https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-8733
Figures
Abstract
Aims
Angiotensinogen plays an essential role in maintaining circulatory homeostasis. AGT rs5050(T > G) has been identified as a regulator of the transcription of AGT mRNA, with differential expression between sexes. We sought to determine if rs5050(T > G), an estrogen response element, modifies the relationship between estrogen and angiotensinogen levels.
Methods
rs5050(T > G) was genotyped, and plasma angiotensinogen levels were measured in 4,831 MESA participants, including postmenopausal women, on hormone therapy (n = 709) or not (n = 1,551), and 2,581 men. Linear regression models were employed to determine the associations of angiotensinogen with rs5050(T > G) allele dosage; and to evaluate whether rs5050(T > G) modifies the association between estradiol and angiotensinogen, with a main effect term and interaction term between rs5050(T > G)*estradiol. Estimated marginal means (EMMs) were used to further evaluate the effect of estradiol on angiotensinogen across different rs5050 alleles (T > G).
Results
rs5050TT had the highest median levels of angiotensinogen, followed by TG and GG. Adjusted main effect model showed positive associations between estradiol and angiotensinogen, with each rs5050T allele associated with 0.329 SD higher log-angiotensinogen levels (CI 95% 0.293, 0.365). The interaction rs5050(T > G)*estradiol was not significant, with EMMs exhibiting overlapping slope confidence intervals across genotypes. The proportion of the variance in angiotensinogen explained by modeling increases from 47.9% to 51.6% when including rs5050(T > G) or interation rs5050(T > G)*estradiol in the model.
Conclusions
rs5050(T > G) is associated with circulating angiotensinogen levels, but rs5050(T > G) alleles do not influence the relationship between estradiol and angiotensinogen. This suggests that estrogen’s effect on angiotensinogen regulation occurs independently of rs5050(T > G), despite its location within an estrogen-responsive element.
Citation: Lidani KCF, Trainor PJ, Tomar S, Michos ED, Morgan ES, Rotter JI, et al. (2025) Impact of AGT rs5050(T>G) variants on associations between estradiol and angiotensinogen levels: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). PLoS One 20(12): e0339786. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0339786
Editor: Junzheng Yang, Guangdong Nephrotic Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Consun Co. for Chinese Medicine in Kidney Diseases, CHINA
Received: August 7, 2025; Accepted: December 10, 2025; Published: December 31, 2025
Copyright: © 2025 Lidani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Individual level genotype, phenotype, and methylation data are available on dbGaP (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000209.v13.p3).
Funding: MESA and the MESA SHARe projects are conducted and supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in collaboration with MESA investigators. A full list of participating MESA Investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org. Support for MESA is provided by contracts 75N92020D00001, HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, 75N92020D00005, N01-HC-95160, 75N92020D00002, N01-HC-95161, 75N92020D00003, N01-HC-95162, 75N92020D00006, N01-HC-95163, 75N92020D00004, N01-HC-95164, 75N92020D00007, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, N01-HC-95169, UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, and UL1-TR-001420, UL1TR001881, DK063491, and R01HL105756. Funding for SHARe genotyping was provided by NHLBI Contract N02-HL-64278. Genotyping was performed at Affymetrix (Santa Clara, California, USA) and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (Boston, Massachusetts, USA) using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. This research was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103451 and a Research Enhancement Award to PT from NIGMS under grant number SC1GM139730. Additional support for this research, including sample processing and angiotensinogen measurements, was provided by Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: ST is a co-inventor and receives royalties from patents owned by University of California San Diego (UCSD) and is a co-founder and has an equity interest in Oxitope, LLC and Kleanthi Diagnostics, LLC and has a dual appointment at UCSD and Ionis Pharmaceuticals. Although these relationships have been identified for conflict-of-interest management based on the overall scope of the project, the research findings included in this publication may not necessarily relate to the interests of the above companies. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. ESM is an employee of Ionis Pharmaceuticals. The other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to this work to disclose.
Introduction
Angiotensinogen plays a central role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in regulating blood volume and pressure homeostasis. Several studies have demonstrated a positive association between plasma angiotensinogen levels and blood pressure (BP) [1,2]. Estrogen has been recognized as a potential contributor to expression and activity of angiotensinogen through multiple mechanisms, including the presence of estrogen-responsive transcriptional factor binding to the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene promoter. Notably, transcriptional factors such as USF1 (upstream stimulatory factor 1), Arp-1 (actin-related protein), Sp1 (specificity protein 1), and ER1 (estrogen receptor 1) have been found to directly or indirectly respond to estrogen, affecting the expression of angiotensinogen [3,4].
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the transcription factor binding region (−25 to −1) of the AGT gene promoter have been reported to affect its expression [5], potentially influencing the development of essential hypertension [2]. In vitro studies demonstrated that the variant rs5050 (T > G, frequently referred to in the literature as A-20C), a thymidine to guanosine substitution at nucleotide –20 of the 5´UTR of the human AGT gene modifies the binding of ER1 to the AGT promoter, inducing an increase in AGT transcription after estrogen treatment [6]. However, the association of this variant with gene transcription, and estradiol levels in humans remains controversial [5,7–9].
Although studies have examined the relationship between the rs5050(T > G) variant and angiotensinogen levels, the interaction between this SNP, located in an estrogen response element, and angiotensinogen is limited. Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine whether the AGT rs5050(T > G) variant modifies the relationship between estrogen and angiotensinogen levels.
Materials and methods
Study participants and design
The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is an ongoing, population-based, longitudinal prospective study that enrolled 6,814 participants from July 2000 to July 2002. Participants, aged 45–85 years, were free of clinical cardiovascular disease (MI, angina, stroke, transient ischemic attack, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, revascularization, valve replacement, pacemaker or defibrillator implantation, or taking nitroglycerin) at enrollment. The design of the study has been described in detail in an earlier publication [10]. Our study population consisted of 4,831 individuals (2,250 postmenopausal women and 2,581 men) (Fig 1). The Institutional Review Boards of the participating sites approved the study, and all participants gave written informed consent. Additionally, MESA Publications and Presentations committee approved the conduct of the data analysis presented in this manuscript.
Of 6,814 enrolled participants, 5,786 with measured angiotensinogen levels were eligible. After excluding 955 participants with missing key data (angiotensinogen, estradiol, rs5050 genotype, or hormone therapy) and premenopausal women, 4,831 participants remained for analysis. Note: # The MESA-1000 is a random sample of approximately 1,000 participants that has undergone additional tests using baseline blood samples. To minimize depletion of these specimens, ancillary studies such as this one typically exclude the MESA-1000 participants, referred to herein the Non-MESA 1000.
The MESA dataset was obtained from the MESA coordinating center (https://www.mesa-nhlbi.org/) at the University of Washington on 9/19/2024 and was analyzed at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Availability of the MESA dataset is controlled by the MESA coordinating center. However, there is also a publicly available dataset that can be accessed. We would direct readers and reviewers to the publicly available datasets for MESA available from the NIH at: https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/mesa/.
Women were considered postmenopausal if they were older than 55 years of age or had undergone a bilateral oophorectomy and/or self-reported being postmenopausal or experiencing absence of menstrual periods in the preceding year [11]. HT consisted of Premarin or Estratab (estrogen alone) (n = 232, 32.72%) or Premarin plus Provera, Estratab plus Provera, Prempro, or Premphase (estrogen combined with progesterone) (n = 91, 12.84%), while 54% (n = 386) had no data on the type of HT.
Genotype data
The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) included in this study were obtained from 4,831 consenting MESA participants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) project. Non-typed SNPs were imputed using IMPUTE v2.2.2 to the 1000 genomes cosmopolitan Phase 1 v3 as a reference. Allele frequencies were calculated separately within each racial/ethnic group, and only those SNPs with minor allele frequencies (MAF) >0.01 were included in genetic association analyses. We further filtered imputed SNPs based on imputation quality >0.5, using the observed versus expected variance quality metric, and retained genotyped SNPs if their Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium p-value was ≥ 10−5.
Angiotensinogen and estradiol levels
Circulating plasma angiotensinogen and serum estradiol (E2) levels were measured at the baseline (Exam 1) visit of the included MESA participants. Angiotensinogen measurements were made using an enzyme-linked immunoassay [12] and was executed by Medpace Reference Labs (Cincinnati, Ohio). The coefficient of variation was observed to be 9% with an analytical range of 13.9 µg/mL to 75.9 µg/mL. Total estradiol (E2) levels were measured from fasting serum samples at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center (Worcester, MA) by using an ultrasensitive radioimmunoassay kit (Diagnostic System Laboratories, Webster, TX) [11,13]. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 10.5%.
Statistical analysis
The distribution of cohort characteristics, including circulating angiotensinogen levels and estradiol levels, was determined within each rs5050(T > G) genotypes (GG, GT, TT). Angiotensinogen and estradiol levels were log-transformed given their right skewed distribution.
To assess the relationship between angiotensinogen and estradiol, we fit three linear regression models incorporating an additive genetic model. In this approach, rs5050(T > G) was coded as an allele dosage variable, representing the number of alleles (0, 1, or 2 copies of T allele). This coding allowed us to evaluate the impact of each additional T allele on the association between estradiol and angiotensinogen. In Model A, we regressed angiotensinogen levels on estradiol levels, adjusting for variables previously associated with angiotensinogen levels [2] that included age, sex by hormone therapy (HT) use (male, postmenopausal on HT, and postmenopausal not on HT), race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, log-transformed high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), log-transformed total testosterone, log-transformed dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and log-transformed sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Each analyte was scaled to have mean zero and standard deviation 1. Model B extends Model A to incorporate rs5050(T > G) allele dosage to identify any additive association between the rs5050(T > G) and angiotensinogen levels. In Model C, we included an interaction term [rs5050(T > G) allele dosage*estradiol] to Model B to assess if the effect of estradiol on angiotensinogen levels depending on the number of T alleles. We additionally calculated partial R² values for each predictor to quantify the proportion of unique variance in log-angiotensinogen explained by each variable after accounting for all others.
To further investigate allele dosage-specific differences in the estradiol-angiotensinogen relationship, we used estimated marginal means (EMMs) to analyze how angiotensinogen levels change with each unit increase in estradiol, considering the number of rs5050_T alleles present. Differences in these slopes across rs5050(T > G) variants were calculated to quantify the extent of effect modification.
Secondary analysis
A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the impact of supplemental estrogen on angiotensinogen levels excluding women on HT given previous evidence of their effect on angiotensinogen levels. This analysis aimed to determine the extent to which these medications influenced associations observed in the primary analysis.
The analyses reported in the current work were conducted using the R statistical language [14] (version 4.0.2) and the following packages: emmeans, emtrends, and dplyr.
Results
Baseline demographics of the 4,831 participants stratified by rs5050(T > G) variants are reported in Table 1. Genotype frequencies of rs5050(T > G) are presented in S1 Table. Circulating levels of angiotensinogen differed significantly between rs5050(T > G) variants with rs5050GG genotype presenting lower angiotensinogen levels (median 16.1 µg/mL), followed by rs5050GT (median 18.5 µg/mL) and rs5050TT (median 20.4 µg/mL) (p < 0.001) (S2 Table).
After adjusting for sex by HT, race/ethnicity, BMI, total cholesterol, hs-CRP, total testosterone, DHEA, and SHBG (Model A) one standard deviation (SD) higher log-estradiol level was associated with a 0.208 SD increase in log-angiotensinogen, corresponding to 1.9 ng/mL in absolute angiotensinogen units (0.208 x 9.150) (Table 2, S3 Table). This association remained consistent after adjusting for rs5050(T > G) allele dosage, with each additional T allele corresponding to a 0.329 SD increase in log-angiotensinogen, equivalent to 3.0 ng/mL (0.329 x 9.150) (Model B) (Table 3, S3 Table). However, the relationship between angiotensinogen and estradiol didn’t differ significantly between rs5050(T > G) allele dosage (interaction p = 0.635) (Model C; Table 4). To facilitate interpretation in biological units, S3 Table reports the raw standard deviations of angiotensinogen and all predictors, along with the approximate real-unit equivalents of a one-SD change.
Fig 2 illustrates the positive association between estrogen and angiotensinogen, stratified by rs5050(T > G) allele T dosage (Model C). While levels of angiotensinogen vary by rs5050(T > G) allele dosage, the EMM analysis showed no evidence that the relationship between estrogen and angiotensinogen differed across rs5050(T > G) [slope 0.222 (95% CI: 0.155, 0.289) for GG, 0.213 (95% CI: 0.178, 0.249) for GT, and 0.204 (95% CI: 0.175, 0.233) for TT].
Note: Estimated marginal means from linear regression analysis of angiotensinogen levels on estradiol levels stratified by rs5050(T > G), adjusted for rs5050(T > G) allele dosage (TT = 2 T alleles, TG = 1 T allele, and GG = no T allele), interaction between rs5050(T > G) allele dosage*estradiol, age, sex by hormone therapy (HT) use (male, postmenopausal on HT, and postmenopausal not on HT), race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, log-transformed high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), log-transformed total testosterone, log-transformed dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and log-transformed sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG).
The proportion of the variance in angiotensinogen explained by the adjusted Model A which includes the variables noted above but excludes rs5050(T > G) variants is 47.9%. This proportion increases to 51.6% when including the rs5050(T > G) (Model B); and remains at 51.6% with the addition of the interaction term rs5050(T > G)*estradiol (Model C) (Tables 2–4).
Sensitivity analysis excluding postmenopausal women on HT showed lower association coefficient for estradiol compared to results in the primary analysis for all models (S4 Table).
Discussion
This study contributes and expands upon the existing literature on angiotensinogen, estradiol, and rs5050(T > G) as follows: (1) median angiotensinogen levels were highest in rs5050 TT genotype compared to rs5050 TG and rs5050 GG; (2) no evidence of significant interaction between rs5050(T > G)*estradiol or genotype-specific differences in angiotensinogen-estradiol slopes was observed; (3) the proportion of the variance in circulating angiotensinogen levels increased slightly from 47.9% to 51.6% with the inclusion of rs5050(T > G) genotype alone or along with the interaction term rs5050(T > G)*estradiol. These findings highlight the complex genetic and hormonal regulation of angiotensinogen, with implications for understanding blood pressure regulation and related cardiovascular risks.
Although both rs5050(T > G) variants and estradiol levels were independently associated with circulating angiotensinogen, the regulation of AGT gene expression by rs5050 (T > G) variants does not appear to be influenced by estrogen levels. While estradiol is positively associated with angiotensinogen levels across all rs5050(T > G) genotypes, the presence of estrogen response elements in the AGT promoter region [15,16] suggests that estrogen may play a role in angiotensinogen expression. However, the transcription factor Arp-1 also binds to the rs5050(T > G) and reduces estrogen-induced promoter activity by competitively inhibiting ER binding and antagonizing the effects of the estrogen receptor-alpha [3,17]. Therefore, estrogen-induced expression of AGT gene (containing allele T) may depend on the amount of functional Arp-1 and ER present in different cells. Moreover, recent reports have provided evidence that the relationship between rs5050(T > G) polymorphism and angiotensinogen levels is via the binding of two transcription factors, upstream stimulatory factor 1 and 2, to the E box sequence that the SNP is in [3,18], rather than via estrogen receptor binding.
Conversely, substantial evidence indicates that sex hormones, particularly estrogen, significantly influence angiotensinogen expression. Some studies suggest that the association between AGT variants and circulating angiotensinogen levels may be sex-specific, with estrogen playing a key role in AGT regulation [2,19]. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the rs5050(T > G) variant alters the binding affinity of estrogen receptor 1 (ER1) to the AGT promoter, leading to increased AGT transcription in human liver cells following estrogen treatment [6]. Schunkert et al. [15] described that the effect of HT on increased angiotensinogen is involved in the regulation of this protein or its gene expression. This may be explained by the fact of AGT promoter gene is controlled in part by estrogen through estrogen response elements [20].
There are some limitations to this study. We restricted our sample to post-menopausal women as sex hormone levels differ between pre- and postmenopausal women, and there were relatively few pre-menopausal women in MESA (17%), which would limit analyses in this subset. Route and dosage of HT were not available for this analysis, both of which may impact on angiotensinogen levels. Lastly, while we adjusted for known confounders, there may be variable effects of environmental factors, such as lifestyle or additional hormonal influences, that could affect the observed associations.
Conclusion
The rs5050(T > G) is significantly associated with angiotensinogen levels, however, rs5050_T allele dosage does not modify the relationship between estrogen and angiotensinogen.
Supporting information
S1 Table. AGT rs5050(T > G) genotypes and alleles frequencies [n (%)] in males, postmenopausal (PM) not on hormone therapy (HT); and postmenopausal on HT.
Note: The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0339786.s001
(DOCX)
S2 Table. AGT rs5050(T > G) genotypes and circulating levels of estradiol and angiotensinogen by sex/HT.
Note: data are shown as median [Q1, Q3]. AGT, angiotensinogen levels; PM, postmenopausal women; HT, hormone therapy.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0339786.s002
(DOCX)
S3 Table. Standard deviations of study variables in raw and log-transformed units.
Means and standard deviations (SD) are shown for each variable in their original units and after natural log transformation. These SDs provide a reference for interpreting standardized regression coefficients, which represent the expected change in SDs of log-angiotensinogen per 1 SD increase in the predictor. Note: 1 SD values are reported in raw units and log-transformed units. Standardized regression coefficients reflect the change in SDs of log-angiotensinogen per 1 SD increase in each predictor.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0339786.s003
(DOCX)
S4 Table. Sensitivity analysis- Linear models regressing log-transformed angiotensinogen on log-transformed estradiol excluding postmenopausal women on hormone therapy (HT).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0339786.s004
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the other investigators, the staff, and the participants of the MESA study for their valuable contributions. A full list of participating MESA investigators and institutes can be found at http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org.
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