https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5248-0566
Figures
Abstract
Itajahya is a genus of phalloid fungi distinguished by a calyptra and a lamellar receptacle. Although historically treated as a synonym of Phallus, phylogenetic evidence supports its recognition as a distinct genus. In Brazil species delimitation within Itajahya has been based mainly on morphological traits, raising the possibility of overlooked diversity. Here, we investigated the diversity of Itajahya in Brazil using an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological analyses and phylogenetic inference based on ITS, nucLSU, and atp6. Specimens were collected in the Chapada Diamantina region, northeastern Brazil. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses recovered Itajahya as a well–supported monophyletic lineage, clearly separating it from Phallus. Two new species, Itajahya mucugensis and I. payaya are described, raising from eight the number of species accepted in the genus. Both species form a well-supported clade sister which I. rosea and are distinguished from all previously described taxa by a combination of morphological and molecular characters. These findings reveal previously unrecognized diversity within Itajahya and emphasize the importance of integrative taxonomy for resolving species boundaries in phalloid fungi.
Citation: Ribeiro MS, Cabral TS, Melanda GCdS, Schnadelbach AS, Silva BDBd (2026) Integrative taxonomy reveals two new species of Itajahya Möller (Phallaceae, Phallales) in Brazil. PLoS One 21(8): e0351926. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0351926
Editor: Martín O. Pereyra, CONICET: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, ARGENTINA
Received: February 5, 2026; Accepted: June 1, 2026; Published: August 5, 2026
Copyright: © 2026 Ribeiro et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The sequences deposited in GenBank were: PX921019, PX921020, PX921018, PX915467, PX735362, PX735361, PX915466, PX925635, PX925637, PX925636.
Funding: This study was supported by the Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (Projeto FAPESB APP0037/2023 to BDBS), the Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos - Finep (Convênio n. 01.25.0382.00 - UFBA to BDBS) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - (finacial code 001 to MSR; Processo 88887.960759/2024–00 to MSR).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The genus Itajahya Möller belongs to the family Phallaceae and it is a phalloid fungi genus that was first described to science 130 years ago, in 1895, by the German mycologist and botanist Alfred Möller. The type species, Itajahya galericulata Möller, was originally described for the Blumenau region, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil [1]. Later, in 1927, the species Alboffiella argentina Speg. described in 1898 by the mycologist Carlos Luis Spegazzini, was transferred to the genus Itajahya by the same author and renamed Itajahya argentina (Speg.) Speg. [2].
In 1813, the French botanist Alire Raffeneau Delile described Phallus roseus Delile for Egypt [3] which was later recombined in Itajahya rosea (Delile) E. Fisch. by the botanist and mycologist Eduard Fischer in 1929 [4]. In 1954 Itajahya hornseyi Hansf. was described for Australia [5], bringing the number of accepted species in the genus to four.
After that, Kreisel synonymized Itajahya with Phallus Junius ex L., creating the subgenus of the same name, Phallus subgen. Itajahya (Möller) Kreisel [6]. This subgenus was morphologically defined by “pileus campanulate or wig–like, with flat and edged apex, imperforate. No indusium. Receptaculum without pinkish or without pigments” [6].
Despite this synonymizing, the taxa within Itajahya remained distinct at the species level. Consequently, Phallus subgen. Itajahya started to include the species Phallus galericulatus [6] Kreisel and P. roseus Delile, previously species of Itajahya, as well as P. glutinolens [6] O. Kuntze, originally described as Ithyphallus Gray, a taxon unrelated to Itajahya.
The genus Itajahya was reinstated in 2012 by Cabral and collaborators [7], who provided a phylogenetically positioning based on nucLSU and atp6 sequences from a specimen of Itajahya rosea collected in Brazil. Recently, in 2025, two new species of Itajahya were described for Pakistan, supported by morphological and ITS–based molecular data: Itajahya pakistanica Bibi, Afshan & Khalid and I. punjabensis Bibi, Afshan & Khalid [8]
The main characteristic of the genus Itajahya is the presence of a membranous structure in the apical part of its receptacle, known as the calyptra, which distinguishes it from Phallus species without indusium. In addition to the calyptra, Itajahya can be differentiated from Phallus by looking at the nature of Itajahya species possess a lamellar receptacle, whereas Phallus species have membranous receptacles [1,5,9].
The species of Itajahya exhibit ecologically important interactions within their environments. Their spores are part of the diet of insects [10], suggesting an important role in spore dispersal. In addition, immature basidiomata of I. galericulata have been recorded in the diet of the rodents of the species Dasyprocta azarae Lichtenstein 1823, in Brazil [11]. With regard to interactions with plants, there are records of the association of I. galericulata with trees of the species Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don in South Africa [12], and of I. rosea basidiomata reported occuring near of the root system of Leucena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, in India [10]. To date, however, no evidence of plant–associated interactions involving Itajahya species has been reported from Brazil.
Of the six currently accepted species of Itajahya, two are known to occur in Brazil: Itajahya galericulata and I. rosea. These species are distributed in the northeast, southeast and south regions of the country. Itajahya galericulata has been recorded in the states of Bahia [13], Paraíba [1], Rio de Janeiro [1], Rio Grande do Norte [14], Rio Grande do Sul [15,16] and Santa Catarina [16], while I. rosea has been reported in the states of Ceará [14] and Rio Grande do Norte [17]. Their occurrences are restricted to the Caatinga and Atlantic Rainforest biomes, with no records from the Amazon, Cerrado, Pampa and Pantanal biomes.
The color of the pseudostipe has been used as the main characteristic to distinguish Itajahya species, with white being attributed to I. galericulata and pink to I. rosea. However, literature records indicate the occurrence of intermediate colors, such as beige, yellow, and orange. Recent studies have shown that species of Phallales previously considered to be widely distributed actually correspond to taxonomic complexes [18–20].
Based on the above, the aim of this work is to investigate the diversity of Itajahya in Brazil, with the proposal of two new species based on an integrated approach combining morphological and molecular data.
Materials and methods
Specimen collection, morphological analyses, and loans
The specimens were collected in 2018 and 2024 in the Chapada Diamantina region, in the municipalities of Mucugê (13°00’26.63”S 41°22’12.47”W) and Morro do Chapéu (11°32’57.23”S 41°09’26;29W), Bahia, Brazil (Fig 1). Located within the Serra do Espinhaço, Brazil’s only mountain range, the Chapada Diamantina features the semi-arid climate characteristic of the Caatinga. The municipality of Mucugê is particularly characterized by the predominance of rupestrian fields, environments found at high altitudes (900 meters above sea level or higher), characterized by herbaceous vegetation and quatiziric soils [21]. The collections were carried out by actively searching for basidiomata in the field. The specimens were not collected in protected areas, so it was not necessary to obtain a permit for the fieldwork. Mature basidiomata were photographed in the field, while immature basidiomata were carefully removed with their substrate and transported to the laboratory, where they were incubated in humid chambers at room temperature until the peridium ruptured. When possible, immature basidiomata in an advanced stage of development were split longitudinally to observe the organization and composition of the peridium and its layers.
a. South America countries, with detail of brazillian northeast showing the Caatinga Domain and collection points, being purple Itajahya payaya sp. nov. collected in the Morro do Chapéu city, and orange Itajahya mucugensis sp. nov., collected in Mucugê city. b. Soil in the site collection of Itajahya mucugensis. c. Soil in the site collection of Itajahya payaya. Map made with Datum SIRGAS 2000, public domain.
The measurements of the macroscopic structures (immature basidiomata, volva, pseudostipe, receptacle, and calyptra) were obtained using a digital caliper. After measurements, the basidiomata were dehydrated in a food dehydrator until completely dry. In addition, a duplicate of the ALCB141144 herbarium specimen was preserved in a solution of formaldehyde, alcohol, and glacial acetic acid (FAA). Preserving duplicates in FAA is advantageous, since the peridium layers and receptacle lamellae can be more easily separated for the preparation of microscope slides. All colors mentioned in the description of the macromorphology of the basidiomes are followed by their corresponding code in Küppers’ color chart [22].
Micromorphological observations were made from hand sections mounted in 5% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and subsequently stained with 1% Congo red. Slides were prepared from the following parts: base, middle, and apex of the exoperidium (20 cells from each part); mesoperidium and endoperidium; base, middle and expanded apex of the pseudostipe (20 cells from each part); calyptra; gleba (basidiospores and basidia); and lamellae of the receptacle. For each structure described, 20 measurements were taken. The observations and measurements were performed using a light microscope equipped with a digital camera, and image acquisition and measurement were conducted with Mosaic V2.4 software.
Additionally, to complement the molecular studies, herbarium material corresponding to the type locality of Itajahya galericulata was obtained on loan from the Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein Herbarium (FURB). The basidiomata collected from Mucugê and Morro do Chapéu were incorporated into the fungus collection of the Professor Alexandre Leal Costa Herbarium (ALCB), located at the Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil. Additionally, duplicates were incorporated into the fungus collection of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Herbarium.
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing
DNA extraction was performed by adapting the DNA extraction protocol available in Cabral [23]. Fragments of the pseudostipe and gleba were frozen with liquid nitrogen and macerated until a fine powder was obtained. The maceration product was treated with 500 µL of CTAB for cell lysis and then incubated at 60°C for 30 minutes.
After incubation, the solution was cooled to room temperature and gently mixed manually with 500 µL of a solution composed of chloroform and isoamyl alcohol (24 parts chloroform to one–part isoamyl alcohol). Immediately after this, it was centrifuged at 5,000 g for 10 minutes to separate the organic phase from the aqueous phase.
As much of the supernatant solution as possible was recovered; this volume was then mixed with 0.6 volumes of isopropanol and centrifuged at 10.000 g for 20 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and the precipitate was centrifuged at 10.000 g for 3 minutes with 300 µL of 70% ethanol. The resulting supernatant was discarded and the precipitate was dried at room temperature, leaving the tubes open for 24 hours. At the end of the protocol, a 50 µL solution of DNA diluted in TE buffer was obtained.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the enzyme NZYTaq II DNA polymerase, supplied by NzyTech, following the protocol provided by the company. The PCR product was purified using ExoSAP–ITTM supplied by Applied Biosystems. The samples were sent to the Gonçalo Moniz Institute – Fiocruz, Bahia (Brazil) for sequencing. The following primers and programs (Table 1) were used for DNA amplification and sequencing: ITS5/ITS4 (ITS nrDNA region), LR0R/LR5 (LSU nrDNA region) and ATP6–1/ATP6–2 initiators (ATP6 mtDNA region).
Phylogenetic analyses
The consensus sequences were obtained and edited manually with the aid of SequencherTM version 4.1.4 software, using the “Dirty Data” algorithm to assemble the sequences, with 70 being the minimum value for the Minimum Match Percentage, and 20 as the minimum value for the Minimum Overlap. In addition to the sequences generated in this study, for a better composition of the molecular data matrix, sequences from Itajahya and Phallus deposited in GenBank were retrieved; all new sequences presented here were deposited in GenBank.
The alignment process was performed using MAFFT version 7 plataform, using the integrative refinement method E-INS-i. The alignments (ITS, LSU, and atp6) were submitted to jModelTest version 2.1.10 to choose the best substitution model using the Akaike Information Criterion, selecting 3 as the number of substitution schemes in the likelihood settings. The following models were selected: GTR + I + G for ITS and LSU, and GTR + G for atp6. The sequences were concatenated using Sequencer Matrix version 1.7.8 software.
The generated script was submitted to the CIPRES platform for Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analysis, using the MrBayes on ACCESS (3.2.7a) tool, with 50.000.000 generations for the Bayesian Inference, and the RAxML-HPC BlackBox (8.2.12) tool with a partitioned model for obtain the Maximum Likelihood. The files containing the generated topology was viewed in FigTree (version 1.4.4) software. For the external group, sequences from the species Mutinus albotruncatus B.D.B. Silva & Baseia, M. fleischeri Penz., M. taishanensis P.M. Wang & Z.L. Zhou and M. verrucosus T.S. Cabral, B.D.B. Silva, K. Hosaka, M.P. Martín & Baseia were used (Table 2).
Integrative taxonomic protocol and species concept utilized
The new species proposed here follows the guidelines proposed by Aime et al [27]. In this study, two sets of data were analyzed: i. morphology, ii. molecular data. The morphological data set can be subdivided into i. macromorphological data and ii. micromorphological data. The molecular data correspond to three markers (two nuclear and one mitochondrial), analyzed here jointly. Both data sets were considered equally, assigning equal value to morphological features and molecular analyses. The data were integrated using the congruence integration protocol proposed by Padial et al [28]. In this work, the unified species concept proposed by de Queiroz et al. [29] was considered.
Nomenclature
The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) in a work with an ISSN or ISBN will represent a published work according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and hence the new names contained in the electronic publication of a PLOS article are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone, so there is no longer any need to provide printed copies.
The new names contained in this work have been submitted to MycoBank from where they will be made available to the Global Names Index. The unique MycoBank number can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the MycoBank number contained in this publication to the prefix http://www.mycobank.org/MB/. The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repository: PubMed Central, LOCKSS.
Results
Phylogenetic analyses
In this study ten new sequences were generated from the analyzed Itajahya specimens, including three ITS, four nucLSU, and three atp6 sequences. Among these, there are four topotypes sequences of I. galericulata (specimens collected at the type locality). The concatenated matrix comprised 20 ITS, 20 nucLSU, and 19 atp6 sequences, totaling 2163 positions (598 from ITS, 912from nucLSU, and 653 from atp6). The nucleotide substitution model using jModelTest for ITS and nucLSU was identified as GTR + I + G, and for atp6 as GTR + G, used for the bayesian inference.
In the two analyses performed — Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood — it was possible to recover the monophyly of the genus Itajahya (Fig 2). Phylogenetic analyses recovered Itajahya mucugensis and I. payaya as sister taxa, resolved within a single, well–defined clade. This relationship is supported by their close phylogenetic placement and by relative differences in branch lengths observed in the inferred tree topology.
Genera are highlighted in different colors, green for Itajahya, purple for Phallus, and yellow for Mutinus. The color in rectangles indicate the pseudoestipe color of taxa. New species are marked in bold. The values at the nodes indicate maximum likelihood/posterior probabilities.
Itajahya mucugensis and I. payaya formed a well–supported clade with I. rosea (IB = 0.99 MLbs = 87%). Itajahya galericulata from South Africa formed a clade distinct from the material from the type locality, Brazil. The sequences from South Africa correspond to different taxon than I. galericulata, indicating a closer relationship I. pakistanica.
No DNA sequences are currently available for Itajahya argentina and I. hornseyi. Both taxa are known exclusively from their original descriptions and are represented by single historical collections. They remain as obscure taxa, collected only once, with the only records for science being the respective works describing the species.
Taxonomy
Itajahya mucugensis M.S. Ribeiro, T.S. Cabral & B.D.B. Silva, sp. nov. (Figs 3–6.)
a. Isotype UFRN Fungos 3819 (bar = 10 mm). b. Holotype ALCB 133031 in the field (bar = 10 mm). c. immature basidiome in the field (bar = 5 mm). e. immature during the initial breakup of the peridium.
b. Longitudinal section of the immature basidiome (bar = 5 mm). c. Detail of the pseudostipe (bar = 5 mm). d. detail of expanded apex with calyptra from isotype (UFRN Fungos 3819), EA = expanded apex, C = Calyptra (bar = 5 mm). e. Isotypes, basidiome newly expanded (left), fully expanded (right), (bar = 10 mm). f. Detail of the base of the pseudostipe (bar = 10 mm).
a. Basidiospores in 5% KOH (bar = 5 μm). b. Organization of hyphae in the receptacle (bar = 100 μm). c. Hyphae in the receptacle (bar = 20 μm). d. Hyphae of the pseudostipe; arrows indicate crystals (bar = 50 μm). e. Detail of the hyphae of the pseudostipe (bar = 20 μm). f. Detail of a crystal (bar = 10 μm). g. Hyphae of the exoperidium (bar = 20 μm). h. Mesoperidium hyphae and detail of a connecting clamp (bar = 10). i. Endoperidium hyphae (bar = 20 μm).
a. Scientific illustration of the holotype (bar = 10 mm). b. Calyptra cells (bar = 10 μm). c. Schematic representation of crystals found in the volva and pseudostipe (bar = 5 μm). d. Basidiospores (bar = 2 μm). Made by the first author.
Mycobank: #861701
Diagnosis: This species is characterized by the bright orange color of its pseudostipe, observed in both immature and mature basidiomata, presence of crystals in the mesoperidium and at the base of the pseudostipe
Holotype: Brazil, Bahia, Mucugê: 41°00’34”S 41º23’45”W (approximate coordinates) on sand soil, B.D.B Silva, M.S. Ribeiro, R.R. Fermiano, R.V.B. Araújo, (ALCB133031!), ITS, nucLSU and atp6 sequences (PX921020, PX915466, PX925637). Isotype: Brazil, Bahia, Mucugê: 41°00’34”S 41º23’45”W (approximate coordinates) on sand soil, B.D.B Silva, M.S. Ribeiro, R.R. Fermiano, R.V.B. Araújo (UFRN Fungos 3819).
Etymology: The name refers to the municipality of Mucugê, city localized in Chapada Diamantina Complex, in the Bahia state, Brazil, where the specimens were collected.
Macromorphology: Immature basidiomata hypogeous, subglobose to globose, grayish (N00Y00M00 – N10Y00M00), measuring 36 mm high × 20 mm in diameter (dry). Expanded basidiomata 85–135.8 mm high. Volva composed of three layers, persistent, brown (N50Y50M40 – N50Y60M50), measuring 35–36 high ×24–26 mm in diameter. Exoperidium grayish white when fresh, turning brown (concolor with volva) in immature basidiomata detached from the ground, fleshy, dry at touch. Mesoperidium translucent, gelatinous in appearance, moist to the touch when fresh. Endoperidium white (N00M00Y00), dry at touch. Pseudoestipe firm, spongey, hollow, orange in newly expanded basidiomata, becoming pale with age (N00Y30M00 – N00Y40M00 – N00Y50M00), whitish near the base, with an expanded apex, 66–74.9 mm high × 17–18.2 mm diameter in totality. This orange color is also seen on the pseudostipe of immature specimens. Receptacle subapical, white (Y00M00C00) formed by a layer that hangs from the apex and expands vertically. From this layer, white hyphae laminae expand, supporting the gleba, measuring 14–20 mm high ×19–25 mm diameter. Gleba greenish black (N99C50Y99), mucilaginous. Calyptra orange (concolor with pseudoestipe), 9 mm in diameter.
Micromorphology: Rhizomorph not observed. Exoperidium composed of filamentous hyphae, hyaline, some branched, septate, clamp connections not observed, 4.4–23.7μm width. Mesoperidium composed of filamentous hyphae, septate, some with inflated tips, clamp connections present, 2.7–9.8 μm width. Endoperidium composed of filamentous hyphae, hyaline, some septate, rare ramifications, 1.4–7.2 μm width. Pseudoestipe composed of subglobose to ellipsoid hyphae, organized in layers of pseudoparenchymatose aspect, hyalines, showing no significant morphological differences between the strata analyzed, 20.8–63 μm length ×13–51.1 μm width. Receptacle composed of elongated and robust hyphae, with a few globose cells, hyalines, 20–92.3 μm length ×8.4–21.8 μm width. Gleba composed of basidiospores at maturity. Calyptra composed of hyphae ranging from subglobose to elongated, hyaline, 18–59.8 μm length × 12–28.5 μm width. Basidia not observed. Basidiospores cylindrical, smooth, 3.6–7.3 μm length × 1.8–3 μm width, greenish in 5% KOH, walls 0.2–0.5 μm width. Rosette–shaped crystals contained within globular cells, observed in the mesoperidium and between the cells at the base of the pseudostipe, measuring 10–24.9 μm length × 9.8–22.7 μm width in mesoperidium and 22.6–41.9 μm length ×20.7–37.7 μm width in pseudoestipe.
Habitat: Solitary basidiomata, growing on sand soil, shaded environment.
Note: Previously registered as Itajahya galericulata in the state of Bahia [13], morphological and molecular analyses revealed that the specimens presented in this study belong to a distinct taxon. This species is distinguished from all other Itajahya species by its bright orange basidiome. Itajahya galericulata and I. argentina has a white pseudostipe [1]; I. pakistanica, I. punjabensis and I. rosea has a pink one [2–4,7]. Itajahya hornseyi has a yellowish to slight pink one [5]. When compared to Itajahya payaya sp. nov., in addition to its orange pseudostipe (yellowish white in I. payaya), I. mucugensis presents differences in its micromorphology due to the presence of crystals in the mesoperidium and at the base of the pseudostipe, while these are completely absent in I. payaya.
Itajahya payaya M.S. Ribeiro, T.S. Cabral & B.D.B. Silva, sp. nov. (Figs 7–10)
a. expanded basidiome of Itajahya payaya holotype (ALCB 141144) (bar = 20 mm), b. Immature basidiomata growing on soil (bar = 20 mm), c. detail of the darkening of the peridium of immature basidiomata after detachment from substrate (bar = 20 mm), d. immature sectioned basidiomata and holotype showing stages of development. Photos: a, c, d – Mateus S. Ribeiro, b – Filipe S. Batista.
a. immature basidiome and broken basidioma (isotype ALCB141164) with part of the peridium covering the receptacle (bar = 20 mm), b. expanded basidiome from isotype ALCB141164 (bar = 20 mm), c. detail of the peridium from isotype ALCB141164, showing purple reaction in lacerated areas (bar = 20 mm), d. detail of pseudoestipe from holotype (bar = 2 mm), e. section of an immature basidiome, showing the expanded apex (EA), calyptra (C), and peridium (P) (bar = 10 mm), f. cross–section showing the layers of the peridium and details of the intrusions of white hyphal plates (arrows) (bar = 20 mm), g. detail of calyptra (bar = 20 mm), h. section of the holotype showing the inner part of the basidioma (bar = 20 mm). Photos: a, b, c – Filipe S. Batista, d, e, f, g, h – Mateus S. Ribeiro.
a. Basidiospores in 5% KOH (bar = 5 μm). b. Basidia (bar = 10 μm). c. Receptacle hyphae (bar = 20 μm). d. Exoperidium hyphae (bar = 20 μm). e. Mesoperidium hyphae (bar = 20 μm). f. Endoperidium hyphae (bar = 30 μm). g. Pseudostipe hyphae (bar = 20 μm). h. Calyptra hyphae (bar = 30 μm).
a. Holotype (bar = 10 mm). b. Calyptra hyphae (bar = 10 μm). c. Basidiospores (bar = 5 μm). d. Basidia (bar = 5 μm). Made by the first author.
Mycobank: #861702
Diagnosis: Basidiospores measuring 3.9–6.4 μm length × 2.4–3 μm width, pseudoestipe yellowish white, campanulate receptacle and mesoperidium with intrusions of white hyphal plates.
Holotype: Brazil, Bahia, Morro do Chapéu: Canabravinha, 11°36’49.7”S 41°14’05.0”W, 08 Jun. 2024, leg. Batista, F.S. & Nascimento, L.A.G. (ALCB141144!), ITS, atp6 Genbank sequences: PX921018, PX925636). Isotype: Brazil, Bahia, Morro do Chapéu: Canabravinha, 11°36’49.7”S 41°14’05.0”W, 08 Jun. 2024, leg. Batista, F.S. & Nascimento, L.A.G. (UFRN Fungos 3820). Isotype: Brazil, Bahia, Morro do Chapéu: Canabravinha, 11°36’49.7”S 41°14’05.0”W, 08 Jun. 2024, leg. Batista, F.S. & Nascimento, L.A.G. (ALCB141164).
Etymology: The name refers to the Payaya people, an indigenous community native to the Morro do Chapéu, city localized in Chapada Diamantina Complex, in the Bahia state, Brazil.
Macromorphology: Immature basidiomata subglobose, gregarious, measuring 19–42 mm high ×19–39 mm diameter, pale brown, showing a reddening to purple reaction when lacerated. Peridium composed of three layers, up to 2 mm thick in totality. Expanded basidiomata 100 mm high. Volva composed of three layers, persistent, brown (N40Y40M30 – N50Y60M40) grayish when dry (N10C00Y00), measuring 51.5 mm high × 31 mm diameter. Exoperidium grayish whitein the field (N10C00Y00), turning brown in immature basidiomata detached from the ground after a few hours, coriaceous, dry at touch. Mesoperidium translucent, gelatinous in appearance, moist to the touch when fresh, with intrusions of discontinuous layers of white hyphae; becomes cartilaginous in texture in basidiomata preserved in alcohol. Endoperidium white, thin, papyraceous, dry at touch. Pseudoestipe firm, spongey, hollow, yellowish white (N00Y10M00), with an expanded apex, 101 mm high, thicker in the lower half, ranging from 17–21 mm in diameter, 17 mm in diameter at the top, with the expanded apex measuring 21 mm in diameter, 10 mm high in totality. Receptacle subapical, formed by a white layer that hangs from the apex and expands vertically. From this layer, white hyphae laminae expand, supporting the gleba, measuring 23 mm high ×30 mm diameter.Gleba greyish green (N60C20Y70) in newly expanded basidiomata, dry at touch, cover with several white hyphal filaments, becoming mucilaginous and olive green (N50C00Y90 – N50C00Y99) with age. Calyptra yellowish white (concolor with pseudoestipe), 18.5 mm in diameter, 1.5–2.5 mm thick.
Micromorphology: Rhizomorph not observed. Exoperidium composed of filamentous hyphae, hyaline, some branched, septate, clamp connections not observed, 2.8–20.4 μm width. Mesoperidium composed of filamentous hyphae, septate, some with inflated tips, clamp connections present, 2.7–11 μm width. Endoperidium composed of filamentous hyphae, hyaline, 1.8–11.9 μm width. Pseudoestipe composed of subglobose to ellipsoid hyphae, organized in layers of pseudoparenchymatose aspect, hyalines, showing no significant morphological differences between the strata analyzed, 18.1–50.9 μm length ×12.5–37.9 μm width. Receptacle composed of elongated and robust hyphae, hyalines, 15.7–83.8 μm length ×11.3–18.8 μm width. Gleba composed of basidia, filamentous hyphae and basidiospores when immature, and basidiospores at maturity, and may present rare collapsed basidia in the newly expanded basidiome. Calyptra composed of hyphae ranging from subglobose to elongated, hyaline, 21.8–53.8 μm length × 10.9–22.6 μm width. Basidia present in immature basidiomata, degenerating into expanded basidiomata. Elongated basidia, hyaline, often thickened in the middle, 17.1–42.3 μm length × 3–6.6 μm width, some with septa, some with two septa, number of spores varying from two to six. Basidiospores elongated, smooth, 3.9–6.4 μm length × 2.4–3 μm width, greenish in 5% KOH, walls 0.2–0.4 μm width. Crystals not observed in any part or stage of basidiomata.
Habitat: Gregarious basidiomata, growing on soil, totally exposed to sunlight.
Note: Itajahya payaya is morphologically similar to I. galericulata and I. argentina due to its pale cream–colored pseudostipe. However, in addition to the molecular difference between I. payaya and I. galericulata, when observing the illustrations of the micromorphology of the latter in Möller’s work [1], it’s possible to note the absence of these white hyphal plate incrustations in the mesoperidium, present in I. payaya While I. argentina are differentiated by his small basidiomata, 65–70 mm, and larger basidiospores, 5–6 μm [2]. Itajahya hornseyi, I. mucugensis, I. pakistanica, I. punjabensis and I. rosea can be distinguished from I. payaya sp. nov. because none of the above species has a pale cream pseudoestipe [3,4,7].
Discussion
The Chapada Diamantina region is characterized by high levels of endemism and a complex mosaic of vegetation formations. However, this region has historically been subjected to intense processes of degradation and transformation [30,31] making it a priority area for scientific research and conservation efforts. In this context, the results of this work highlight a diversity of fungal species that is still underestimated, reinforcing the region’s relevance for biodiversity studies.
In this context, the results of this study highlight a diversity of gasteroid fungi that has been underestimated, reinforcing the region’s importance for biodiversity studies. Furthermore, the sequences generated expand the molecular dataset currently available for Itajahya, including the first sequences of I. galericulata from the type locality, representing an important contribution to future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the genus.
Phylogenetic reconstruction using a concatenated ITS, LSU and atp6 dataset supported the monophyly of Itajahya, clearly separating it from Phallus. The Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analysis recovered independent and strongly supported clades corresponding to the newly described species, I. mucugensis and I. payaya. Despite their phylogenetic proximity, Itajahya mucugensis and I. payaya are morphologically distinct species, presenting striking differences such as the color of the pseudostipe and the nature of the peridium.
These clades were consistently distinct from I. galericulata and I. rosea, corroborating the morphological evidence that the specimens collected in the Chapada Diamantina do not belong to any previously described taxon. The close phylogenetic affinity between Itajahya mucugensis and I. payaya suggests a recent evolutionary history. The geographic proximity of their occurrences within the Chapada Diamantina region may have contributed to this pattern, reflecting shared ecological conditions or historical biogeographic processes that promoted lineage diversification in this area.
Notably, the two collection sites differ in phytosociological structure and environmental conditions, corresponding to arboreal-arbustive caatinga and rupestrian field vegetation, which may also have influenced the diversification of the lineages. Such ecological differences warrant further investigation in subsequent studies focused on habitat preferences and co-occurrence with specific plant communities.
To date, studies on plant-associated Itajahya species are scarce. Itajahya galericulata has been reported to be associated with Jacaranda mimosifolia in South Africa [12]. However, the molecular analyses presented in this study demonstrate that the individuals from South Africa correspond to a different species than Itajahya galericulata. Although the aforementioned studie use the term “association”, the specificity of this co-occurrence is unknown. While no direct evidence of plant interactions involving Itajahya species has been documented in Brazil, the records presented here reinforce the possibility of ecological associations with members of the local flora. It should be noted that Jacaranda mimosifolia does not occur in Bahia, the region where the specimens analyzed in this study were collected (https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br).
However, Jacaranda species are widely distributed and frequently recorded in Bahia. These observations may indicate that Itajahya species are not necessarily associated with specific plant species, but perhaps with ecological conditions. Further studies are needed to clarify whether these occurrences represent specific ecological interactions, associations, or simply habitat preference.
The phylogenetic analyses presented in this study indicated that the current circumscription of Itajahya galericulata requires reassessment, as sequences derived from Brazilian and South African [12] specimens exhibit clear genetic divergence (Fig 2). This may indicate that the species I. galericulata is endemic to South America [32].
In fungal taxonomy, species descriptions based on multiple collections are generally preferred; however, this criterion cannot always be fully met in the case of rare taxa, taxa from highly specialized niches or remote locales, or those characterized by ephemeral basidiomata. Under such circumstances, the adoption of an integrative taxonomic approach, combining independent morphological and molecular datasets, provides a reliable framework for species recognition [27,33].
Itajahya mucugensis and I. payaya are proposed in this work from a single collection each (three mature basidiomata) but exhibit a unique combination of macro– and micromorphological characteristics, corroborated by their phylogenetic positioning as a distinct and well–supported lineage. These evidence, taken together, support their recognition as new species, despite the limited number of collections available.
The description of new fungal taxa based on a single or few collections is recurrent within the order Phallales, where several species have been proposed and validated in comparable situations, as also seen by Cabral and colleagues [33] within the order Agaricales, specifically in the genus Tulostoma. Among the representatives of Phallales, we can exemplify Abrachium floriforme (Baseia & Calonge) Baseia & T.S. Cabral [7], Blumenavia baturitensis Melanda, M.P. Martín & Baseia [20], Clathrus cristatus Fazolino, Calonge & Baseia [34], Mutinus albotruncatus B.D.B. Silva & Baseia [35], Phallus calongei G. Moreno & Khalid [36], and Phallus squamulosus T.S. Cabral, B.D.B. Silva & Baseia [18].
Therefore, the taxonomic decision presented here when evaluated under the perspective of integrative taxonomy, particularly the congruence integration protocol proposed by Padial et al. [28], the concordance between morphological and molecular data provides robust support for the delimitation and descriptions of two distinct taxa.
As a result of the taxonomic advances presented here, the genus Itajahya currently comprises eight species worldwide: Itajahya argentina, I. hornseyi, I. galericulata, I. mucugensis, I. pakistanica, I. payaya, I. punjabensis and I. rosea.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the master’s scholarship awarded to Mateus Santana Ribeiro (Process 88887.960759/2024–00), to the Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein Herbarium for the loan of Itajahya galericulata specimens and Filipe Santos Batista and Lucca Augusto Gonçalves Nascimento for collecting the holotype of Itajahya payaya. We would like to thank Prof. Maria Lenise Silva Guedes for her assistance in helping us identify the phytophysiognomies of the collection sites.
References
- 1.
Möller A. Brasilische pilzblumen. 7th ed. Schimper AFW, editor. Jena: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer; 1895. p. 1–149.
- 2. Spegazzini C. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. An Mus Nac Buenos Aires. 1899;3(2):81–365.
- 3.
Delile AR. Flore de D’Égypte. Explication des planches; 1813. p. 1–176.
- 4. Fischer E. Eine Phalloidee aus Palästina; Phallus roseus Delile und die Gattung Itajahya Alfr. Möller. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges. 1929;47(5):288–95.
- 5. Hansford CG. Australian fungi. II. New records and revisions. Proc Linn Soc N S W. 1954;79:97–141.
- 6. Kreisel H. A preliminary survey of the genus Phallus sensu lato. Czech Mycol. 1996;48(4):273–81.
- 7. Cabral TS, Marinho P, Goto BT, Baseia IG. Abrachium, a new genus in the Clathraceae, and Itajahya reassessed. Mycotaxon. 2012;119(1):419–29.
- 8. Bibi A, Afshan N, Khalid AN. Morphoanatomic, molecular, and scanning electron microscopy characterization of two new Itajahya species (Basidiomycota, Phallales) from Kundian Forest, Punjab, Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2025;88(10):2664–74.
- 9. Ribeiro MS, Cabral TS, Souza Melanda GC, Oliveira R de L, Baseia IG, Barbosa da Silva BD. Phallales fungi (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota) in Brazil: first checklist and key specific for the country. J Torrey Bot Soc. 2022;149(3):230–52.
- 10. Borde M, Kshirsagar Y, Jadhav R, Baghela A. A rare stinkhorn fungus Itajahya rosea attract Drosophila by producing chemical attractants. Mycobiology. 2021;49(3):223–34.
- 11. Trierveiler-Pereira L, Silva HCS, Funez LA, Baltazar JM. Mycophagy by small mammals: new and interesting observations from Brazil. Mycosphere. 2016;7(3):297–304.
- 12. Marincowitz S, Coetzee MPA, Wilken PM, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ. Phylogenetic placement of Itajahya: an unusual Jacaranda fungal associate. IMA Fungus. 2015;6(2):257–62. pmid:26734541
- 13. Ribeiro MS, Cabral TS, Melanda GCS, Baseia IG, Silva BDB da. Funga faloide e floriforme (Phallales, Basidiomycota) no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Hoehnea. 2022;49.
- 14. Oliveira R de L, de Morais VS, Melanda GCS, Martín MP, Baseia IG. Expanding the phallales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota) mycobiota of northeastern Brazil1. J Torrey Bot Soc. 2023;150(3):398–408.
- 15. Rick J. Basidiomycetes Eubasidii in Rio Grande do Sul. Iheringia. 1961;9:451–80.
- 16. Trierveiler-Pereira L, Meijer AAR, Silveira RMB. Phallales (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) from Southern Brazil. SIF. 2019;4(1):162–84.
- 17. Ottoni BS, Silva BDB, Fazolino P, Baseia IG. Phallus roseus, first record from the neotropics. Mycotaxon. 2010;112:5–8.
- 18. Cabral TS, Silva BDB, Martín MP, Clement CR, Hosaka K, Baseia IG. Behind the veil – exploring the diversity in Phallus indusiatus s.l. (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota). MycoKeys. 2019;58:103–27.
- 19. Cabral TS, Melanda GCS, de Assis NM, Ovrebo C, Baseia IG, Martín MP. Loosening the belt: unknown diversity of the strangled stinkhorn genus Staheliomyces (Phallales, Basidiomycota). Mycol Progress. 2022;21(4):46.
- 20. Melanda GCS, Accioly T, Ferreira RJ, Rodrigues ACM, Cabral TS, Coelho G, et al. Diversity trapped in cages: revision of Blumenavia Möller (Clathraceae, Basidiomycota) reveals three hidden species. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0232467. pmid:32357194
- 21. Rapini AL, Ribeiro PL, Lambert SB, Pirani JR. A flora dos campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade. 2008;4(1–2):16–24.
- 22.
Küppers H. Atlas de los colores. 1ª ed. Barcelona: Blume; 2002.
- 23.
Cabral TS. DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing for macrofungi (Basidiomycetes). Zenodo [Internet]; 2024 [cited 2026 Jan 30]. Available from: https://zenodo.org/records/14675362
- 24.
White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee S, Taylor J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Sninsky DH, White TJ, editors. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. New York: Academic Press Inc; 1990. p. 315–22.
- 25. Vilgalys R, Hester M. Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J Bacteriol. 1990;172(8):4238–46. pmid:2376561
- 26. Kretzer AM, Bruns TD. Use of atp6 in fungal phylogenetics: an example from the boletales. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1999;13(3):483–92. pmid:10620406
- 27. Aime MC, Miller AN, Aoki T, Bensch K, Cai L, Crous PW, et al. How to publish a new fungal species, or name, version 3.0. IMA Fungus. 2021;12(1):11. pmid:33934723
- 28. Padial JM, Miralles A, De la Riva I, Vences M. The integrative future of taxonomy. Front Zool. 2010;7:16. pmid:20500846
- 29. De Queiroz K. Species concepts and species delimitation. Syst Biol. 2007;56(6):879–86. pmid:18027281
- 30.
Juncá FA, Funch LS, Rocha W. Biodiversidade e conservação da Chapada Diamantina. Ministério do Meio Ambiente; 2005. 435 p.
- 31. Gonçalves CN, Freitas de Azevedo Gonçalves C. A lista preliminar de plantas vasculares endêmicas da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil, com comentários sobre seus status de ameaça de extinção. Biodivers Bras. 2023;13(4).
- 32. Campi Gaona MG, Trierveiler–Pereira L, Maubet Cano YE. New records of Phallales from Paraguay. Mycotaxon. 2017;132(2):361–72.
- 33. Cabral TS, Silva BDB, Vargas-Isla R, Oliveira JJS, Ferreira JA da S, Castro L, et al. Diversity of Neotropical stalked-puffball: two new species of Tulostoma with reticulated spores. PLoS One. 2023;18(12):e0294672. pmid:38091271
- 34. Fazolino EP, Trierveiler–Pereira L, Calonge FD, Baseia IG. First records of Clathrus (Phallaceae, Agaricomycetes) from the northeast region of Brazil. Mycotaxon. 2010;113:195–202.
- 35. Silva BDB, Cabral TS, Martín MP, Marinho P, Calonge FD, Baseia IG. Mutinus albotruncatus (Phallales, Agaricomycetes), a new phalloid from the Brazilian semiarid, and a key to the world species. Phytotaxa. 2015;236(3):237–48.
- 36. Moreno G, Khalid AN, Alvarado P. A new species of Phallus from Pakistan. Mycotaxon. 2009;108(1):457–62.