https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7503-8810
Figures
Abstract
Introduction
The aging of the population is a global phenomenon, with projections indicating a significant increase in the proportion of individuals aged 65 years and older by 2050. This demographic shift requires adapting emergency department (ED) services to meet the specific demands of older patients, who often present with multiple comorbidities and face challenges such as sensory and cognitive difficulties. EDs, traditionally designed for acute illness and injury management, may not be adequately equipped to meet the unique needs of this vulnerable population. This can result in suboptimal patient experiences, prolonged ED stays, increased hospitalizations, and poorer outcomes.
Methods
This study protocol outlines a before-and-after study to evaluate the impact of implementing a comfort menu and cart on the experience and outcomes of older patients treated in the ED. The study will be conducted in the ED of Hospital Sírio-Libanês (HSL), a tertiary private hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Patients aged 65 and older who presented to the ED will be eligible for inclusion. Participants will be recruited in two phases: pre-intervention and post-implementation of the comfort menu and cart. Data will be collected through patient and staff interviews, chart reviews, and a 30-day follow-up interview. Patient experience, staff experience, length of hospital stays, hospital costs, ED readmissions, falls, delirium incidence, quality of life, functional status, cognitive performance, and mortality will be assessed.
Expected results
We expect to demonstrate the positive impact of implementing the comfort menu and cart in the ED on patient-centered outcomes. We anticipate improvements in the experience of older patients and medical and multidisciplinary staff, and hope to identify improvements in other exploratory outcomes.
Citation: Ferreira SA, Bellolio F, Bower SM, Penna LF, Marion MAL, Aliberti MR, et al. (2025) Enhancing the emergency department experience for older adults: Study protocol for the implementation of a comfort menu and cart. PLoS One 20(12): e0332773. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332773
Editor: Emma Campbell, PLOS: Public Library of Science, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
Received: August 9, 2025; Accepted: November 17, 2025; Published: December 4, 2025
Copyright: © 2025 Ferreira et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Following study completion, de-identified participant data and the full study protocol will be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Funding: This research is currently funded by a Research Productivity Grant from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológi, CNPq) awarded to Pedro K. Curiati (process no 305462/2024-5; approved July 24, 2025). Contact information: +55 61 3211-4000; atendimento@cnpq.br. The funder has no role in design, conduct, analysis, nor reporting of trial.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The aging of the population is a global phenomenon, with projections indicating a significant increase in the proportion of individuals aged 65 years and older by 2050 [1]. This demographic shift requires adapting emergency department (ED) services to meet the specific demands of older patients, who often present with multiple comorbidities and face challenges such as sensory and cognitive difficulties [2,3]. EDs, traditionally designed for acute care, may not adequately address the complex needs of this population, leading to suboptimal patient experiences and potentially poorer outcomes.
International organizations have recognized the need for specialized geriatric ED care and have published guidelines to improve the quality and safety of care for older adults in this setting [4,5]. The American College of Emergency Physicians, in collaboration with the American Geriatrics Society, the Emergency Nurses Association, and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, published the “Geriatric Emergency Department Guidelines” in 2014 [4]. They provide comprehensive recommendations on modifying the physical environment, training staff, and implementing specific care processes for older patients [4]. Similarly, the European Task Force on Geriatric Emergency Medicine published recommendations in 2020 emphasizing the importance of comprehensive assessment, including screening for delirium, depression, and fall risk [5].
Despite these guidelines, the implementation of evidence-based geriatric ED care practices remains inconsistent, and research exploring innovative interventions to improve the older patient experience is still in its early stages. A recent study by Lichen et al. (2021) demonstrated the positive impact of non-pharmacological interventions, specifically a “comfort cart,” on the experience of older patients in the ED [3]. This study highlighted the potential of relatively simple, low-cost, patient-centered interventions, such as extra blankets or pillows, a personal hygiene kit, items for distraction, and items to enhance communication like reading glasses and hearing amplifiers, to enhance the comfort, well-being, and ability to communicate of older adults during their ED stay. Similar initiatives, such as the comfort care cart described by Stolzman et al. (2020) in the intensive care unit, have also shown promising results in improving patient and family experience [6]. These studies suggest a growing recognition of the importance of addressing the holistic needs of older patients in acute care settings, beyond solely focusing on medical treatment.
Our study aims to build upon this emerging body of literature by implementing and evaluating the impact of a comfort menu and cart in the ED of a tertiary philanthropic hospital in Brazil. This will be the first study to explore this intervention in older adults in the ED setting since its original description by Lichen et al. [3], and it will be the first to generate evidence on its impact on patient-centered outcomes measured up to 30 days after the initial ED visit. By comprehensively assessing the impact of this intervention on patient experience, staff experience, and clinical outcomes, our study will generate valuable evidence to inform the development and implementation of this innovative non-pharmacological strategy to improve the care of older adults in EDs.
Objectives
Primary objective.
- Evaluate the impact of implementing a comfort menu and cart on the experience of older patients treated in the ED.
Secondary objectives.
- Evaluate the impact of implementing a comfort menu and cart on the experience of medical and multidisciplinary staff involved in caring for older patients treated in the ED.
- Evaluate the impact of implementing a comfort menu and cart on other exploratory outcomes, such as length of hospital stay, hospital costs, and patient-centered outcomes up to 30 days in older adults treated in the ED, including readmissions, falls, delirium incidence, quality of life, functionality, and cognitive performance.
Methods
Study design
This study will utilize a quasi-experimental, before-and-after design [7]. Schedule of enrolment, assessments and intervention is summarized in Fig 1.
Study population
Inclusion criteria.
- ED attendance at Hospital Sírio-Libanês (HSL), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Age ≥ 65 years.
- Capacity to consent and respond to the interview or the presence of a companion capable of doing so.
Exclusion criteria.
- Decline to participate in the study or use the comfort menu and cart.
- Absence of a companion able to consent to study participation and provide necessary information for patients with altered mental status or cognitive impairment.
- Decreased level of consciousness.
- Hemodynamic instability.
- Acute respiratory failure.
- Inability to be contacted by phone for the follow-up interview.
Sample size calculation.
The sample size calculation was based on the study by Lichen et al. (2021), which reported a difference of 0.98 on a Likert scale (ranging from 1 to 6) when assessing patient experience before and after the comfort cart intervention [3]. Considering a power of 90% and a significance level of 5%, 132 patients will be required in each group (pre- and post-intervention), totaling 264 participants.
Study setting
The study will be conducted in the ED of HSL, a tertiary philanthropic hospital in São Paulo, Brazil [8]. The ED receives over 80,000 patients annually, providing continuous care for private and insured patients seeking emergency treatment. Patients undergo initial triage using a modified Manchester Triage System to classify risk and prioritize care [9]. In 2017, HSL inaugurated the Specialized Geriatric Emergency Department (ProAGE), which offers additional geriatric risk assessment for patients over 70 [10]. In 2019, the ED received the Geriatric Emergency Department Accreditation (GEDA), marking the first hospital in the Southern Hemisphere to achieve this recognition [11].
The ED has 14 examination rooms, 3 procedure rooms, 15 chairs for rapid medication administration, and 22 private rooms where patients requiring complex care due to age, mobility limitations, frailty, behavioral changes, or continuous vital sign monitoring are accommodated. Between January 2023 and June 2024, an estimated 9,608 patients over 65 years old were treated in these private rooms, averaging 533 patients per month.
Data collection
Recruitment.
A trained research assistant will recruit participants in the ED, working 25 hours per week (five 5-hour shifts between 10:00 am and 10:00 pm) over six months (three months pre-intervention, from April 2026 to June 2026, and three months post-intervention, from July 2026 to September 2026). The assistant will conduct active searches for potential participants. Eligible patients will be invited to provide informed consent.
Initial interview.
The interview will start with a questionnaire adapted from Lichen et al. (2021) and McCusker et al. (2018) [2,3].
The following data will then be collected:
Medical and multidisciplinary staff interview.
A trained research assistant will interview medical and multidisciplinary staff concurrently with patient recruitment. The interview will follow the standardization of the original comfort cart validation study [3], using a Likert scale to answer the following questions.
Intervention
The comfort menu and cart will be implemented after the pre-intervention data collection phase is completed. The menu will list the items available on the cart and will be presented to eligible patients in printed or digital format (on a tablet). The cart will be placed in an easily accessible area within the ED. Approximated retail prices have been previously reported [3].
A one-month dedicated rollout period will precede the commencement of post-intervention participant enrollment. This phase is designed for comprehensive staff training on the proper use and components of the comfort menu and cart, including familiarization with all available items and menu options. Additionally, this period will ensure all necessary equipment is adequately prepared and any potential logistical challenges associated with the cart’s implementation are identified and resolved, thereby optimizing the fidelity and effectiveness of the intervention before data collection for the post-intervention group begins.
Comfort Cart Contents:
- Hot and cold packs;
- Extra blanket and pillow;
- Face towel;
- Gloves and hat;
- Personal hygiene kit (toothbrush, toothpaste, cotton swabs, sleep mask, comb, deodorant, hand lotion);
- Items for distraction (magazines, word search puzzles, playing cards, coloring pages);
- Items to enhance communication (reading glasses, magnifying glass, penlight, cell phone charger, notepad, sound amplification device).
Comfort Menu Options:
- Physiotherapy assessment;
- Conversation with chaplain, concierge, or social worker;
- List of resources for older adults needing community services;
- Home care assistance.
Data management and statistical analysis
All study data will be collected and managed using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) [30], a secure web-based application. Research assistants will use tablets with online access to the REDCap database for direct data entry and informed consent procedures.
For the primary objective evaluating the impact of the comfort menu and cart on the experience of older patients we will use the questionnaire adapted from Lichen et al. (2021) and McCusker et al. (2018). For the secondary objectives evaluating the impact of a comfort menu and cart on the experience of medical and multidisciplinary staff involved in caring for older patients treated in the ED, we will use the the questionnaire adapted from Lichen et al. (2021).
Data analysis will be performed using Stata version 17 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). All statistical tests will be two-tailed with an alpha error of 0.05. Numerical variables will be reported as means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) depending on their distribution, which will be assessed visually and using the D’Agostino-Pearson test for normality. Categorical variables will be described as absolute counts and proportions. Numerical variables will be compared using Student’s t-test or ANOVA for normal distributions and Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Wallis tests for non-normal distributions. As appropriate, categorical variables will be compared using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Analyses will be adjusted to account for potential confounding variables, such as baseline frailty, cognitive impairment, and clinical severity. Missing data will be handled though mixed effects model.
All relevant data from this study will be made available upon study completion.
Patient and public involvement
While patients or the public were not directly involved in the drafting of this specific study protocol, the study’s core components are founded on patient-centered principles. The comfort cart intervention is adapted from the work of Lichen et al. (2021), which was developed to address needs identified by older adults and included the patient’s voice in the selection of the items for the comfort cart. Furthermore, the primary patient experience outcome measures are adapted from the questionnaire developed by McCusker et al. (2018), which was created through direct qualitative interviews with older adults about their emergency department experiences. We will disseminate the study findings to patient communities and participants upon completion of the research.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval for this study has been granted by the Institutional Review Board of HSL (Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital Sírio Libanês/ Sociedade Beneficente de Senhoras): certificate no 85870125.4.0000.5461, decision no 7.436.261, dated March 12 2025. All participants, or their legal representatives for those with cognitive impairment, will provide written informed consent before any study procedures are initiated.
Given that the study employs a quasi-experimental design, with no alteration to the participants’ clinical procedures, and includes participants both before and after the intervention, the informed consent form will not disclose details of the intervention in order to mitigate information bias. The purpose is to ensure that participants are unaware of the intervention studied, thereby preventing their perception of care from being affected by a perceived comfort, either absent or present, depending on their study phase.
The results will be shared with the academic community through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at relevant conferences to inform future clinical practice and research.
Expected results
We expect to demonstrate the positive impact of implementing the comfort menu and cart in the ED on patient-centered outcomes. We anticipate improvements in the experience of older patients and medical and multidisciplinary staff, and we hope to find improvement in other exploratory outcomes, such as length of hospital stay, hospital costs, readmissions, falls, delirium incidence, quality of life, functionality, and cognitive performance.
Discussion
Our study focuses on implementing and evaluating a comfort menu and cart, a non-pharmacological, innovative intervention designed to enhance the experience of older adults in the ED. This approach aligns with international guidelines emphasizing the importance of creating a supportive and age-friendly ED environment. By providing older patients access to items that promote comfort, communication, and engagement, we aim to improve their overall experience, potentially leading to better clinical outcomes.
While previous studies have explored similar interventions in other acute care settings, our study will provide valuable evidence specific to the ED context. Furthermore, our study will be the first to assess the impact of this intervention on a wide range of patient-centered outcomes measured up to 30 days after the initial ED visit. This longitudinal perspective will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits of the intervention. Our study will also advance the growing body of literature on non-pharmacological interventions for older adults in acute care settings. By demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of a relatively simple and low-cost intervention, our study can encourage wider adoption of similar approaches in EDs and other healthcare settings.
Our study has limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, it will be conducted in a single tertiary philanthropic hospital in Brazil, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other ED settings, particularly those with different resource availability or patient populations. Secondly, while allowing for a comparison of outcomes before and after the intervention, the before-and-after design, is not as robust as a randomized controlled trial in establishing causality. Thirdly, the reliance on patient and staff self-reported data for assessing experience and comfort may introduce some information bias. However, we will use validated questionnaires and scales to mitigate this potential limitation. Finally, the 30-day follow-up period may not be sufficient to understand potential longer-term effects of the intervention. Future studies with longer follow-up periods are warranted.
Conclusion
Despite these limitations, our study will provide cutting-edge evidence on the impact of a comfort menu and cart on the experience of older adults in the ED. By comprehensively assessing patient experience, staff experience, and clinical outcomes, our findings will contribute to developing and implementing effective strategies to improve the care of the growing number of older patients requiring acute care at the ED for unplanned conditions. We anticipate that our study will demonstrate the feasibility of this innovative, non-pharmacological intervention, encouraging wider adoption of similar approaches to enhance the well-being of older adults in fast-paced acute care settings.
Supporting information
S1 Checklist. SPIRIT 2025 editable checklist.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332773.s001
(DOCX)
S1 File. Study protocol approved by ethics committee.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332773.s002
(PDF)
S2 File. Study protocol approved by ethics committee_English.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332773.s003
(PDF)
Acknowledgments
The authors thank those who will support this study, particularly the Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo.
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