Advertisement
Browse Subject Areas
?

Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.

For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here.

  • Loading metrics

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Hypotony after 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with suturing all sclerotomies

  • Shogo Takahashi ,

    Contributed equally to this work with: Shogo Takahashi, Tomoko Ueda-Consolvo

    Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft

    Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

    ⨯
  • Tomoko Ueda-Consolvo ,

    Contributed equally to this work with: Shogo Takahashi, Tomoko Ueda-Consolvo

    Roles Data curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

    ueda@med.u-toyama.ac.jp

    Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

    ⨯
  • Yuta Takata,

    Roles Data curation

    Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

    ⨯
  • Masaaki Ishida,

    Roles Data curation

    Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

    ⨯
  • Shuichiro Yanagisawa,

    Roles Data curation

    Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

    ⨯
  • Atsushi Hayashi

    Roles Data curation, Methodology, Supervision

    Affiliation Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

    ⨯

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the incidence of postoperative hypotony and early complications in 25-gauge vitrectomy by suturing all sclerotomies.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 458 eyes of 435 patients who underwent 25G pars plana vitrectomy with suturing all sclerotomies. The primary outcome measure was intraocular pressure (IOP) at postoperative day 1. Secondary outcome measures were clinical signs of hypotony and postoperative complications. Hypotony was defined as an IOP < 5 mmHg.

Results

Postoperative hypotony was found in 22 eyes (4.8%). No eyes suffered IOP of 0 nor 1 mmHg. None of the eyes demonstrated any clinical signs of hypotony including endophthalmitis, hypotony maculopathy nor choroidal detachment. The eyes with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas tamponade had a significantly lower rate of hypotony compared to eyes with no tamponade (1.3% (2 eyes/154 eyes) vs 6.3% (18eyes/284 eyes); p = 0.0118). The incidence of hypotony was 11.1% (5 eyes/45 eyes) in reoperation and 4.1% (17 eyes/413 eyes) in primary operations (p = 0.037).

Conclusion

Suturing all sclerotomies showed a low incidence of postoperative hypotony. Reoperation increased the risk of hypotony, while SF6 gas tamponade lowered the risk of hypotony.

Citation: Takahashi S, Ueda-Consolvo T, Takata Y, Ishida M, Yanagisawa S, Hayashi A (2026) Hypotony after 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with suturing all sclerotomies. PLoS One 21(2): e0341951. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0341951

Editor: Ogugua Ndubuisi Okonkwo, Eye Foundation Hospital / Eye Foundation Retina Institute, NIGERIA

Received: July 28, 2025; Accepted: January 14, 2026; Published: February 11, 2026

Copyright: © 2026 Takahashi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

In the medical world, safe, minimally invasive treatment is always desired, and vitreous surgery has made remarkable progress. A 25-gauge (G) system for small incision sutureless vitrectomy was introduced in 2002 [1,2] followed by a 27G system in 2010 [3]. These techniques cause less postoperative inflammation and faster visual recovery compared to 20G vitrectomy [4]. Currently, microincision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS) is mainstream. MIVS sclerotomies are expected to close without suturing; it has been reported that the smaller the scleral wound, the shorter the time required for wound closure [5–9]. Even with small incisions of 25G or 27G, however, some patients suffered postoperative hypotony [9–13] because of inadequate closure of sclerotomies which caused slow leakage. Strategies to lower the risk of severe hypotony are indispensable because it might lead to irreversible visual impairment due to maculopathy, endophthalmitis and choroidal detachment. Suturing every sclerotomy may reduce the risk of hypotony, but the real-world incidence of hypotony in 25 G vitrectomy with suturing remains unexamined. The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of postoperative hypotony and early complications in 25 G vitrectomy in which all sclerotomies were sutured at the end of the operation.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 458 eyes of 435 patients who underwent 25 G pars plana vitrectomy performed by 5 surgeons (TUC, MI, SA, SY, AH) at Toyama University Hospital between October 2022 and September 2023. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Toyama (approval no. R2024055), and the procedures used conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained in the form of opt-out on the website. Access for data collection was conducted between June 25, 2024 and August 31, 2024. All patient records and data were anonymized and de-identified. Surgical indications were epiretinal membrane (ERM) (144 eyes), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) (112 eyes), macular hole (MH) (46 eyes), vitreous hemorrhage (VH) (45 eyes), intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation (34 eyes), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (15 eyes), retinoschisis (14 eyes), vitreous opacities (9 eyes), vitreomacular traction syndrome (VMTs) (6 eyes), subretinal hemorrhage (SRH) (5 eyes), lens subluxation (7 eyes), and asteroid hyalosis (1 eye).

Patient medical records were reviewed, and the following data were collected: age, sex, the side of operation (OD or OS), preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), operating time, tamponade materials (balanced salt solution (BSS), air, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) or perfluoro propane (C3F8)), results of anterior segment and fundus examinations including optical coherence tomography (OCT) (RS-3000 Advance; NIDEK Co, Ltd, Aichi, Japan or DRI-OCT Toriton; Topcon Inc, Tokyo, Japan), and complications within one month after surgery. Preoperative IOP was measured using a noncontact tonometer (FT-01 Tomey, Nagoya, Japan), and postoperative IOP was measured with a handheld rebound tonometer (iCare Pro; Icare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland). Hypotony was defined as an IOP < 5 mmHg. Cases of glaucoma implant insertion and silicone oil injection were excluded.

Vitrectomy

All eyes underwent a standard pars plana vitrectomy with three 25-gauge ports. Anesthesia, either local or general, depended on the patient’s preference. Vitrectomy was performed using either the EVA (DORC, Zuidland, The Netherlands) or the Constellation (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX). The trocars for transscleral cannulas were placed through the pars plana in the superonasal, superotemporal and inferotemporal quadrants for the site of infusion and insertion of intraocular instruments. Each sclerotomy was made with an oblique 30° incision through the sclera. All scleral wounds, regardless of their leakage, were sutured using 10−0 or 9−0 absorbable sutures, and no pressure was applied to the wounds. The planned suture removal was not performed after surgery.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were carried out using JMP statistical discovery software (version 17; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Mixed-effects models were applied to compare both continuous variables (age, operating time, preoperative IOP) and categorical variables (sex, side of operation (OD or OS), previous vitrectomy, gas usage for tamponade) between the eyes with hypotony and those without. Pearson’s correlation procedure was used to investigate correlations between data including age, preoperative IOP, operating time, and postoperative IOP. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed for postoperative hypotony, including as covariates: reoperation status, types of tamponade (none/ air/ SF6/ C3F8), combined phacoemulsification, operating time, preoperative IOP, age and sex. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.

Results

Patients

Four hundred fifty-eight eyes of 435 patients were included. The mean age was 65.8 ± 11 years, and 261 patients (57%) were men. In 283 eyes (62%), vitrectomy was combined with phacoemulsification and aspiration with IOL implantation. The indication for 25G vitrectomy is presented in Table 1. In the 174 tamponade cases (38%), 20% SF6 was used in 154 cases (33.6%), 12% C3F8 gas was used in 5 cases (1.1%), and air was used in 15 cases (3.3%) (Table 1). Overall, mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 15.8 ± 6.2 mmHg. The mean operating time was 63.1 ± 33 minutes, and the mean postoperative IOP was 14.6 ± 8.4 mmHg.

thumbnail
Download:
Table 1. Hypotony After 25-gauge Vitrectomy with suturing all sclerotomies.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0341951.t001

Hypotony

Hypotony was found in 22 eyes (4.8%) on postoperative day 1; 2 mmHg in 4 eyes (18%), 3 mmHg in 7 eyes (32%), 4 mmHg in 11 eyes (32%), and none of the eyes suffered IOP of 0 nor 1 mmHg (Table 2). The mean IOP in hypotony eyes was 3.3 ± 0.76 mmHg (median, 3.5 mmHg). The incidence of hypotony was 8.3% in ERM surgery (12 eyes/144 eyes), 0.8% in RRD surgery (1 eye/112 eyes), 2.2% in MH surgery (1 eye/46 eyes), 4.4% in VH surgery (2 eyes/45 eyes), 2.9% in IOL dislocation surgery (1 eye/34 eyes), and 7.1% in retinoschisis surgery (1eye/14 eyes) (Table 1). None of the 22 eyes demonstrated hypotony maculopathy nor choroidal detachment on OCT. At the follow-up within one week after surgery, the intraocular pressure had improved to above 5 mmHg in all the 22 eyes, and there were no abnormal findings associated with hypotony on OCT. Eyes with 20%SF6 tamponade had a significantly lower incidence of hypotony compared to those with no tamponade (p = 0.0118; 95%CI: −0.094 to −0.012). A remarkable difference in the risk for hypotony was found between primary operations and reoperations (p = 0.0367; 95%CI: 0.0043 to 0.13). No significant differences were found in sex, age, the side of operation (OD or OS), mean operating time, or preoperative IOP between hypotony group and non-hypotony group (p = 0.573, p = 0.263, p = 0.182, p = 0.479, p = 0.996, respectively) (Table 1). There was a weak correlation between operating time and postoperative IOP (r = 0.214; 95%CI: 0.12 to 0.30; p < 0.0001). There was no correlation between age and postoperative IOP (r = −0.0632; 95%CI: −0.15 to 0.029; p = 0.177). The correlation between preoperative IOP and postoperative IOP was statistically significant (r = 0.189; 95%CI: 0.099 to 0.28; p < 0.0001), but the effect size was small and not clinically meaningful. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, reoperation was significantly associated with postoperative hypotony (odds ratio = 4.28; 95% CI:1.20 to 15.3; p = 0.025) and 20%SF6 tamponade was associated with a significantly lower risk compared to no tamponade (odds ratio = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.033 to 0.79; p = 0.025) (Table 3).

thumbnail
Download:
Table 2. Characteristics of cases of hypotony.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0341951.t002

thumbnail
Download:
Table 3. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors for postoperative hypotony.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0341951.t003

Postoperative complications

Postoperative complications except for hypotony were observed in 27 eyes (5.9%); vitreous hemorrhage in 12 eyes (2.4%), macular edema in 4 eyes (0.87%), RRD in 3 eyes (0.66%), IOL dislocation in 2 eyes (0.44%), ERM in 1 eye (0.21%), and re-detachment of RRD was observed in 5 eyes (4.4%) (Table 4). Re-detachment of RRD occurred in one eye on postoperative day 10, in one eye at 2 weeks, in one eye at 3 weeks and in 2 eyes at 4 weeks postoperatively. No eyes suffered hypotony maculopathy, endophthalmitis, nor choroidal detachment.

thumbnail
Download:
Table 4. Postoperative complications.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0341951.t004

Discussion

In the present study, the incidence of postoperative hypotony was 4.8% and no complications associated with hypotony including endophthalmitis, hypotony maculopathy nor choroidal detachment occurred. Our study clearly showed that suturing sclerotomy had a low incidence of irreversible visual impairment due to severe hypotony in MIVS. We also found that reoperation increased the risk of hypotony, while air or gas tamponade lowered the risk of hypotony.

Small-gauge sutureless vitrectomy has reduced operating time, surgically induced astigmatism and discomfort from conjunctival sutures, and achieved faster visual improvement. Postoperative hypotony after sutureless vitrectomy, however, remains a cause for concern. O’ Reilly and Beatty S reported that 10 eyes out of 39 eyes (25.6%) suffered transient hypotony (IOP < 5 mmHg) after 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy [14]. To reduce the risk of leakage, they recommended lateral displacement of the conjunctiva when inserting the microcannulae to cover the sclerotomies. Uy HS and colleagues found that 11 eyes out of 55 eyes (22%) had postoperative hypotony (IOP < 5 mmHg) using 25-gauge, beveled-tip, sutureless vitrectomy [15]. Postoperative day 1 IOP was 0 mmHg in 2 eyes (3.6%), and 3 eyes (6%) had adverse events due to hypotony. These studies indicate that not a few sclerotomies need to be sutured for proper wound closure even in small-gauge vitrectomy. Bamonte G and colleagues performed sutureless vitrectomy except in cases in which they found fluid or gas leakage; they sutured the leaking sclerotomy with a single stitch of 9−0 vicryl [16]. In 8 out of 122 eyes, sclerotomy was sutured and none of them developed hypotonus after surgery. Their incidence of postoperative hypotony (IOP ≤ 5 mmHg) was 13.1% (16 eyes/122 eyes) and day 1 IOP was 0 mmHg in 2 eyes. Our study found that the incidence of postoperative hypotony was lower; 34 eyes (7.4%) had a postoperative IOP of 5 mmHg or less, and no eyes suffered IOP of 0 nor 1 mmHg. These results suggest that physicians cannot find every slow leakage covered with conjunctiva, and that suturing all sclerotomies is more secure than simply suturing as needed.

Air or gas tamponade is also known to lower the risk of hypotony [5,16]. Bamonte G and colleagues reported that eyes with air or gas tamponade had a significantly lower rate of hypotony compared to eyes with no tamponade (3.3% vs 22.4%; p = 0.002) [16]. Bourgault S and colleagues also showed that air or gas tamponade resulted in a 4-fold reduction in the incidence of hypotony after 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy [17]. The incidence of hypotony was 4.8% in eyes with air or gas tamponade and 20.0% in eyes filled with fluid (p = 0.0001). Consistent with their reports, we found a significant difference in the rate of hypotony; 2.3% in eyes with air or gas tamponade and 6.3% in eyes with no tamponade (p = 0.0498). The frequency of hypotony was lower than their studies. In other words, suturing sclerotomy even lowers the incidence of hypotony in eyes with air or gas tamponade.

Reoperations, on the other hand, predisposed eyes to hypotony. In the present study, the incidence of hypotony was 11.1% (5 eyes/45 eyes) in reoperation and 4.1% (17 eyes/413 eyes) in primary operations (p = 0.037). These results were comparable to previous studies on sutureless vitrectomy. Shimada H and colleagues reported that leakage occurred in 2 of 298 eyes (1%) in primary operations and 3 of 39 eyes (8%) in reoperation (p = 0.0006) [18]. Bamonte G also showed that 9 eyes out of 98 eyes (9.2%) had hypotony in primary operation, while 7 eyes out of 24 eyes (29.2%) had hypotony in reoperation (p = 0.009) [16]. It is possible that eyes in reoperations may have less vitreous left, resulting in less internal vitreous plugging in sclerotomies.

In our study, the rate of postoperative complications was comparable or better than that in previous studies; vitreous hemorrhage was 2.4% in our study and 5–8% [9,11,19] in previous studies; macular edema, 0.87% vs 7–10% [19–21]; and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, 0.66% vs 0.43–2% [22–38]. Considering the low incidence of hypotony in our study, 25-gauge vitrectomy with suturing sclerotomies may lower the overall risk of complications and may even be superior to sutureless vitrectomy because hypotony could cause irreversible visual impairment. Suturing sclerotomies is, however, not without issues. Discomfort from sutures, surgically induced astigmatism and longer operating time are troublesome. Suturing every sclerotomy may be overtreatment in the majority of cases. Severe hypotony is, however, one of the critical adverse events for visual prognosis. Physicians should carefully consider the risk of postoperative hypotony in each eye and determine whether suturing sclerotomies would improve the outcome or not. In addition, Discomfort and refractive changes should also be considered when evaluating the necessity of suturing.

The retrospective nature, a non-comparative study, and inclusion of various vitreoretinal diseases potentially limit the conclusions of this study. Some limitations were intrinsic to the 5 surgeons because of different preferences and techniques. Further investigations are warranted to confirm our observations. Despite these limitations, we believe our findings indicate that suturing sclerotomies is a better treatment option for eyes in reoperations and especially when not using gas tamponade.

In conclusion, suturing every sclerotomy had no incidence of irreversible visual impairment due to severe hypotony in MIVS. The risk of hypotony was increased by reoperation and lowered by gas tamponade.

Supporting information

S1 File. All data included in the analysis.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0341951.s001

(XLSX)

References

  1. 1. Fujii GY, De Juan E Jr, Humayun MS, Pieramici DJ, Chang TS, Awh C, et al. A new 25-gauge instrument system for transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy surgery. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(10):1807–12; discussion 1813. pmid:12359598
  2. 2. Fujii GY, De Juan E Jr, Humayun MS, Chang TS, Pieramici DJ, Barnes A, et al. Initial experience using the transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy system for vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(10):1814–20. pmid:12359600
  3. 3. Oshima Y, Wakabayashi T, Sato T, Ohji M, Tano Y. A 27-gauge instrument system for transconjunctival sutureless microincision vitrectomy surgery. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(1):93-102.e2. pmid:19880185
  4. 4. Kellner L, Wimpissinger B, Stolba U, Brannath W, Binder S. 25-gauge vs 20-gauge system for pars plana vitrectomy: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(7):945–8. pmid:17202200
  5. 5. Lakhanpal RR, Humayun MS, de Juan E Jr, Lim JI, Chong LP, Chang TS, et al. Outcomes of 140 consecutive cases of 25-gauge transconjunctival surgery for posterior segment disease. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(5):817–24. pmid:15878061
  6. 6. Lubiński W, Gosławski W, Podborączyńska-Jodko K, Mularczyk M, Post M. Comparison of 27-gauge versus 25-gauge vitrectomy results in patients with epiretinal membrane: 6-month follow-up. Int Ophthalmol. 2020;40(4):867–75. pmid:31956931
  7. 7. Rizzo S, Genovesi-Ebert F, Murri S, Belting C, Vento A, Cresti F, et al. 25-gauge, sutureless vitrectomy and standard 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy in idiopathic epiretinal membrane surgery: a comparative pilot study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;244(4):472–9. pmid:16421743
  8. 8. Kadonosono K, Yamakawa T, Uchio E, Yanagi Y, Tamaki Y, Araie M. Comparison of visual function after epiretinal membrane removal by 20-gauge and 25-gauge vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(3):513–5. pmid:16935609
  9. 9. Mori R, Naruse S, Shimada H. Comparative study of 27-gauge and 25-gauge vitrectomy performed as day surgery. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38(4):1575–82. pmid:28670654
  10. 10. Gupta N, Punjabi OS, Steinle NC, Singh RP. Rate of hypotony following 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2013;44(2):155–9. pmid:23421955
  11. 11. Khan MA, Shahlaee A, Toussaint B, Hsu J, Sivalingam A, Dugel PU, et al. Outcomes of 27 gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery for posterior segment disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016;161:36-43.e1-2. pmid:26429584
  12. 12. Chaban YV, Popovic MM, Garg A, Muni RH, Kertes PJ. Pars plana vitrectomy port sizes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2022;53(3):152–8. pmid:35272553
  13. 13. Ando T, Terashima H, Fujii K, Yoshida H, Ueda E, Nozaki Y, et al. Risk factors for hypotony after transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. PLoS One. 2025;20(4):e0321135. pmid:40293984
  14. 14. O’ Reilly P, Beatty S. Transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy: initial experience and surgical tips. Eye (Lond). 2007;21(4):518–21. pmid:16440006
  15. 15. Uy HS, Cabahug VLO, Artiaga JCM, Chan PS, Famadico JT. Clinical outcomes of a beveled tip, ultra-high speed, 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy system. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22(1):93. pmid:35196996
  16. 16. Bamonte G, Mura M, Stevie Tan H. Hypotony after 25-gauge vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151(1):156–60. pmid:20970109
  17. 17. Oshima Y, Ohji M, Tano Y. Surgical outcomes of 25-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery for vitreoretinal diseases. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2006;35(3):175–80. pmid:16625266
  18. 18. Bourgault S, Tourville E. Incidence of postoperative hypotony in 25-gauge vitrectomy: oblique versus straight sclerotomies. Can J Ophthalmol. 2012;47(1):21–3. pmid:22333846
  19. 19. Shimada H, Nakashizuka H, Mori R, Mizutani Y, Hattori T. 25-gauge scleral tunnel transconjunctival vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(5):871–3. pmid:17056376
  20. 20. Ho LY, Garretson BR, Ranchod TM, Balasubramaniam M, Ruby AJ, Capone A Jr, et al. Study of intraocular pressure after 23-gauge and 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy randomized to fluid versus air fill. Retina. 2011;31(6):1109–17. pmid:21358360
  21. 21. Gupta OPI, Weichel ED, Regillo CD, Fineman MS, Kaiser RS, Ho AC, et al. Postoperative complications associated with 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2007;38(4):270–5. pmid:17674916
  22. 22. Savastano A, Lenzetti C, Finocchio L, Bacherini D, Giansanti F, Tartaro R, et al. Combining cataract surgery with 25-gauge high-speed pars plana vitrectomy: a prospective study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(2):673–8. pmid:31973558
  23. 23. Reibaldi M, Rizzo S, Avitabile T, Longo A, Toro MD, Viti F, et al. Iatrogenic retinal breaks in 25-gauge vitrectomy under air compared with the standard 25-gauge system for macular diseases. Retina. 2014;34(8):1617–22. pmid:24651259
  24. 24. Scartozzi R, Bessa AS, Gupta OP, Regillo CD. Intraoperative sclerotomy-related retinal breaks for macular surgery, 20- vs 25-gauge vitrectomy systems. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(1):155–6. pmid:17188054
  25. 25. Kusuhara S, Ooto S, Kimura D, Itoi K, Mukuno H, Miyamoto N, et al. Outcomes of 23- and 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomies for idiopathic macular holes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(9):1261–4. pmid:18614566
  26. 26. Patelli F, Radice P, Zumbo G, Frisone G, Fasolino G. 25-gauge macular surgery: results and complications. Retina. 2007;27(6):750–4. pmid:17621185
  27. 27. Tan HS, Mura M, de Smet MD. Iatrogenic retinal breaks in 25-gauge macular surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(3):427–30. pmid:19477712
  28. 28. Carvounis PE, Kopel AC, Kuhl DP, Heffez J, Pepple K, Holz ER. 25-gauge vitrectomy using sulfur hexafluoride and no prone positioning for repair of macular holes. Retina. 2008;28(9):1188–92. pmid:19430387
  29. 29. Passemard M, Yakoubi Y, Muselier A, Hubert I, Guillaubey A, Bron AM, et al. Long-term outcome of idiopathic macular hole surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(1):120–6. pmid:19846059
  30. 30. Nakano T, Uemura A, Sakamoto T. Incidence of iatrogenic peripheral retinal breaks in 23-gauge vitrectomy for macular diseases. Retina. 2011;31(10):1997–2001. pmid:21610562
  31. 31. Rizzo S, Belting C, Genovesi-Ebert F, di Bartolo E. Incidence of retinal detachment after small-incision, sutureless pars plana vitrectomy compared with conventional 20-gauge vitrectomy in macular hole and epiretinal membrane surgery. Retina. 2010;30(7):1065–71. pmid:20616684
  32. 32. Haas A, Seidel G, Steinbrugger I, Maier R, Gasser-Steiner V, Wedrich A, et al. Twenty-three-gauge and 20-gauge vitrectomy in epiretinal membrane surgery. Retina. 2010;30(1):112–6. pmid:19834355
  33. 33. Rasouli M, Steed SM, Tennant MTS, Rudnisky CJ, Hinz BJ, Greve MDJ, et al. The 1-year incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment post 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Can J Ophthalmol. 2012;47(3):262–3. pmid:22687303
  34. 34. Covert DJ, Henry CR, Bhatia SK, Croskrey J, Sanchez CR, Han DP. Intraoperative retinal tear formation and postoperative rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in transconjunctival cannulated vitrectomy systems compared with the standard 20-gauge system. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(2):186–9. pmid:22332210
  35. 35. Le Rouic J-F, Becquet F, Ducournau D. Does 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy modify the risk of postoperative retinal detachment after macular surgery? A comparison with 20-gauge vitrectomy. Retina. 2011;31(5):902–8. pmid:21394061
  36. 36. Hikichi T, Kosaka S, Takami K, Ariga H, Ohtsuka H, Higuchi M, et al. Incidence of retinal breaks in eyes undergoing 23-gauge or 20-gauge vitrectomy with induction of posterior vitreous detachment. Retina. 2012;32(6):1100–5. pmid:22366906
  37. 37. Chalam KV, Murthy RK, Gupta SK, Khetpal V. Prophylactic circumferential intraoperative laser retinopexy decreases the risk of retinal detachment after macular hole surgery. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012;22(5):799–802. pmid:22344467
  38. 38. Nakashizuka H, Shimada H, Hattori T, Yamamoto A, Tanaka K, Kitagawa Y, et al. Incidence of Postoperative Retinal Detachment after 25-gauge Vitrectomy for Macular Diseases. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2015;119(6):402–9. pmid:26214891