https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-1175
Figures
Abstract
Introduction
Mental health problems among health workers are a growing concern globally, including in Malaysia. Despite the availability of mental health services, some health workers do not seek professional help. This study aims to determine the level of health workers’ intention to seek professional help, examine the barriers they perceive, and identify predictors of mental health help-seeking intention.
Methods
This cross-sectional study involved 470 health workers in the East Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Linear regression analysis was employed to identify the predictors of professional help-seeking intention.
Results
The mean score for mental health help-seeking intention was 4.90 (SD = 1.03). Perceived need for help positively predicted help-seeking intention (B = 0.532, p < 0.001), while perceived stigma barriers negatively predicted help-seeking intention (B = −0.588, p < 0.001). Notable barriers perceived included concerns about perceptions of weakness, feelings of embarrassment, a preference for handling problems independently, and challenges in taking time off work.
Citation: Kunyahamu MS, Daud A, Basri ISM, Ismail TAT, Tahir MFM (2026) Mental health help-seeking intentions among health workers in the east coast of peninsular Malaysia: Perceived barriers and predictive factors. PLoS One 21(3): e0344007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0344007
Editor: Nik Ahmad Sufian Burhan, Universiti Putra Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Received: September 11, 2025; Accepted: February 13, 2026; Published: March 3, 2026
Copyright: © 2026 Kunyahamu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Data cannot be shared publicly due to ethical restrictions, as the dataset contains potentially identifiable information from healthcare workers. However, data are available upon reasonable request to the Human Research Ethics Committee (JEPeM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, for researchers who meet criteria for access to confidential data via jepem@usm.my.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Mental health-related problems can occur to anyone, regardless of age, ethnicity, sex, occupation, or socioeconomic background. Health workers, which includes clinical and nonclinical staff, can also face problems with their mental health. Psychological stress, anxiety, and depression are common examples of health workers’ mental health-related problems. Some have even considered suicide [1–4]. Several studies have provided insight into why health workers are more prone to mental health problems. This could possibly be due to their exposure to several factors that have a detrimental effect on their mental health, such as heavy workloads, poor social support, long working hours, conflict between colleagues, and workplace violence [5–7].
Seeking help from professional mental health services is key to addressing and managing these problems. Seeking appropriate help is viewed as a protective factor that may reduce the detrimental consequences of mental health problems [8]. However, despite their exposure to health-related information and the presence of mental health support services in healthcare facilities, studies have revealed that some health workers who are experiencing mental health problems do not seek professional help [9–12]. They encounter various types of barriers in regard to accessing mental health support services, such as experiencing stigma, having a lack of awareness about available services, facing time constraints, and fearing potential job-related consequences, which can lead to a reluctance or lack of intention to seek help when it is needed [11,13–15].
Mental health help-seeking intentions refer to a person’s conscious plan to seek help when they are facing a mental health problem. This intention is driven by the desire to reduce their distress and obtain psychological support [16]. Help-seeking intention plays a crucial role in the help-seeking process and can significantly influence whether individuals will seek help when they need it. A lack of interest in seeking help can prevent people from using available mental health services. People are unlikely to utilise mental health services if they are not interested in seeking help for mental health problems [17]. Understanding the factors that influence health workers’ help-seeking intentions is important for designing effective interventions, improving mental health outcomes, enhancing workers’ well-being and productivity, reducing stigma, and contributing to the overall effectiveness of the healthcare system.
Even though this is an important issue, our understanding of health workers’ intentions to seek professional help remains limited, particularly in the Malaysian context. Previous research has identified several predictors of help-seeking intention, such as sociodemographic characteristics, individual attitudes, mental health literacy, and stigma [18–22]. However, most of these studies have been conducted in Western countries, and their findings may not be directly applicable to the Malaysian health worker context due to cultural, social, and healthcare system differences. This gap in the literature is significant, considering the important role that health workers play in healthcare delivery and the potential impact of their mental well-being on patient care.
While stigma and perceived need are frequently reported predictors of professional help-seeking in international literature, the Malaysian context may shape these relationships through local sociocultural and workplace factors. In Malaysia, mental illness has been described as highly stigmatized, including perceptions of “weakness” and discrimination that can affect social and employment outcomes. Such stigma may be especially salient for healthcare workers, who may worry about confidentiality, professional reputation, and career implications when seeking care. Therefore, examining predictors and barriers within Malaysian healthcare settings provides locally relevant evidence to inform workplace mental health strategies [23,24].
Considering the limited evidence in Malaysia, this study aims to determine the level of health workers’ intention to seek professional mental health help, examine perceived barriers, and identify predictors of help-seeking intention among health workers in East Coast Region of Peninsular Malaysia.
Method
Participants and procedures
This cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st of March till 15th of July 2023, involving 470 health workers who were randomly selected in Pahang, one of the East Coast states of Peninsular Malaysia. The required sample size was calculated using a single-mean formula, with a standard deviation (σ) of 1.48, as derived from previous research [25]. The precision of estimation (Δ) was set at 0.15, and the Z value corresponding to a 95% confidence interval (Z(1- α/2)) was set at 1.96. Based on these parameters, the calculated sample size was 374. After anticipating a 20% nonresponse rate, this study required at least 468 respondents.
A multistage sampling method was employed to ensure that the research sample was representative of the reference population. Initially, three districts were selected namely Kuantan, Jerantut and Temerloh using a simple random sampling method. Subsequently, healthcare facilities within these districts were categorized into three distinct workplace settings: hospital, health clinic, and general practitioner (GP). A stratified proportionate sampling was then employed to determine the required number of participants from each workplace setting. From each category, facilities were randomly selected. Within each chosen facility, respondents were then randomly selected from the health workers list. Respondents were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: workers who were over 18 years old, had been working for at least a year and were good at reading and understanding the Malay language. Those with conditions that hindered their ability to understand or complete the questionnaires were excluded from the study.
Measures
Participants were recruited through email invitations, which included a brief explanation of the study’s purpose, confidentiality assurance, and the voluntary nature of participation. They were provided with a link to an online structured, self-administered questionnaire and informed that their responses would remain anonymous to minimize bias. An electronic participant information sheet was displayed on the first page of the online questionnaire, and informed consent was obtained electronically before respondents could proceed to the survey. The questionnaire was divided into several sections: Section A collected sociodemographic information such as age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, education level, and monthly income. Section B assessed the perceived need for help and previous help-seeking experiences. Section C explored mental health help-seeking intentions, and Section D assessed perceived barriers to seeking professional mental health help. To ensure data quality, the online form restricted submissions to one response per email address and required completion of all mandatory items to minimize missing data. Structured response formats and built-in validation checks were used to enhance completeness and consistency of responses.
Perceived need for help and previous help-seeking experience
Two single-item questions were adapted from a local study by [26] to assess whether the respondents had ever thought they might need professional help for emotional or mental health concerns (perceived need for help) and whether they had previously received or sought any professional help. All of these items were responded to as 0 (No) or 1 (Yes).
Professional mental health seeking intention
The intention to seek help from mental health professionals was assessed using the Mental Health Seeking Intention Scale (MHSIS), which was used in this study with permission from the original author [27]. This three-item questionnaire uses a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree), to assess an individual’s intention to consult mental health professionals if they experience a mental health concern. The MHSIS has demonstrated good reliability and validity. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency in this study, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.791.
Perceived barriers to professional help-seeking
Perceived barriers to mental health help-seeking were assessed using the validated Malay version of the Barriers to Access to Care Evaluation scale (MBACE). The scale consists of 28 items, with 12 items specifically designed to assess stigma-related barriers and the remaining 16 items focused on non-stigma-related barriers. Participants responded to each item on a 4-point Likert scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (a lot), indicating how much each item listed might prevent or discourage them from seeking professional help during emotional challenges. The MBACE was previously translated and validated with permission from the original author, as reported in a prior publication and has good internal consistency and construct validity [28]. In this study, the scale exhibited a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.89, indicating good reliability in our sample.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software, version 26 [29]. The initial exploration assessed for missing values and the distribution of numerical variables. Continuous variables were represented by the mean and standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables were represented by the frequency and percentage. Data cleaning resulted in 470 respondents being included in the analyses. The MHSIS mean intention score was calculated by summing the individual scores for all three items in the MHSIS and dividing by three. Higher scores indicate greater intention. For the MBACE, mean scores were computed separately for the stigma and non-stigma subscales by summing the scores of individual items within each subscale and then dividing by the number of items in that subscale. Higher scores indicate more perceived barriers to seeking mental health help.
A linear regression model was used to identify the predictors of professional help-seeking intention. The dependent variable was the mean MHSIS score. The independent variables were sex, age, ethnicity, educational level, income, marital status, previous mental health help-seeking experiences, perceived need for help, perceived stigma-related barriers, and perceived non-stigma-related barriers. Independent variables with a p-value < 0.25 in simple linear regression were included in the subsequent multiple linear regression analysis. Variable selection in the multiple linear regression models was conducted using a stepwise process, including backward and forward selection procedures. At this stage, a preliminary main effect model was obtained. All possible interactions between significant variables in the preliminary main effect model were checked. Multicollinearity was assessed using variance inflation factors (VIF), with a threshold of 10, to ensure that the predictors in the model were not highly correlated. The fitness of the final model was also assessed to ensure that it provided a good fit to the data, as indicated by the R2 value.
Ethical clearance
This study received ethical approval from the Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (MREC) of the Ministry of Health Malaysia (NMRR ID-22–01529-H11, Date: 22 September 2022) and the Human Research Ethics Committee USM, Malaysia (USM/JEPeM/22070479, Date: 12 October 2022). All procedures followed the most recent version of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki for medical research. Informed consent was provided by all respondents before they participated in the study. Minors were not included in our study. Confidentiality of data was guaranteed, with access to the data strictly limited to the researchers.
Results
Characteristics of the respondents
Out of the 470 respondents, 71.9% were female, and 28.1% were male. The respondents had a mean age of 37.2 years. The sample was predominantly Malay (94.3%). Regarding the perceived need for professional help for mental health concerns, almost half of the respondents (49.4%) reported that they had felt such a need, regardless of their current mental health status. This indicates that a considerable proportion of health workers in our sample recognized a potential need for mental health support, whether in the past, present, or anticipated future. The general characteristics of the respondents are summarised in Table 1.
Mental health help-seeking intentions
The MHSIS scores ranged from 2.67 to 7.00, with a mean of 4.90 (SD = 1.03). This mean score indicates a moderate to high level of intention among health workers to seek professional mental health help. This suggests that, on average, the respondents somewhat intended to seek help if they were experiencing mental health problems.
Perceived barriers to professional mental health help-seeking
In our study, the mean score for stigma-related barriers, as measured by the MBACE, was 1.17 (SD = 0.60). For non-stigma-related barriers, the mean score was 0.93 (SD = 0.40). These scores suggest that both types of barriers could potentially discourage health workers from seeking mental health help. Regarding stigma-related barriers, feelings of embarrassment or shame were most commonly perceived as barriers, followed by concerns about other people’s perceptions, fears of being seen as weak, and worries over repercussions on future job prospects. Detailed statistics on the stigma-related barriers can be found in Table 2.
For non-stigma-related barriers, among the commonly perceived as barriers were the desire to solve the problem independently, a belief that the problem would resolve itself, and difficulty taking time off work. Further details can be found in Table 3.
Predictors of professional mental health help-seeking intention
The regression analysis showed that only the variables of perceived need for help and perceived stigma barrier were significant predictors of mental health help-seeking intention. The perceived need for help emerged as a significant positive predictor (B = 0.532, t = 6.172, p < 0.001), suggesting that health workers who perceived a greater need for help were more likely to express an intention to seek help from mental health professionals. Conversely, the perceived stigma barrier was a negative predictor of help-seeking intention (B = −0.588, t = −8.167, p < 0.001), indicating that health workers who perceived higher stigma-related barriers were less likely to express an intention to seek help.
The final multiple regression model, which included the perceived need for help and perceived stigma barriers as predictors, accounted for 22% of the variance in help-seeking intention (adjusted R2 = 0.22). The R2 value also indicates the model’s predictive accuracy. Table 4 shows the outcomes of the regression analysis. The table details the direction of the relationship (either positive or negative) and the level of statistical significance for each variable.
Discussion
Mental health help-seeking intentions
The mean score of 4.90 on the MHSIS indicates a moderate to high level of intention to seek help from mental health professionals. This finding demonstrated that, on average, there was a relatively quite good level of help-seeking intention among the health workers participating in this study if they have any mental health concerns. This result is consistent with some other research that also reported a relatively good level of health workers’ intention to seek professional help if they encountered psychological distress [14,30].
Due to their roles and exposure to health-related information, health workers might possess a better level of mental health literacy. This could explain the MHSIS score observed in our sample, as higher mental health literacy often correlates with a stronger intention to seek help [19,22]. Additionally, recent efforts by the Malaysian Ministry of Health, such as the National Centre of Excellence for Mental Health initiation in 2022 and the launch of the “HEAL 15555” hotline, might have boosted mental health awareness, further enhancing the intention to seek help. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic’s influence cannot be overlooked. Its onset not only heightened mental health issues but also magnified societal awareness and made mental health services more accessible [31]. All these factors might explain the observed help-seeking intentions score among the health workers in our study.
However, it is essential to recognise that some of the respondents (17.7%) reported scores below the midpoint of the scale (< 4). This suggests that some health workers have relatively low intentions to seek help, putting them at risk of suffering in silence. While previous studies on mental health professionals indicate a higher likelihood of seeking mental health support, our findings among non-mental health workers suggest similar trends [22]. However, lower help-seeking behavior among certain subgroups indicates a need for tailored interventions. A local study by Chong et al., revealed that two-thirds of civil servants had a low intention to seek mental health counselling, suggesting that low intention to seek help may be a broader issue among Malaysian workers [32].
Perceived barriers to professional mental health help-seeking
Despite all the efforts to improve mental health awareness and services, health workers still face barriers to mental health help-seeking. This is reflected by the findings of perceived stigma barriers and perceived non stigma barriers among the respondents, which aligns with previous research demonstrating that stigma and non-stigma barriers often deter individuals from seeking help for mental health problems [19,20,22,33].
Common stigma items perceived as barriers in this study, such as concern about being viewed as weak or worried about professional repercussions and feelings of embarrassment, align with findings from other studies among health workers [14,15,34,35]. This suggests that such barriers are common across different populations of health workers. These barriers seem to reflect not only personal fears but also broader societal norms. This is particularly true in Malaysia, where psychological problems are often stigmatised as signs of personal weakness or insanity [24]. Another local study further underscored this by highlighting employment challenges faced by those with a history of mental health problems, noting their struggles to secure employment [23]. Therefore, it is not surprising that some people opt to hide their mental health issues and refrain from seeking professional help to avoid the associated stigma.
Surprisingly, even among health workers who presumably have a good understanding of the importance of professional mental health support, personal attitudes and beliefs emerged as the predominant perceived non stigma barriers to help-seeking in our study. However, these findings are not unique only to our sample population. Previous research found similar patterns among different health worker populations [11,14,33]. This finding suggests the complex relationship between professional knowledge and personal beliefs. It highlights the need for interventions that not only address stigma but also target people’s attitudes and beliefs. Beyond stigma, operational constraints within healthcare settings may also reduce help-seeking, including heavy workload, shift duties, limited flexibility to attend appointments, and practical difficulty obtaining time off. These barriers can persist even when services are available, particularly when accessing care is perceived as disruptive to clinical or administrative responsibilities.
The issue of difficulty taking time off work, as perceived by respondents in our study, aligns with findings from other studies conducted in different populations [10,13–15]. These studies, along with ours, highlight the intense and demanding work schedules faced by health workers, leaving little room for self-care and mental health management. This emphasises the importance of workplace intervention, especially in the healthcare sector, to consider implementing flexible work arrangements and supportive policies to facilitate access to mental health services among their employees.
Predictors of help-seeking intention
Our study provides additional support for the evidence that perceived stigma barriers and perceived need for help significantly influence health workers’ intentions to seek mental health professional help. Specifically, the role of perceived need for help as a positive predictor aligns with findings from other studies [36,37]. These results emphasise the need to enhance awareness among health workers about the recognition of their own mental health needs, and potential stigma, as this could be a key strategy to encourage mental health help-seeking.
Despite the significant role of the perceived need for help in predicting help-seeking intentions, 50% of respondents did not perceive a need for mental health help. However, the lack of perceived need among our respondents may reflect that they truly do not ever have psychological health issues at all, or it might indicate a lack of awareness about mental health challenges and the benefits of seeking professional help. This highlights the complexity of the help-seeking process and the potential influence of other factors on help-seeking intention. Furthermore, it suggests a gap between the theoretical importance of perceived need and the actual recognition of this need among a significant proportion of health workers.
The role of perceived stigma barriers as a negative predictor of help-seeking intention is consistent with other research across various professions and cultural contexts, such as a study on German health workers [22] and American mental health counsellors [33]. Similar stigma-related barriers and reduced professional help-seeking have also been reported in Asian and other LMIC settings, suggesting that sociocultural norms and system-level constraints may amplify concerns about disclosure and confidentiality compared with many Western settings. For example, comparable patterns have been observed in studies from Korea, China, and Ethiopia, where stigma and attitudes consistently shape help-seeking behaviour [36–38]. Indeed, stigma’s negative influence on help-seeking intention extends across various professions, as evident in studies among Canadian public safety personnel and school counsellors [19,21]. These findings highlight the powerful impact of stigma on help-seeking intentions, regardless of the population or profession involved. It highlights the need for interventions to reduce stigma-related barriers, such as stigma reduction campaigns and promoting positive attitudes towards mental health help-seeking.
In our study, variables such as age, sex, income, marital status, and level of education were not significant predictors of help-seeking intention. This contrasts with some previous research that identified these factors as significant predictors [18,38–40]. This discrepancy could be caused by the differences in the sample populations in which the studies were conducted, or the method used to measure help-seeking intention. The specific scales used to measure intention that differs between studies also potentially affected the results. Future research could explore these discrepancies further, perhaps by using consistent measures of intention across different studies and contexts.
Implications for practice and policy
This study provides a unique understanding of mental health help-seeking intention and its predictors among health workers in Malaysia. These findings have several important implications. From a practice perspective, these findings highlight that interventions are needed to increase health workers’ recognition of their own mental health needs and reduce stigma-related barriers to seeking help. Such interventions to promote mental health help-seeking among health workers might also focus on the common barriers perceived in this study. Healthcare providers should also consider implementing programs and interventions to reduce stigma, increase awareness about the importance of mental health services, and ensure confidentiality. These efforts could include educational workshops, peer support groups, and awareness campaigns designed to promote help-seeking and support among health workers [41,42].
From a policy perspective, our findings emphasise the importance of creating a supportive work environment. This involves not only creating structures that facilitate help-seeking but also strengthening policies that prioritise mental health among health workers and actively working to diminish stigma within healthcare settings. Leaders and decision-makers in health care services should lead by example to minimise the stigma among health workers by promoting a workplace culture of openness, trust, respect, and support around mental health problems. Normalising conversations related to psychological issues might help alleviate some stigma among colleagues [6].
Study limitations and opportunities for future research
Although this study has contributed new knowledge to the field, it must be interpreted cautiously due to a variety of limitations. First, because this research was conducted using a cross-sectional methodology, it restricts our ability to draw any conclusions about the possible causal inferences between the variables. Second, the unequal distribution of the ethnic group and gender distribution of the respondents in this study could potentially affect the generalizability of these findings. However, this is to be expected because the study was conducted in a population area where most people were Malay. Third, the data collection mainly relied on self-report measures, which are prone to social desirability bias since people tend to report thoughts that they think others want to hear. However, self-reporting was necessary for this study due to its focus on personal perceptions. Fourth, a potential limitation of this study is non-response bias. It is possible that those most inclined to seek help or with a more favorable attitude toward mental health services were more likely to participate, which may limit the generalizability of our findings. For example, the discrepancy between the number of individuals with a formal mental health diagnosis (14) and those who reported seeking help (51) could be due to underreporting or misunderstanding of the diagnosis question. This discrepancy highlights the need for further investigation into how mental health is perceived and diagnosed among healthcare workers
With these limitations, future research could use a longitudinal study design to examine the temporal relationships between help-seeking intention, perceived need for help, and perceived stigma barriers. It would also be beneficial to include a more balanced gender and ethnic distribution to explore potential differences in help-seeking intentions and perceived barriers. This would not only enhance the generalizability of the findings but also allow for exploring potential differences in the results across different demographic groups. Understanding these differences may aid in designing targeted interventions to promote help-seeking among specific groups of health workers.
Additionally, future studies might consider incorporating qualitative techniques such as in-depth interviews or focus group discussions to further understand health workers’ help-seeking intentions. Given the results from this study, we believe that more studies using qualitative methods should be conducted to better understand why some health workers had lower intentions to seek help. Qualitative research methods, such as in-depth interviews, could be useful in exploring the complex social and cultural factors that contribute to this phenomenon.
Despite these limitations, the findings of this study still provide useful insights into help-seeking intentions and their predictors among health workers in the East Coast Region of Peninsular Malaysia. The findings highlight the importance of addressing the perceived need for help and stigma-related barriers in efforts to promote mental health help-seeking among health workers. Therefore, future intervention studies should consider these factors to improve the mental health of health workers.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this study provides evidence that perceived need for help and stigma-related barriers are key predictors of professional mental health help-seeking intention among health workers in Pahang (East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia). These findings support practical and policy actions within healthcare organizations, including: (i) strengthening confidential and easily accessible pathways to mental health support (e.g., clear referral routes and private access), (ii) implementing workplace stigma-reduction and mental health literacy initiatives, and (iii) improving organizational conditions that enable help-seeking, such as protected time or flexible arrangements to attend appointments. Future research should evaluate targeted interventions addressing these barriers and assess whether changes in workplace systems translate into improved help-seeking behaviours [41].
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Health Malaysia and Universiti Sains Malaysia for their kind support and approval in conducting this study. Special appreciation is also extended to the participating health workers in the East Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia for their invaluable time and willingness to share their perspectives. The authors acknowledge with thanks the contributions of the research assistants and administrative staff who facilitated data collection and logistics throughout the study.
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