https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2306-5398
Figures
Abstract
Background and objectives
Stroke, a leading global cause of death, poses a substantial health burden. The incidence of stroke is high in an aging society. Appropriate healthcare resources are crucial for providing prompt interventions to patients with stroke. We investigated the factors associated with the choice between conservative and interventional treatments, including an analysis of the number of neurosurgeons required for interventional care, for patients with acute stroke.
Methods
We utilized health insurance claims data from hospitals submitted to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in 2018 and 2021. The data covered 60,661 patients with acute stroke admitted to the emergency room in tertiary or general hospitals. The number of hospital neurosurgeons was the key variable of interest; conservative and interventional treatments were the independent variables. Using a multi-level analysis, we identified the individual- and hospital-level factors associated with interventional treatment by constructing four models.
Results
The odds of patients with hemorrhage and ischemic stroke receiving intervention were 0.60 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.31–0.52] and 0.51 [95% CI, 0.39–0.65] times lower, respectively, in the group with fewer neurosurgeons. We categorized the number of neurosurgeons and indicated an association between a minimum of three neurosurgeons and stroke treatment.
Conclusion
We demonstrated an association between individual- and hospital-level factors and the intervention for patients with different types of stroke. We predicted the number of neurosurgeons needed for intervention. These findings can be used for the efficient distribution and utilization of healthcare resources to improve public health.
Citation: Kim HS, Jang YS, Jang S-Y, Nam CM, Park E-C (2025) Differences in intervention for patients with acute stroke according to the manpower of neurosurgeons. PLoS ONE 20(3): e0319740. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319740
Editor: Chibuikem Anthony Ikwuegbuenyi, Weill Cornell Medicine, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Received: August 13, 2024; Accepted: February 6, 2025; Published: March 10, 2025
Copyright: © 2025 Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The data in this study can only be used by applying directly to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service's own data, and it is not publicly shared data. Data are available from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service Institutional Data Access for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data in HIRA website (https://opendata.hira.or.kr).
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Stroke, which encompasses all disorders and injuries in the brain, is classified as a cerebrovascular disease [1]. It includes ischemic stroke (blood clot or thrombus formation in a damaged blood vessel, blocking nutrient and oxygen supply to the brain), hemorrhagic stroke (resulting from blood vessel rupture in the brain, causing bleeding), and transient ischemic attacks (temporary disruption of the blood supply to the brain, resolving within 24 h without permanent damage) [1,2]. Acute stroke can lead to unpredictable or severe disabilities [3], thus necessitating proactive primary prevention. In case of stroke, appropriate treatment is necessary to minimize disability [4–6]. Particularly for the acute phase of stroke, timely and appropriate treatment is crucial within a certain time frame, termed the “golden time,” to maximize the chances of recovery [7,8]. The “golden time” refers to the critical period—up to 60 minutes for ischemic stroke to administer IV-tPA, and the urgent window for hemorrhagic stroke to control bleeding and intracranial pressure through surgical or endovascular interventions [8]. All necessary tests and treatments are administered within a few hours of patient arrival in the emergency room [9]. Therefore, the prompt judgment of a neurosurgeon who can determine the direction of diagnosis and treatment within this critical period, is essential [10].
Treatment for acute stroke includes general supportive care, prevention and treatment of internal complications, and thrombolysis [11,12]. The Third European Cooperative Acute Stroke study demonstrated the effectiveness of intravenous (IV) thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in ischemic stroke treatment; the earlier the administration, the better the effect. The efficacy decreases gradually and it is effective only up to 4.5 h of administration [13,14]. To shorten the time-to-treatment, integrated management involving medication, surgery, intervention, and rehabilitation is required [15,16]. Acute stroke symptoms can deteriorate or change rapidly, thus warranting close observation. These demands often necessitate the introduction of government stroke centers and allocation of medical and nursing staff [17–20].
However, in Korea, patients requiring urgent surgery because of conditions such as intracranial hemorrhage have died in the emergency room while waiting for a surgeon [21,22]. Thus, the demand for neurosurgeons will supposedly increase in Korea. However, the supply and deployment of health care professionals may not keep pace with this demand, particularly considering the domestic shortage of neurosurgeons. This drawback underscores the need for improvements in the domestic neurosurgical healthcare system and formulation of strategies to address medical professional shortage, emphasizing the importance of timely and adequate neurosurgical expertise.
Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between the number of neurosurgeons and intervention methods in patients with acute stroke, which is a critical medical field directly related to national health and life.
Methods
Data
Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) claims records for medical expenses were used in this study. Initially, the government defined the evaluation period for assessing the appropriateness of acute stroke as a reference for the preceding 6 months. Based on this criterion, data from July 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 and from July 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021 cover 6 months. The data used in this study consisted of encrypted personal identification numbers to ensure anonymity. The research procedures and content were approved for exemption from review by the Institutional Review Board of Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (Approval Number: HIRAIRB-2023-085-001). Data were assessed from October 2023 to February 2024 for research purposes.
Study population
We focused on patients aged ≥ 18 years admitted through the emergency room with a primary diagnosis of stroke (Korean Standard Classification of Diseases codes I60–I63) [23,24]. Medical specialties included neurology and neurosurgery, primarily involved in the treatment of patients who have had stroke (including brain specialties). The healthcare institutions were tertiary general hospitals and those categorized under the Appropriateness Evaluation for Acute Stroke Medical Institutions, which are typically hospitals where the patients with stroke seek treatment upon onset initially. The study population consisted of 107,138 individuals admitted between July 1, 2018 and December 31, 2021 and discharged by the end of the year. We excluded patients aged < 18 years and cases with unclaimed emergency care management fees (non-emergency cases).
We excluded (i) cases where admission and discharge occurred on the same day, (ii) cases with previous admissions in the first half of the year, (iii) instances of multiple admissions during the analysis (excluding the first admission in case of two or more admissions), and (iv) cases related to traumatic injuries and specialties, such as internal medicine, rehabilitation medicine, and emergency medicine. The final analysis focused on patients admitted only once without duplicate admissions in neurology and neurosurgery. This study included 60,661 participants from 345 institutions (S1 Fig).
Variables
The dependent variable was categorized into conservative and interventional treatments, considering resource consumption and differences in patient conditions. Conservative treatment was defined as treatment involving antithrombotic therapy, neuro-protective drugs, or similar interventions. Interventional treatment was defined as treatment within the golden period of acute stroke, including surgery, interventional radiological procedures, and IV-tPA administration, and a combination of interventional radiological procedures and IV-tPA administration. An additional analysis was conducted to examine the impact of the number of neurosurgeons on the interventional treatment for acute stroke across four treatments: (1) surgery, such as decompressive craniectomy, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and hematoma removal; (2) interventional radiological procedures, including endovascular thrombolysis; (3) IV-tPA administration after ischemic stroke; and (4) IV-tPA administration before endovascular thrombolysis and the concurrent administration of interventional radiological procedures.
It was categorized into terciles based on the neurosurgeon count in hospitals, as follows: Q1 (0–2), Q2 (3–4), and Q3 (≥5). Q1 and Q3 represent groups with a low and high number of neurosurgeons, respectively. The independent variables included individual-level factors, such as the sex, age, insurance eligibility, medical specialty, length of hospitalization, whether computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, treatment outcomes, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and year. Hospital-level factors were adjusted for the healthcare institution, establishment, and emergency medical institution types, medical institution location (metropolitan: Seoul and Gyeonggi, urban: Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Incheon, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong, rural: others), acute stroke evaluation grade, number of beds, annual stroke patient count, and number of neurologists.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics and frequency analyses were performed to determine the general characteristics of the patients. We compared the relevance of individual- and hospital-level variables based on the treatment for acute stroke. Moreover, we examined the frequencies, percentages, and P-values for each variable.
Furthermore, the differences in treatment based on the healthcare institution characteristics were analyzed using a multilevel analysis model that considered both individual- and hospital-level variables. The analysis was conducted using Generalized Linear Mixed Models in SAS through the Glimmix Procedure. A two-level multilevel logistic regression model was employed at the individual and hospital levels. Initially, a null model comprising only the constant term, a random-effects model comprising individual-level variables, and a mixed-effects model comprising both individual- and hospital-level variables were constructed. Model fit tests were performed; fixed and random effects at the individual and hospital levels, respectively, were analyzed.
Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). NC. USA). The significance level for all analyses was analyzed using a two-tailed test. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
Table 1 presents the analysis results of the individual-level characteristics of the patients. Of the 60,661 patients, 14,254 and 46,407 had hemorrhage and ischemic stroke, respectively. Approximately 46.2% and 15.8% of the patients with hemorrhage and ischemic stroke, respectively, underwent interventional treatment. The distribution of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage within hemorrhagic stroke and the differences in intervention methods for each are reported in S2 Table. Differences in the intervention methods demonstrated significant variations in individual-level variables. Most variables, excluding the MRI performance for patients with ischemic stroke and the target year variable, displayed significant differences. Significant differences were observed in all hospital-level variables, with 24.1% and 5.9% of the patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, respectively, undergoing interventional treatment in the segment with a low number of neurologists (p < .0001). The general characteristics of each medical institution, not an individual, are presented in S2 Table.
Results of the multilevel logistic regression analysis for interventional treatment suggested that the random effect (random variance) of the null model (baseline model), excluding the individual- and hospital-level independent variables, was 0.331 and 0.733, respectively, representing the variability among hospitals. Furthermore, the intraclass correlation coefficients, which indicate the proportion of variance at the hospital level to the total variance, were 9.14% and 18.23%, respectively. Thus, applying a multilevel analysis reflecting the hospital-level characteristics is appropriate (Tables 2 and 3). In Model 3, which included both individual- and hospital-level variables, the odds of undergoing interventional treatment were 60% lower in the hemorrhagic stroke group with fewer neurosurgeons than in the group with more neurosurgeons (odds ratio [OR] 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31–0.52) (Table 2). Similarly, for patients with ischemic stroke, the likelihood of receiving interventional treatment was 49% lower in the group with fewer neurosurgeons than in the group with more neurosurgeons (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.39–0.65) (Table 3).
Table 4 presents results of the subgroup analysis performed by subdividing the interventional treatment types. The interventional treatments were categorized into four groups: (1) surgery, (2) interventional radiology, (3) IV-tPA, and (4) concurrent interventional radiology and IV-tPA. A lower number of neurosurgeons was strongly associated with surgery (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.32–0.56) and interventional radiology (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.23–0.51) in patients with hemorrhagic stroke. In contrast, the odds of receiving treatment decreased in all categories, except surgery, in patients with ischemic stroke, specifically for interventional radiology (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.21–0.45), IV-tPA (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46–0.77), and their simultaneous administration (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.20–0.57). Therefore, for patients with hemorrhagic stroke, the number of surgeons was not associated with surgery. For patients with ischemic stroke, the number of surgeons was not associated with IV-tPA administration.
The odds ratio for receiving interventional treatment increased with three or more neurosurgeons for both patients with hemorrhagic (0–1: OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.20–0.46; 2: OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.27–0.54; and 3: OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.58–1.08) and ischemic (0–1: OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39–0.91; 2: OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43–0.86; and 3: OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.91–1.65) stroke (Fig 1). The probability of undergoing interventional treatment was significantly lower in groups with one or two neurosurgeons; the association became insignificant for groups with three or more neurosurgeons. Our results can serve as a predictive model for selecting an appropriate number of neurosurgeons.
Discussion
We analyzed the impact of various individual- and hospital-level factors on the treatment of patients with acute stroke, categorizing them into hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke cases. Among the assessment variables for acute stroke, the probability of receiving interventional treatment in the first-grade group was higher for patients with hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke who were hospitalized and underwent interventional treatment. The probability of receiving interventional treatment for ischemic stroke in the first-grade group was higher for patients undergoing interventional radiology, IV-tPA administration, or a combination of both. This finding suggests the effectiveness of policies that consider the treatment history, including IV-tPA utilization and anticoagulant prescription rates, in the annual assessment of acute stroke conducted by the Assessment and Evaluation Agency. Research on mortality within 30 days between institutions that underwent the existing stroke appropriateness assessment and those that did not showed lower mortality rates in institutions that underwent the evaluation [25–27]. Therefore, results of the appropriateness assessment for acute stroke were confirmed to exert a significant impact on the interventional treatment and clinical outcomes [25–28].
Patients with ischemic stroke treated by neurosurgeons in the group that underwent fewer surgeries were more likely to receive interventional therapy than those in the group that underwent more surgeries. The probability of receiving interventional therapy was lower in the group with fewer neurosurgeons performing interventional radiology than in the group with more neurosurgeons. Patients treated by neurosurgeons with fewer instances of IV-tPA administration were more likely to undergo interventional therapy, compared with those treated by neurosurgeons with higher instances of IV-tPA administration. During simultaneous interventional radiology and IV-tPA administration, the probability of receiving interventional therapy was significantly higher in the group with fewer neurosurgeons than in the group with more neurosurgeons. Thus, we observed an association between the number of neurosurgeons and certain procedures (surgery, interventional radiological procedures, IV-tPA administration, and simultaneous interventional radiology and IV-tPA administration) in some subgroups of patients with ischemic stroke. For both patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, the group with fewer neurosurgeons demonstrated a lower probability of undergoing surgery and interventional radiology, highlighting the requirement for at least three neurosurgeons.
Finally, the number of neurosurgeons performing interventional therapy was disaggregated by unit and reanalyzed. In acute stroke cases, the probability of undergoing interventional therapy was higher when the number of neurosurgeons was three or more. Previous studies have not reported relevant data regarding the differences in treatment based on the number of neurosurgeons. A study on the number of neurologists for patients with stroke predicted and examined the number of neurologists based on the criteria for training neurologists in Korea, considering the predicted occurrence of stroke [29]. Furthermore, it suggested a shortage in the supply of neurologists owing to changes in the medical conditions and population structure by 2030. The support rate for neurosurgery residency programs ranged from 80% to 120% annually over the past 20 years [30]. However, an increasing trend in the dropout rate has been observed during the 4-year residency training, reaching 15.43% [30], and the number of graduates specializing in neurosurgery has decreased over time [30]. These findings indicate a potential shortage of neurosurgeons in the future, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and management strategies to ensure an adequate supply of neurosurgeons for patients who have had stroke [29,30].
Therefore, the treatment for patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke was largely influenced by individual-level factors. Hospital-level factors, including the type of healthcare institution, appropriateness evaluation of acute stroke, and number of neurosurgeons, exerted some impact. The probability of performing interventional therapy is high when there are three or more neurosurgeons. The neurosurgeons included both specialists and residents, including those with licenses for neurosurgery. No previous studies exist on the differences in treatment based on the number of neurosurgeons treating patients with acute stroke. Existing studies have explored the impact of stroke on patient mortality, highlighting the urgent need for prompt treatment and adequate personnel for effective care [31].
Limitations
However, this study has some limitations. First, we controlled for the factors influencing differences in the number of responsible doctors treating patients with acute stroke; however, we could not control all variables affecting patient treatment because of the inclusion of data based on healthcare claims. Second, we did not include social factors at the individual level and data that accurately reflected a patient's condition in a clinical setting, such as severity. Therefore, this drawback generated a high possibility of uncontrolled confounding variables. Third, we performed a cross-sectional study, suggesting an unclear temporal relationship and possible reverse causality. Furthermore, the anonymized nature of the dateset restricted our ability to conduct longitudinal analyses, as individual patient data could not be linked over time. Finally, our study was based solely on data from South Korea, and thus, the generalizability of our findings to other healthcare systems may be limited. Despite these limitations, this study has several strengths. First, in this novel study, we analyzed the treatments in detail by categorizing patients with acute stroke treated in tertiary and general hospitals into four types, accounting for approximately 90% of such patients in South Korea, and we performed a comprehensive analysis. Second, by recognizing the number of neurosurgeons treating acute stroke as a key variable, we provide fundamental data on the differences in treatment and the number of neurosurgeons responsible for interventional therapy. Finally, we conducted a multidimensional analysis of various individual- and hospital-level variables, ensuring their representativeness and reliability, by utilizing healthcare claims data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service.
Future studies should aim to address these limitations by incorporating detailed clinical data, including stroke severity implementation of treatment during the golden time, and availability of specialized personnel. Longitudinal datasets would enable a more comprehensive analysis of causal relationships between neurosurgeon staffing levels and stroke outcomes. Additionally, expanding the scope of research to include data from other countries would allow for valuable international comparisons, providing a broader understanding of the relationship between neurosurgical resources and stroke care.
Conclusion
The significance of this study lies in its analysis of the impact of the number of neurosurgeons on the treatment of patients with acute stroke, considering the high mortality and the ongoing need for continuous care because of the nature of stroke. Healthcare costs for patients with stroke continue to increase, characterized by high mortality and long-term disability. This study provides essential foundational data for healthcare policies. Our findings underscore the importance of having a minimum of three neurosurgeons to treat patients with acute stroke in Korea, suggesting a correlation between the number of medical professionals and the choice of treatment. This aspect highlights the need for ongoing research in essential medical fields directly related to the health and lives of citizens, focusing not only on the number of physicians but also on healthcare personnel, such as nurses, involved in severe and emergency care. In the long term, considering comprehensive factors, such as clinical reality, and developing efficient management and policy strategies for the allocation of personnel involved in stroke treatment will contribute to enhancing health equity among the population.
Supporting information
S1 Fig. Diagram of the study participant selection.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319740.s001
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S1 Table. General characteristics of the medical institution.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319740.s002
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S2 Table. Distribution of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage in hemorrhagic stroke according to the intervention method.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319740.s003
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
We extend our gratitude to our colleagues at the Yonsei University of Graduate School of public health and Department of Medical Fee Schedule of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service for their valuable guidance on literature review. We are also thankful to the HIRA for providing the representative data for this study. Finally, we also thank the Editage (https://www.editage.co.kr/)
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