfield) Stroke ESD Team

Mrs Catherine Atkinson, AHP Consultant in Neuro Rehab/ OT, Homerton Adult Community Rehab Team

Miss Catherine McKenna, Occupational Therapist, Stockport Community Neuro-Rehab Service

Ms Catherine Roberts, Community Therapy Lead, South Manchester Community Stroke Team

Mrs Ceri Eady, Life After Stroke Nurse Specialist, Swansea Locality 6 month review team

Mrs Cerrys Parker, Unit manager, Prince Philip Hospital

Mrs Charlotte Hall, occupational therapist, Gateshead Community Rehab Team: 6 Month Follow Up

Mrs Charlotte Cadman, ESSD Physiotherapist, South Derbyshire and South Dales ESD

Miss Christina Connolly, Stroke Performance Coordinator, Harrow 6 Month Assessment Provider

Mrs Clair Finnemore, Therapy Lead for Stroke Services, Sandwell and West Birmingham ESD team

Mrs Claire Almond, Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist, Buckinghamshire ESD Team

Mrs Claire Crane, Clinical Lead Physiotherapist, West Kent ESDCRT Team

Mrs claire hinchcliffe, occupational therapist, West Lancashire Community Neuro Rehab Team

Mrs Claire Lee, Clinical Team Leader, Nottinghamshire County South Community Stroke

Mrs Claire Quarterman, Clinical Lead, Coventry CINSS

Mrs Claire Cook, Operational Team Lead, West Sussex Coastal (West) Neuro Rehab Team

Miss clare cheney, community stroke coordinator, Buckinghamshire Healthcare 6 Month Assessment Provider

Ms Clare Fisher, Deputy Sister, Hinchingbrooke Hospital

Dr Clare Holmes, Stroke Consultant, University Hospitals Bristol ESD Team

Mrs Clare Mahon, Lead Therapist, Oxford ESD Team

Ms Clare Rossiter, B7 Speech and Language Therapist, Tower Hamlets Community Stroke Team

Ms Clare Watson, Stroke ESD Manager, Frimley Park ESD Team

Mrs Clare Webster, Locality team neuro physiotherapist, East & North Hertfordshire Neuro Rehab Team

Mrs Clare Wilde, Stroke Support Manager, Chester Stroke Association – 6 month assessment provider

Mrs Claudia Bull, Clinical Lead CommunityNeuro Service, East London NHS Foundation Trust Community Neuro Service Team

Dr Conor Owain Martin, Consultant COTE, Ysbyty Gwynedd

Ms Corinne Stewart, Physiotherapist, Lower Lea Valley ESDCRT Team

Mrs Cristina Bayliss, Service Delivery Coach, Dartford Stroke Association – 6 month review provider

Miss Daisy Clark, Service Delivery Lead, Doncaster Stroke Recovery Service

Dr David Eveson, Consultant in Stroke Medicine, Leicester ESD Team

Mr David Mcfadden, Operational Pathway Lead, Sheffield Community Stroke ESD Team

Mr David Rose, Service Lead, Cambridge & Peterborough Foundation Trust Inpatient Team

Dr David Dean, Consultant Clinical Neuropsychologist, Buckinghamshire Neurorehabilitation Unit

Dr David Hargroves, Consultant Physician and Clinical Lead for Stroke Medicine at EKHUFT, Invicta Ward Kent and Canterbury Hospital

Miss Deborah Angior, Physiotherapist, Central Lancashire Community Neuro Rehab Team

Mrs Debbie Bass, Clinical Lead Physiotherapist, Hounslow Community Stroke Rehab Team

Mrs Debbie Heath, Stroke CNS, Derriford Hospital

Dr Deborah Ramsey, Consultant Physician Stroke & Adult medicine, Princess Royal University Hospital HASU

Dr Derek Hilton, Consultant Strroke Physician, Wexham Park Hospital

Ms Dipti Mistry, Specialist Physiotherapist, Oxfordshire Stroke Rehabilitation Unit

Dr Djamil Vahidassr, Consultant Physician, Antrim Area Hospital

Dr Don Sims, Consultant Stroke Physician, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Edgbaston

Mrs Donna Bayliss, Head of ESD and Neuro, Wiltshire Integrated Community Neurology and Stroke Service

Mrs Donna Berry, Stroke Clinical Nurse Specialist, Wembury, Stroke Rehabilitation

Mrs Donna Salt, Stroke coordinator, Russells Hall Hospital

Dr Paul Davies, Consultant Stroke Physician, West Cumberland Hospital

Mrs Edith Nhanga, Occupational Therapist, Hertfordshire & Essex Community Rehab Team

Miss Elizabeth Winterburn, B7 Physiotherapist, Clayponds Inpatient Neuro Therapy Team

Dr Ehab Georgy, Clinical Lead – Suffolk Stroke ESD Service, West Suffolk Community 6-month Review Provider

Dr Elzbieta Tone, Consultant, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust ESD Team

Mrs Eleanor Holman, Community Stroke Team Lead, West Herts Community Stroke Team

Mrs Elizabeth Barnes, Neuro Clinical Lead, East Staffordshire Community Stroke Rehab Team

Mrs Emily Castle, Occupational therapist, Herne Bay and Canterbury Community Stroke Rehab Team

Mrs Emma Cork, Neuro-Rehab Service Lead, Northern Devon Healthcare ESDCRT Team

Miss Emma Davis, Stroke Nurse Specialist, Kings Mill Hospital

Mrs Emma Driver, Highly Specialist Stroke Physiotherapist, Heywood, Middleton and Rochdale Community Stroke Team

Miss Emma Griffiths, Team Lead/ Occupational Therapist, Whiston Hospital HASU

Mrs Emma Howarth, Specialist Physiotherapist, Wrightington Wigan and Leigh ESDCRT Team

Ms Emma Richards, Lead for ICSS, BNSSG Integrated Community Stroke Service

Miss Emma Price, Stroke Case Manager, Southampton General Hospital

Dr FATIMA HUSSAIN, CONSULTANT STROKE PHYSICIAN, Royal Liverpool University Hospital

Mrs Fiona Frith, ESSD Team Lead, Amber Valley & Erewash ESD Team

Mrs frances pons, DRS Team Leader, Dudley Community Stroke Rehabilitation Team

Miss Francesca Crew, Clinical and Operational lead for WICSS, Warwickshire Integrated Community Stroke Services

Mr Garry Jopling, Service Delivery Lead, North Somerset Stroke Association – 6 Month Assessment Provider

Dr GAUHAR MALIK, CONSULTANT, Bristol and Weston SU

Mr Gavin Hughes, Service manager, Haringey Stroke Association – 6 month assessment provider

Mrs Gemma Edlin, Community Stroke Team Lead, South Cheshire and Vale Royal Stroke ESD & CRT Team

Mrs Gemma Gumbley, Operational Lead Stroke & Neurorehabilitation therapies, East Lancashire Community Stroke Rehab Team

Ms Gemma Holden, Operations Manager, Bristol After Stroke 6 Month Provider

Dr Gemma Smith, Clinica lead and consultant physician in stroke medicine, University Hospital of North Durham

Mrs Georgina Holt, Clinical Lead Occupational Therapist, Calderdale ESDCRT Team

Miss Georgina Hughes, Clinical service manager, Horsham, Crawley and Mid Sussex Community Neuro Rehab Team

Miss Georgina Simon, Clinical Team manager, Leeds ESDCRT

Mrs Georgina Walley, Team Lead, Worcestershire Integrated Stroke Service

Dr Giles Durward, Consultant, Lymington New Forest Hospital

Dr Gillian Halstead, Consultant Physician, Royal Bolton Hospital

Mrs Gillian Horsey, Lead Nurse Stroke, Noble’s Hospital

Mr Glynn Coupland, Clinical Lead Community Stroke Rehabilitation, County Durham & Darlington Community Stroke Rehab Team

Mr GRAHAM SMITH, ANALYST, Calderdale Royal Hospital

Mrs Grainne O Hagan, Community Stroke Services manager, WHSCT Community Stroke Service

Dr Habib Rehman, Consultant Physician, Royal Albert Edward Infirmary

Mrs Hannah Lyddon, Deputy Clinical Lead, 2b Neuro Rehab Team, Pulross Centre 2B Neuro Rehabilitation Team

Mrs Hannah Carr, Team Lead, North Worcestershire CCS

Mrs Hannah Parrington, Service Delivery Lead, Calderdale Stroke Association IASS – 6 Month Assessment Provider

Dr Harald Proeschel, Consultant Physician, Dorset County Hospital

Dr Hardeep Baht, Consultant Stroke Physician, Kent and Canterbury Hospital

Ms Hayley Vincent, Stroke CNS, Brentwood Community Hospital

Mrs heather hazzard, halton community stroke service lead practitioner, Halton 6 Month Assessment Provider

Ms Helen Crichton, Occupational Therapist, Newcastle upon Tyne Community Stroke Team

Mrs Helen Ellis, Stroke Specialist Physiotherapist, North Somerset DARRT – 6 Month Assessment Provider

Mrs Helen Whitbread, Admin Manager, Northampton 6 Month Assessment Provider

Mr Hlaing Ni, Clinical Lead Consultant for Stroke, Lister Hospital

Mrs Hollie Dhar, Advanced Clinical Practitioner, Blackpool Victoria Hospital

Miss Holly Maguire, Advanced Nurse Practitioner for Stroke, Leighton Hospital

Mr Hubert Sakkariyas, Clinical Lead- Therapies, Edgware Community Hospital

Dr Ingrid Kane, Consultant Physician, Royal Sussex County Hospital

Mr Ijaz Anwar, Consultant, University Hospitals of North Tees and Hartlepool

Dr Ishfaq Hussian, Stroke Consultant, Tameside General Hospital

Dr Ivan Vlahovic, Consultant – Stroke, Southend Hospital

Dr Ivan Wiggam, Consultant Physician, Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast

Mrs Julie Bracken, clinical lead physiotherapist, Darlington 6 Month Assessment Provider

Ms Julia Gearhart, Speech and Language Therapist, Hertfordshire and West Essex Specialist Community Rehabilitation team

Mrs Janet Johnson, Occupational Therapist, Warrington and Halton ESD Team

Mr Jack Haines, Physiotherapist, Sapphire Unit – Gravesham Community Hospital

Mrs Jackie Mason, Therapy Team Lead, Stevenage, North Herts & Royston Integrated Community Rehab Team

Mrs Jacqui Quirke, Head of Service, New Epsom and Ewell Community Hospital

Mr Jagdish Kaswala, Band 6 ICS physiotherapist, Dacorum Community Adult Health Service Hemel Hempstead

Mr James Gilpin, Stroke Service Improvement Lead, Armagh Dungannon Community Stroke Team/ESD

Mr James Newbury, Deputy Clinical Lead – Lambeth & Southwark Community Stroke Team, Lambeth 6 Month Assessment Provider

Dr James Scott, Consultant Stroke Physician, Queens Hospital Burton upon Trent

Dr James White, Consultant physician, Cwm Taf 6 Month Assessment Provider

Ms Janet Clark, Service Manager – LTCSS, First Community Health and Care Community Rehab Team

Mrs Janet Hornby, Stroke Specialist Physiotherapist, Dorset East 6 Month Assessment Provider

Mrs Janet Schmitt, Stroke Consultant Practitioner, Shepton Mallet Community Hospital

Dr Jayan Chembala, Consultant Stroke Physician, County Hospital

Miss Jayne Cross, Physiotherapy Lead, Tameside and Glossop ESDCRT Team

Ms Jayne Thomas, CNS Stroke, West Wales General

Mrs Jeannine Johnson, Clinical lead for Stroke/Lead CNS, Isle of Wight Stroke Early Supported Discharge Team

Mrs Jennifer De Canha, Head of Clinical Services, QEF Neuro Rehabilitation Services

Mrs Jessica Bagguley, Service Delivery Lead, Birmingham Health Inequalities Project – Stroke Association

Dr Jessica Kubie, CONSULTANT, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital

Mrs Jill Wright, Clinical specialist physiotherapist/ clinical lead for stroke, Warrington Hospital

Dr James Kelly, Lead Stroke Consultant, Tyrone County Hospital

Mrs Joanne Marshall, Service Manager, Livability Icanho 6 month assessment provider

Mrs Jo Davidson, Stroke Support Manager, Newham Stroke Association 6 month review service

Miss Jo Young, Rehab Support Worker, Brighton and Hove 6 Month Stroke Review Service

Mrs Joanna Kitchen, Therapy Team Lead, Solihull Hospital ESDCRT Team

Ms Jo Stevens, Stroke Services Co-ordinator, Bury Stroke Rehab Team

Mrs joanne chesson, community stroke coordinator, Wolverhampton Community 6 Month Assessment Provider

Mrs Joanne Ritchie, Clinical Lead physiotherapist, Central Manchester 6 Month Assessment Provider

Mrs Joanne Wilson, Interim Team Lead, Doncaster Community Stroke Rehab and ESD Team

Mrs Joanne Wise, ESD co-ordinator, West Essex ESD Team

Ms Johanna Flaherty, Service Lead, North East Essex ESDCRT

Dr John France, Stroke consultant, Torbay Hospital

Dr Jordi Morell, Consultant Physician in Stroke and Geriatric Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary

Mr Jose Mabuti, stroke specialist nurse, Darent Valley Hospital

Dr Joseph Kwan, Consultant, Charing Cross Hospital HASU

Miss Judith Pie, SSNAP Administrator, Homerton University Hospital Integrated Independence Team

Mrs Julia MacLeod, Regional Head of Operations, Leeds Stroke Association 6 Month Assessment Provider

Miss julia owens, Band 7 Physiotherapist, Knowsley CRT Team

Mrs Julia Webster, Team Manager, Nottingham City 6 Month Assessment Provider

Mrs Julia Browne, Occupational Therapist, Enfield Integrated Community Stroke Team

Dr Kate Hellier, Consultant Stroke Physician, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital

Miss Ellie McMullen, SSNAP, Fake Hospital

Mrs Karen Robinson, Stroke Specialist Nurse, North Devon District Hospital

Mr Karl Jackson, CONSULTANT STROKE THERAPIST, BCUHB Stroke ESD West

Miss Kate Levens, Physiotherapist, Wrexham Rehabilitation Unit

Miss Kate Mattinson, Occupational Therapist, Penrith Community Hospital

Mrs Kate Cox, Community Speech & Language Therapist, Hillingdon Community Rehab Team

Mrs Kathy Anderson, Therapy Manager-Stroke and Neuro services, St Peter’s Hospital

Miss Katherine Mould, Physiotherapist, Welwyn Garden City & Hatfield Community Rehab Team

Dr Kath Pasco, Consultant Stroke Physician, Royal Surrey County Hospital

Mrs Katie Hinds, Therapy Team Leader, Southport & Formby ESD Team

Ms Katie Johnson, Clinical Team Manager, Leeds ESDCRT

Miss Katie Tomkins, Occupational Therapist, Trafford Community Stroke Rehab Team

Miss Katie Woodward, Clinical Lead Therapist – Stroke & Neurology (Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy), Wolverhampton and Seisdon ESD Team

Mrs Katrina Mitchell, Clinical Services Manager, SHFT Mid Community Therapy Team

Dr Kausik Chatterjee, Consultant, Countess of Chester Hospital

Mrs Kavita Shastri, Integrated Therapy Lead, Magnolia Unit Neuro Rehab Team

Miss Kelly Horton, Secretary/Administrator, Barnsley Neighbourhood Rehab Team

Mrs Kelly O’Leary, Occupational Therapist, South Bristol Community Hospital

Dr Khalid Rashed, Stroke consultant, Yeovil District Hospital

Dr Khalil Kawafi, stroke director, Fairfield General Hospital

Dr khin zaw aye, speciality doctor, Deeside Community Hospital

Mrs Kim Stimpson, Team Lead, Lewes and Havens Community Stroke Rehab Team

Dr Kim Warke, Manager Community Stroke Team, Bangor, Lisburn and Downe Community Rehabilitation Team

Miss Kimberley Barker, Clinical Leader, Furness General Hospital

Ms Kirsten Nutman, Clinical Specialist Physio, North East London Community Stroke Team

Kirsty Jones, Community Stroke/ESD/RPCH Lead, Friarage Hospital

Dr Kirubananthan Nagaratnam, Consultant, Royal Berkshire Hospital

Mrs Krina Bireh, Stroke Coordinator, North Staffordshire ICSS

Dr Krishnamurthy Ganeshram, Consultant Physician, Glan Clwyd District General Hospital

Mrs Kroot Kidson-Petlem, Lead Occupational Therapist in CSRT, Portsmouth Community ESDCRT Team

Miss Laurie Giraldo, Specialist Nurse, Newcastle upon Tyne 6 Month Assessment Team

Dr Lankanatha Alwis, Consultant, Luton and Dunstable Hospital

Miss Lara Sands, ESD Clinical Lead, Brent Stroke ESD

Mrs Laura Fowler, Stroke Specialist Physiotherapist, Cwm Taf UHB ESD Team

Ms Laura Shenton, Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist, Torbay ESD Team

Mrs Laura Martin, Manager, Dudley Stroke Association – 6 month assessment provider

Mrs Liana Pretorius, Clinical specialist Occupational Therapist, Greenwich Community 6 month review team

Mrs Linda Thomson, Operations Lead- stroke Service, Lincolnshire Integrated Stroke Service

Mrs Lindsay Ashman, ESRT Team Lead, Milton Keynes ESD Team

Mrs Lisa Ellis, Service Manager for Neurorehabilitation, Berkshire Community Neuro Rehab Team

Ms Lisa Maendl, Team Lead, BANES Community Stroke Service

Mrs Lisa Pearce, stroke nurse pracitioner, Cumberland Infirmary

Ms Lisa Penniall, Clinical Lead OT, Haringey Integrated Community Stroke Team

Miss Lisa-Marie Cooke, Senior Physiotherapist, Sirona Community 3Rs Bed Team

Miss Lizi Riley, Head of Operations, University Hospital Aintree

Mrs Lorena Chua, Stroke Specialist Nurse, Sandwell District Hospital

Mrs Lorraine Boggis, general manager, Clacton Hospital

Mrs Louisa Barratt, Team Lead, Cumbria West ESD Team

Mrs Louise Freemantle, Clinical Lead Physiotherapist, MY Therapy Neuro Rehab Team & Wakefield ESD Team

Miss louise jackson, Physio, South Sefton ESD Team

Mrs Louise Johnson, Consultant Therapist in Stroke, University Hospitals Dorset ESD team

Dr Louise Southern, Stroke Consultant, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Gateshead

Dr Louise Shaw, Consultant Stroke Physician, Royal United Hospital Bath

Miss Lucy Allen, Occupational Therapist, Dartford, Gravesham & Swanley ESDCRT Team

Miss Lucy Boston, Clinical Operational Lead, Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland CINSS

Miss Lucy Holl, Senior Neurological Physiotherapist, WHC Mulberry Stroke Rehabilitation Ward

Miss Lucy Rawlinson, Team Lead Physiotherapist, Weston General Hospital

Dr Michael Haji-Coll, stroke Consultant, Watford General Hospital

Dr Mohana Maddula, Consultant Stroke Physician and Clinical Lead, Royal Cornwall Hospital

Mrs Maggie Cannon, Stroke Specialist Nurse, Thanet Community Intermediate Care Team

Dr Mair Carpenter, Consultant Physician, Pinderfields Hospital

Dr Malik Hussain, Consultant, Musgrove Park Hospital

Dr Maneesh Bhargava, Consultant Stroke Physician, North Middlesex Hospital

Mrs Margaret Kirkland, Clinical Lead, Lanyon Stroke Rehabilitation Unit

Ms Maria Espasandin, Community Sister – Nurse, Surrey Heath and Farnham Intermediate Care Team

Mrs marie harrison, clincal nurse specalist, Hereford County Hospital

Mr Mariusz Orlikowski, Stroke Administrator, Oxford ESD Team

Dr Mark Bowman, Consultant Physician, Ulster Hospital

Dr Mark Sudlow, Consultant Stroke Medicine, Hexham General Hospital

Prof Martin James, Consultant Stroke Physician, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital

Dr Matthew Burn, Consultant Stroke Physician, Buckinghamshire Neurorehabilitation Unit

Miss Meeta Pancholi, Physiotherapist, Meadow Court Community Hospital

Dr Melanie Blake, Consultant, Northampton General Hospital

Dr Michael Alcorn, Consultant Physician, Lagan Valley Hospital

Dr Michael Magee, Stroke Consultant, Daisy Hill Hospital

Dr Michael Power, Lead Stroke Physician, Ulster Hospital

Mr michael chivhunga, Team Leader and Snr OT, North Tees and Hartlepool ICSS

Mrs Michelle Hills-Garner, Physiotherapist, Upper Lea Valley Integrated Care Team

Mrs Michelle Long, Therapy Lead UHSussex and SE SQuIRe, Sussex Rehabilitation Centre

Ms MICHELLE MAGRATH, PHYSIOTHERAPY TEAM MANAGER, Derby Hospital Neuro Rehabilitation Team

Dr moustafa elkhatieb, consultant physician, Neath Port Talbot Hospital

Mr Muhammad Khan, Community Physiotherapist, Potters Bar Community Rehab Team

Ms Mythreyi Mahadevan, Stroke ESD Team Lead, Luton 6 month assessment provider

Dr Natalie Chaston, Specialist Doctor, Ysbyty Ystrad Fawr

Mrs Natalie Holland, Physiotherapist, St Martin’s Hospital – Sulis Unit

Mrs Natalie Townsend, Band 7 Highly Specialist Neurophysiotherapist- Barnet Early Supported Stroke Discharge Team, Barnet 6 Month Assessment Provider

Dr Naveen Kishore Gadapa, Stroke Consultant, King George Hospital Ilford – Erica Ward – Stroke Rehab Unit

Ms Nicola Fletcher, Team Leader, Darlington RIACT Stroke Team

Mrs Nia Williams, Consultant Therapist, Deeside ESD

Dr Nibu Thomas, Consultant, University Hospital Aintree

Mrs Nicola Sweeting, Occupational Therapist, Norwich Community Hospital – Beech Ward

Mrs Nicola Estabrook, Team Coordinator, Herts Valley ESD Team

Mrs Nicola Lorena, Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist, Central London Community Healthcare Neuro Rehab Team

Mrs Nicola Utting, Sister, St Lukes Stroke Rehabilitation Team – Market Harborough Hospital

Ms Niki Wyatt, Clinical nurse specialist for stroke, Norfolk Community 6 Month Assessment Provider

Mrs Nicolette Ummatt, Stroke Specialist Nurse, Deal and Dover Community Intermediate Care Team

Dr Nikhil Majmudar, Stroke Physician; CD, Sunderland Royal Hospital

Mrs Nikki Chadwick, Service Delivery Lead, Oldham Stroke Association 6 Month Assessment Provider

Ms Oluwatoyin Borishade, Therapy Team Lead, Redbridge Intermediate Care & Community Stroke Service

Miss Omodoyinsola Ajibade, Neuro-Physiotherapist, Ealing Community Stroke Team

Mrs PAULA BROOMHEAD, SERVICE LEAD, Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Community Stroke Team – DPOW

Dr palaniswamy krishnan, Staff Grade, County Hospital, Griffithstown

Mr Panagiotis Stergiou, Advanced Physiotherapist, East Cheshire Integrated Community Stroke Rehab Team

Mrs Patricia White, Stroke Care Team Leader, Norwich ESD Team

Dr Patrick Sutton, Consultant Stroke Physician, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital

Dr Paul Willcoxson, Consultant, Johnson Ward Stroke Rehab Unit, Bridlington Hospital

Mrs Paula Corrick, Administrator, Herefordshire CRT Team

Mrs Penelope Fill, Clinical Lead, North West Surrey Community Rehab Team

Dr Peter Slade, Consultant Stroke Physician, Morriston Hospital

Dr Peter Sommerville, Consultant, St Thomas Hospital

Dr Phil Mathieson, Consultant Physician, John Radcliffe Hospital

Mrs Pippa Wright, Stroke Specialist OT, Dorset Stroke and Neuro Service ESDCRT Team

Dr Pratap Rana, Consultant Stroke Physician, Huddersfield Royal Infirmary

Mr Pratheesh Ravi, Physiotherapist, Watford Integrated Community Rehab Team

Dr Ramanathan Kirthivasan, COnsultant, Basildon University Hospital

Dr Raafat Farag, Consultant Stroke Physician, Bedford Hospital

Dr Rachel Marsh, Consultant, Leicester City Stroke Rehabilitation Unit

Miss Rachel Okin, Physiotherapist/Team Lead, Camden Community Neurology & Stroke Service

Ms Rachel Sibson, Clinical Team Leader, Wandsworth Community Neuro 6 month review Service

Dr Raj Shekhar, Consultant Stroke Physician, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Kings Lynn

Dr Rajen Patel, Consultant Stroke Physician, Worthing Hospital

Mr Ramachandran Sivakumar, Stroke Consultant, Colchester General Hospital

Dr Ramamoorthy Nambi, Staff Grade Doctor, Causeway Hospital

Mr Ramanand Palanichamy, Consultant Therapist (Stroke & Neuro), Brecon War Memorial Hospital

Dr Ravneeta Singh, Consultant care of the Elderly/ Stroke, West Middlesex University Hospital

Mrs Rebecca Emery, stroke co-ordinator, Russells Hall Hospital

Mrs Rebecca Jewson, Community Stroke Specialist Nurse, East and North Herts ESD/Neuro Community Team

Mrs Rebecca Tyler, Clinical Lead CINSS, Coventry CINSS

Mrs Rikki Tunesi, Stroke Nurse/ co-ordinator, Northumbria 6 Month Review

Mrs Rinta Peter Yuvaraj, Clinival Lead, St Helens ESD Team

Mr ROBERT DOWNIE, THERAPY TEAM LEAD, Woodfield Stroke Rehabilitation Unit

Dr Robert Simister, Clinical Lead, University College Hospital HASU

Dr Robert Luder, Consultant, North Middlesex Hospital

Dr Rohan Pathansali, Consultant Stroke Physician, King’s College Hospital HASU

Dr Roisin Healy, CONSULTANT, Altnagelvin Hospital

Miss Rubeka begum, assistant Regional Manager, Central Lancashire Stroke Association 6 Month Assessment Provider

Dr Ruhail Mir, Consulatnt stroke, Rotherham ESD Team

Mrs Ruth Cutts, Therapy Lead, Amber Valley and Erewash Neuro Rehab Team

Mrs Ruth Joy, Stroke Clinical Specialist, Milton Keynes Six Month Assessment Provider

Mrs Ruth Witham, clinical specialist physio, Warrington and Halton ESD Team

Mrs Suja Cherian, Clinical stroke co ordinator, Wirral Arrowe Park Hospital

Dr Sofia Dima, Consultant Physician, Freeman Hospital

Mrs Sarah Epps, Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist, Guildford and Waverley Community Therapy Team- Neuro Stream

Ms SAI SRI KANNEGANTI, NEURO PHYSIOTHERAPIST, Holywell Rehabilitation Unit

Mr Sateeshwaran Palanisamy, Highly Specialist Physiotherapist, Bexley Community 6 Month Review Team

Ms Sophie Reading, Clinical Nurse Specialist – Stroke, Jersey Health & Community Services Acute Episode

Dr Shehzadhusain Ugharadar, co-clinical Lead, Department of Stroke Medicine, Epsom Hospital

Dr Sageet Amlani, Consultant Stroke Physician, Newham General Hospital

Dr Sajid Alam, Consultant Stroke Physcian, Ipswich Hospital

Dr Salah Elghenzai, Consultant Stroke Physician, Eryri Hospital Inpatient Stroke Rehab Team

Dr Salwa Elmamoun, Consultant Stroke Physician, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital

Miss Samantha Campbell, Physiotherapist, Solent Stroke 6 Month Assessment Provider

Mrs Samantha Malkin, Service Delivery Coach, East Berkshire Stroke Association – 6 Month Assessment Provider

Dr Samer Al Hussayni, Consultant Neurologist & in Stroke Medicine, James Cook University Hospital

Ms Sara Betsworth, Service Delivery Lead (East), Bedford Stroke Association – 6 Month Assessment Provider

Dr Sara Mazzucco, Consultant, Great Western Hospital Swindon

Mrs Sarah Coleman, Physiotherapist, Richmond CNRT & ESD Team

Mrs Sarah Heathcote, Advanced Clinical Practitioner, Salford Royal Hospital

Ms Sarah Hunter, ACP, Lincoln County Hospital

Mrs Sarah Rate, Professional Head of Speech and Language Therapy, Newtown Hospital

Ms Sarah Theobalds, Rehab Assistant, Ealing Community Stroke Team

Mrs Sarah Hollands, Clinical Service Manager, Eastbourne District General Hospital

Mrs SARA MILLWARD, STROKE NURSE SPECIALIST, Princess Royal Hospital Telford

Mr Saravan Thiru, Clinical & Service lead, Bedfordshire 6 Month Provider

Ms Sarine Baz, Dudley Rehabilitation Service Manager, Dudley Community Stroke Rehabilitation Team

Dr Sean Brotheridge, Consultant in Stroke & Elderly Medicine, Harrogate Community Stroke Rehab Team

Dr Seemin Mahmood, Speciality Doctor in Stroke, Croydon Community Neuro Rehab Team

Dr Senthil Raghunathan, Consultant Stroke Physician, Nottingham City Hospital

Mrs Sheeba Philip, Stroke Nurse Consultant, Pendle Community Hospital – Marsden Stroke Unit

Dr Shivakumar Krishnamoorthy, Consultant Stroke Phycician, Stepping Hill Hospital

Mr Simon Crozier, Team leader Community Stroke team, Bolton Community Stroke Team

Dr Simon McBride, Consulant Stroke physician, New Cross Hospital

Dr Simone Ivatts, Consultant Physician, St Richards Hospital

Mrs sneha vobbilisetty, ESD co-ordinator, Hillingdon Stroke ESD Team

Mr Sohil Jangra, Clinical lead, Harrow Stroke Service

Mrs Sonia Jenkinson, Lead Nurse – stroke, Manor Hospital

Mrs Sophie Turner, ESSD Team Lead, Carlisle ESD Team

Dr Susie Orme, Consultant, Barnsley Hospital

Mrs Stephanie West, Stroke CNS, Singleton Hospital

Mr Stephen Morris, Stroke Pathway Coordinator, Oldham Community Stroke Team

Mr stephen carpenter, community stroke nurse, Gloucestershire 6 Month Assessment Provider

Dr Stuart Maguire, stroke consultant, Leeds General Infirmary

Ms Sukhi Aujla, Clinical Specialist SLT and ESD Team Lead, Central London Community Healthcare Neuro Rehab Team

Dr Sunil Munshi, Consultant Physician, Nottingham City Hospital

Mr Sunoj Jacob, ESD Coordinator, Hillingdon Stroke ESD Team

Mrs Sue Lee, Operational matron for community beds and flow, Northamptonshire Community Stroke Beds

Dr Sushmita Mohapatra, Stroke Consultant Therapist, BCUHB-Centre Stroke Rehab at LLGH

Dr Suzanne Ragab, Stroke Consultant, Poole ESD Team

Mrs Suzanne Williams, ESD Coordinator, Liverpool Stroke Recovery Partnership (LSRP)

Mrs Suzy Butler, occupational therapist, Kings Lynn and West Norfolk Specialist Community Stroke team

Dr Syed Raza, Locum Stroke Consultant, Bronglais Hospital

Dr Syed Tasneem Ahmad, Consultant and Clinical Lead of Stroke, Calderdale Royal Hospital

Dr Tak Ellis, Stroke Clinician, East Surrey Hospital

Mrs Tara Lakin, Area manager, Oxfordshire Stroke Recovery Service

Miss Tasmin Nash, Specialist Speech and Language Therapist, Oxford ESD Team

Mr Terence Kelly, Consultant Nurse, Trafford General Hospital

Mr Terence Byrne, Stroke co ordinator, Russells Hall Hospital

Dr Thandar Soe, Consultant Physician, James Paget Hospital

Mr Thang Vu, CSRT Co-ordinator, South Tyneside and Sunderland Community Stroke Rehabilitation Team

Mr Thom Luxon, Non-Medical Consultant, Salford Royal Rehab Unit

Dr Thomas Harrison, Consultant Stroke Physician, Homerton University Hospital

Dr Toby Black, Stroke Consultant, Salisbury District Hospital

Dr Tom Hughes, Consultant Physician, University Hospital of Wales

Mr Touheed Parwaz, SSNAP Data Officer, Birmingham Community Stroke Team

Miss tracy walker, lead AHP, North Manchester Community Stroke/ESD Team

Dr Udayaraj Umasankar, Consultant Physician, University Hospital Lewisham

Dr Ugnius Sukys, Consultant, Queen Alexandra Hospital Portsmouth

Mrs Vickie Yeardley, Clinical Lead Physiotherapist, Central London Community Healthcare Neuro Rehab Team

Mrs Veena James, Stroke specialist nurse, Ashford Community Stroke Rehab Team

Miss Veronika Lechler, Bromley Stroke Rehabilitation Team Lead, Bromley SCREHN Community Rehab Team SD/THMT

Mrs Vicki Pout, Stroke AHP Therapy Lead, Westbrook House Community Stroke Rehabilitation Inpatient Unit

Mrs Vicki Steward, Lead Occupational Therapist for stroke, Kingston Community Stroke Therapy Team

Mrs Vicky Jones, Advanced Physiotherapist, Blackburn with Darwen Community Stroke Team

Mrs Vicky Lowrey, Band 7 Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist and CST Team Lead, Lymington New Forest ESD team

Mrs Victoria Williams, Stroke Lead Nurse, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells ESD team

Dr Yaqoob Bhat, Lead stroke Physician, Grange University Hospital

Dr Yaw Duodu, consultant stroke physician, Milton Keynes General Hospital

Mrs Yvonne Hastings, Clinical Service Manager, Lancashire North ESDCRT Team

Miss Zoe Stephens-Cross, Rehabilitation Assistant, Gloucestershire ESD Team

Mr Zuher Panju, Service Delivery Coach Sussex, Coastal West Sussex Stroke Association – 6 Month Provider

References

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  7. 7. Towfighi A, Boden-Albala B, Cruz-Flores S, El Husseini N, Odonkor CA, Ovbiagele B, et al. Strategies to reduce racial and ethnic inequities in stroke preparedness, care, recovery, and risk factor control: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2023;54(7):e371–88. pmid:37183687
  8. 8. Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National Clinical Guideline for Stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. 2023. https://www.strokeguideline.org/app/uploads/2023/04/National-Clinical-Guideline-for-Stroke-2023.pdf
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