https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1703-6543
Figures
Abstract
Background and aim
Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), a protein released into the bloodstream post-neuronal axonal damage, has been validated as a robust biomarker for a range of neurological and systemic diseases. Concurrently, Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) comprises a holistic suite of health behaviors and metabolic markers that are essential for assessing and enhancing cardiovascular health. Nevertheless, the interrelation between LE8 and sNfL is not yet fully elucidated. This investigation seeks to evaluate the association between LE8 and sNfL within the framework of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Methods
According to data from the 2013–2014 NHANES, the study enrolled a total of 5262 participants aged between 20 and 75 years. We excluded 3035 individuals lacking sNfL measurements, included 2071 subjects for analysis, and further excluded cases from LE8 due to missing data. Ultimately, 1691 valid datasets were obtained. Hierarchical and multiple regression analyses were conducted, supplemented by smooth curve fitting and saturation effect analysis to investigate the relationship between LE8 and sNfL.
Results
An inverse correlation was observed between LE8 scores and sNfL levels. For each SD change increase in LE8, log-transformed sNfL levels decreased by 0.14 (-0.17, -0.11 in the non-adjusted model), 0.08 (-0.10, -0.05 in the minimally adjusted model), and 0.08 (-0.12, -0.05 in the fully adjusted model). The multi-factor adjusted β coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for LE8 categories (<50, 50 ~ 80, and ≥80) were as follows: reference, -0.20 (-0.34, -0.06), and -0.26 (-0.42, -0.10). The inflection point was determined to be 58.12, identified using a two-piece linear regression model.
Conclusion
The analysis indicated a non-linear relationship between LE8 scores and sNfL levels. Associations were noted a positive association between LE8 and sNfL. These results suggest that lifestyle modifications and optimization of metabolic markers could potentially correlate with reduced sNfL levels; further investigation is necessary to confirm a causal relationship.
Citation: Wang T, Yan L-M, Ma T-C, Gao X-R (2025) Association between serum neurofilament light chains and Life’s Essential 8: A cross-sectional analysis. PLoS ONE 20(2): e0306315. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306315
Editor: Jussi Olli Tapani Sipilä, North Karelia Central Hospital, FINLAND
Received: November 8, 2023; Accepted: June 14, 2024; Published: February 24, 2025
Copyright: © 2025 Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The data central to this research is drawn from open-access sources and can be retrieved from the NHANES official portal at: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/search/default.aspx.
Funding: The study was funded by the Yan'an Science and Technology Program (Grant No. 2022SLSFGG-022 and Grant No. 2023SLSFGG-058). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: NO authors have competing interests.
Introduction
Neurofilament, a neuron-specific intermediate filament, comprises light, medium, and heavy chains [1]. Exclusively expressed in mature neurons, neurofilament forms a fibrous network within the cytoskeleton, which provides structural stability and resistance to mechanical stress. Neurofilaments are notably abundant in the axons of large, myelinated neurons, including motor neurons. They play essential roles in axonal and dendritic growth, participate in axonal transport, and serve as scaffolds for microtubules, thereby regulating organelle positioning. Upon neuronal injury or death, neurofilaments are released [2, 3]. Historically, neurofilament research was confined to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses owing to limitations in detection methods. However, technological advancements have now made it possible to detect neurofilaments in blood samples, which show a high correlation with CSF levels. This breakthrough has significantly enhanced the utility of neurofilament levels as biomarkers for neurological diseases in numerous studies [4, 5]. To date, numerous studies have substantiated the multifaceted roles of CSF and Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), elucidating its diagnostic, prognostic, and pharmacodynamic potential across a spectrum of neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative, cerebrovascular, and traumatic diseases [6–8]. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that sNfL can identify subclinical neuronal damage even in disorders not primarily neurological. Additionally, compelling evidence reveals a complex interplay between cardiovascular risk factors and sNfL levels [9].
In 2010, the American Heart Association (AHA) delineated seven elements—three health behaviors (smoking, diet, physical activity) and four metabolic factors (body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose)—aimed at monitoring and promoting cardiovascular health (CVH) across individuals and populations. This comprehensive strategy, termed Life’s Simple 7 (LS7), represented an initiative to enhance heart health [10]. However, with the emergence of additional evidence, the AHA recognized the significance of sleep health as an essential component. In response, a novel metric known as Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) was introduced, quantifying each component on a scale from 0 to 100. LE8 offers a more detailed assessment of health behaviors, metabolic factors, and individual differences, thereby providing advantages in evaluating heart health [11]. Research has also demonstrated that LE8 plays a significant role in enhancing cognitive function and mitigating the risk of dementia. This improvement is likely linked to enhanced cardiovascular function, which, in turn, fosters improved brain function [12–14].
sNfL has been identified as having a complex relationship with a variety of diseases and even all-cause mortality [15]. Nevertheless, the factors that potentially influence sNfL levels and the precise methods to mitigate these levels are still not fully understood. The relationship between LE8 and sNfL has not yet been definitively established, and current research in this area remains insufficient. In our study, we investigated the relationship between LE8 and sNfL, observing that higher LE8 scores correlated with lower sNfL levels. This observation implies that higher scores on the LE8 metric, which includes health behaviors and metabolic markers, could be associated with lower sNfL levels.
Materials and approaches
Participants
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a nationally representative survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States. This survey focuses on the non-institutionalized U.S. resident population and aims to gather comprehensive health and nutrition data. Prior to participation, NHANES ensures that all participants provide informed written consent. NHANES consistent with approval from the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board (NCHS ERB) (Continuation of Protocol #2011–17 for NHANES cycle 2013–2014). In the NHANES 2013–2014 cycle, we included 5,262 participants aged between 20 and 75 years. Of these participants, 5,106 attended a visit at a mobile screening center. For the analysis of sNfL measurements, we excluded 3,035 individuals lacking available data. Ultimately, we collected 2,071 subjects. Then, we calculated the LE8 metric. Consequently, we excluded 380 individuals lacking detailed LE8 information, resulting in a final sample of 1,691 subjects with all valid data. The participant selection process is illustrated in Fig 1.
Definitions of cardiovascular metrics in LE8
LE8 metric comprises four health behaviors (sleep, nicotine exposure, physical activity (PA), and diet) and four health factors (blood pressure, blood glucose, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL), and body mass index (BMI)). Self-reported data included sleep duration, second-hand smoke exposure, combustible tobacco use, minutes per week of physical activity, medication use, diet and history of diabetes. The Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) was utilized to assess the quality of diet. Height, weight, blood pressure, and blood glucose were measured following standardized protocols. BMI was calculated as the ratio of weight (in kilograms) to height (in meters) squared. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were estimated by averaging the three previous blood pressure measurements. Non-HDL cholesterol was calculated as the difference between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Blood samples were collected and sent to a central laboratory for assessment of fasting blood glucose, lipids, and glycated hemoglobin.
The methods for calculating adult LE8 scores using NHANES data are provided in the Table 1. Each indicator within LE8 ranges from 0 to 100 points, and the overall LE8 score is the average of the eight indicator scores. Higher scores indicate healthier cardiovascular health (CVH). Additionally, the LE8 scores are categorized into three groups: low CVH (scores of 0 to 49), moderate CVH (scores of 50 to 79), and high CVH (scores of 80 to 100) [11, 16].
Definitions measurement of sNfL
In the 2013–2014 NHANES cycle, sNfL levels were measured using the fully automated Attelica immunoassay system developed by Siemens Healthcare. The detection rate of sNfL was 98.4%. For concentrations below the lower limit of quantitation, an estimate is provided by dividing the lower limit of quantitation by the square root of 2. Analytical methods for sNfL measurement can be accessed on the NHANES website, ensuring transparency, and facilitating reproducibility of the results.
Covariates
In this study, the calculation of LE8 has considered various variables, including sleep, blood pressure, blood sugar, blood lipids, and BMI. To further analyze the data, we also included age (continuous), gender (male and female), race (Non-Hispanic White, Mexican American, Other Race, Non-Hispanic Black and Other Hispanic), education level (Some college or AA degree, College graduate or above, less than 9th grade, 9-11th grade, High school graduate), and poverty ratio (poor (<1.3), moderate (1.3–3.5), wealthy (>3.5)) as covariates.
Statistics
All data were combined into a single dataset following the NHANES protocol. Data analysis utilized a stratified sampling approach, and all estimates were calculated using NHANES sample weights, in accordance with NCHS editorial guidelines. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), while categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. First, participants were classified into three groups based on LE8: LE8<50, 50–79, and ≥80. Baseline characteristics were summarized according to the LE8 classification. Differences between groups were compared using the F test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables. Secondly, a logarithmic transformation was applied to sNfL. Multiple univariate and multivariate linear regression models were conducted to evaluate the correlations between LE8 and log-transformed sNfL. Multiple linear regression models were used to adjust for covariates, and we present results from unadjusted, minimally adjusted, and fully adjusted analyses. Unadjusted models did not consider any variables. The minimally adjusted analysis (Model Ⅰ) included age, gender, and race as covariates. The fully adjusted analysis (Model Ⅱ) further adjusted for poverty ratio and education level. These covariates were selected based on previous research investigations [17, 18]. To conduct subgroup analysis based on low, medium, and high LE8, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed. Then, we analyzed the relationship between each element in LE8 and log-transformed sNfL levels. Finally, to address potential nonlinear relationships, smooth curve fitting was conducted, and the inflection point was calculated using a two-piece linear regression model.
All statistical analyzes were performed using the R statistical software package (http://www.R-project.org, The R Foundation) and EmpowerStats (http://www.empowerstats.com, X&Y Solutions, Inc, Boston, MA). P values less than 0.05 (two-sided) were considered statistically significant.
Results
Baseline characteristics of participants
The demographic characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 2. A total of 1691 participants were included, with a mean age of 47.11±15.34. Among them, 789 (46.66%) were males and 902 (53.34%) were females. The majority of participants were non-Hispanic whites, accounting for 761 (45.00%) individuals. The distribution of poverty levels was as follows: 31.22% were classified as poor (<1.3), 31.64% as moderate (1.3–3.5), and 30.93% as wealthy (>3.5). The largest proportion of participants had some college or AA education level, comprising 32.47% of the sample. The participants were classified into three groups based on their LE8 scores: low CVH (0 to 49 points), medium CVH (50 to 79 points), and high CVH (80 to 100 points). Among the participants, 220 (13.01%) were assigned to the low CVH group, 1071 (63.34%) to the medium CVH group, and 400 (23.65%) to the high CVH group. The high-CVH group was characterized by a younger age, a higher proportion of females, a greater representation of non-Hispanic whites, higher wealth levels, and higher education levels. As presented in Table 2, the mean sNfL level was 16.84 ± 21.20. For the sNfL levels, the low CVH group had a mean of 25.42 ± 33.06, the medium CVH group had a mean of 17.38 ± 26.25, and the high CVH group had a mean of 12.59 ± 7.44, respectively.
Relationships between LE8 and sNfL
We conducted multi-factor regression models to examine the relationship between LE8 and log-transformed sNfL. The results of the regression analysis are presented in Table 3. The crude model presents the unadjusted variables, while Model Ⅰ was adjusted for age, gender, and race. Model Ⅱ was further adjusted for age, gender, race, education level, and poverty ratio. In all models, we observed a negative correlation between LE8 and log-transformed sNfL. When LE8 was treated as a continuous variable, every per SD increase in LE8 was associated with a decrease in log-transformed sNfL by 0.14 (-0.17, -0.11 in the unadjusted model), 0.08 (-0.10, -0.05 in Model Ⅰ), and 0.08 (-0.12, -0.05 in Model Ⅱ), respectively. The multi-factor adjusted β and 95% confidence interval (CI) for log-transformed sNfL levels, compared with the lowest LE8 category, -0.20 (-0.34, -0.06), and -0.26 (-0.42, -0.10), respectively.
Each variable within LE8 was independently analyzed, with the findings systematically outlined in Table 4. Following adjustments for multiple covariates, we discerned significant associations between log-transformed sNfL levels and four specific components of LE8: HEI, PA, smoking status, and glucose levels. We conducted a comprehensive examination of all eight components comprising LE8. By inverting the scoring for indicators of unhealthy lifestyles or biomarkers, we ensured that elevated scores across all components uniformly signified improved lifestyle and health outcomes. Consequently, no conflicting trends were observed in the influence of LE8 on log-transformed sNfL levels.
The detection of nonlinear relationship
Utilizing a generalized additive model (GAM) coupled with smooth spline fitting, we identified a pronounced non-linear relationship between LE8 and sNfL, as depicted in Figs 2 and 3. In Fig 2, individual data points are represented as black dots, with a red smooth spline curve illustrating the underlying trend. In Fig 3, the fitting spline is denoted by red points, while the blue points delineate the 95% confidence intervals. The variables adjusted for in this analysis encompass age, gender, race, educational attainment, and poverty ratio.
Each black dot represents a sample. Red smooth curve fit indicating the trend. Adjusted for age, gender, race, education, poverty ratio.
The red points represent the fitting spline; the blue points represent the 95% confidence intervals. Adjusted for age, gender, race, education, poverty ratio.
We calculated the inflection point to be 58.12 using a two-piece linear regression model as presented in Table 5. On the left side of the inflection point, the odds ratio (OR) for LE8 was -0.42 (-0.65, -0.19) with a P value of 0.0004. On the right side of the inflection point, the OR (95% CI) was -0.10 (-0.22, 0.02) with a P value of 0.0935. However, the difference between the two sides of the inflection point was not statistically significant when compared to the linear model (P value for log likelihood ratio test was 0.039).
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between LE8 and sNfL using a larger sample size. Our study includes a representative sample of the multiracial U.S. population. Firstly, we present demographic data based on LE8 scores (<50, 50–80, ≥80) as stratification. Secondly, we conducted multifactor regression analysis to examine the association between LE8 and Log-transformed sNfL. Our results consistently showed a negative correlation between LE8 and sNfL. Even after adjusting for other variables, we observed that higher LE8 scores were associated with lower sNfL levels. Lastly, our analysis using a nonlinear correlation curve also supports these findings.
Current research is primarily focused on investigating the correlation between sNfL and various diseases. However, there is still no clear consensus on the specific factors that sNfL is associated with. Some individual studies have suggested that sNfL may be linked to age, gender, obesity index, and blood volume, but the exact nature of these relationships has not been fully elucidated [19, 20]. In our study, we aimed to explore the relationship between sNfL and the latest published LE8 factors, which include smoking, diet, physical activity, body mass index, blood pressure, sleep, total cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose. By controlling for a range of confounding factors, we found a negative correlation between sNfL and LE8. Specifically, for every per SD increase in LE8, Log-transformed sNfL levels decreased by 0.14pg/ml. After adjusting for multiple variables, we identified four components—HEI, PA, smoking, and glucose—that showed significant associations with log-transformed sNfL levels.
The extensive application of sNfL has positioned it as a focal point in contemporary neuroscience research. Early studies have demonstrated that smokers generally exhibit elevated levels of sNfL [21]. Additionally, research has indicated that sNfL levels rise with age and are influenced by gender [22]. Building on these findings, future studies should investigate the impact of demographic and physiological variables on blood biomarkers to further understand the broader applicability and significance of sNfL [23]. Several studies have established a multivariate predictive model for sNfL, incorporating variables such as age, creatinine, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) [19]. In the context of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), it has been found that an adapted ketogenic diet (AKD) may reduce sNfL levels independently of relapse activity within the first three months after onset. At six months, the addition of AKD to existing treatments further lowers sNfL levels, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role in the treatment of MS [24]. In studies exploring sNfL, LE8 has demonstrated a more comprehensive association with sNfL.
The application of sNfL is increasingly expanding, with growing evidence supporting its utility in the diagnosis and assessment of drug efficacy in neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular diseases including stroke, and brain trauma [25–29]. Moreover, sNfL may also have the potential to track subclinical neuronal damage and play a unique role in predicting prognosis even in non-primary neurological diseases [30]. Research has shown that sNfL levels significantly increase during and after cardiac surgery, particularly in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and those experiencing perioperative myocardial injury [31, 32]. Atrial fibrillation and other cardiovascular risk factors have also been found to be closely associated with neurofilament light chain proteins. Patients with atrial fibrillation have higher rates of cognitive impairment and stroke, possibly due to subclinical ischemic stroke or chronic cerebral hypoperfusion [33]. The intricate relationship between cerebral ischemia, hypoperfusion, and neuronal damage may contribute to the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in populations with higher cardiovascular risk [34]. Increased blood pressure can lead to arteriolar atherosclerosis and small subcortical infarcts, ultimately resulting in elevated levels of neurofilament light chains. Conversely, a rapid decrease in systolic blood pressure may cause cerebral hypoperfusion, a well-known risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline, which could also increase sNfL levels. This proposed mechanism offers a plausible explanation for the observed phenomenon of increased LE8 levels being associated with decreased sNfL levels. Both sNfL and LE8 have demonstrated associations with neurological diseases. Our research has revealed a negative correlation between the two variables. We speculate that combining them to create a new variable may offer greater potential for predicting neurological diseases.
Our study also has certain limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, as a cross-sectional study, we cannot establish a causal relationship between sNfL and LE8. The findings would have been more meaningful if we could establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Secondly, the NHANES data collection process also has its limitations. Data on diet, sleep conditions, and physical activities are obtained through recall, which may introduce some discrepancies from the actual situation. Additionally, although we adjusted for potential confounding factors, there may still be residual or unknown confounding effects due to measurement error and unmeasured variables. Lastly, it is important to exercise caution when generalizing the conclusions of this study to other age groups or countries, as our study population consisted of U.S. adults aged 20–75.
Conclusion
There is a nonlinear relationship between LE8 and sNfL. Associations were noted between lower LE8 scores and decreased sNfL levels. These results suggest that lifestyle modifications and optimization of metabolic markers could potentially correlate with reduced sNfL levels; further investigation is necessary to confirm a causal relationship.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Healthy Eating Index-2015 components & scoring standards.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306315.s001
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
Our sincere appreciation is directed towards the participants of the NHANES database; their role was indispensable to the study’s progress.
References
- 1. Petzold A. Neurofilament phosphoforms: surrogate markers for axonal injury, degeneration and loss. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2005;233(1–2):183–98. pmid:15896809
- 2. Gentil BJ, Tibshirani M, Durham HD. Neurofilament dynamics and involvement in neurological disorders. Cell and tissue research. 2015;360(3):609–20. pmid:25567110
- 3. Bomont P. The dazzling rise of neurofilaments: Physiological functions and roles as biomarkers. Current opinion in cell biology. 2021;68:181–91. pmid:33454158
- 4. Gaetani L, Blennow K, Calabresi P, Di Filippo M, Parnetti L, Zetterberg H. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in neurological disorders. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2019;90(8):870–81. pmid:30967444
- 5. Bridel C, van Wieringen WN, Zetterberg H, Tijms BM, Teunissen CE, Alvarez-Cermeño JC, et al. Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurofilament Light Protein in Neurology: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA neurology. 2019;76(9):1035–48. pmid:31206160
- 6. Dhana A, DeCarli C, Aggarwal NT, Dhana K, Desai P, Evans DA, et al. Serum neurofilament light chain, brain infarcts, and the risk of stroke: a prospective population-based cohort study. European journal of epidemiology. 2023;38(4):427–34. pmid:36867286
- 7. Kosa P, Masvekar R, Komori M, Phillips J, Ramesh V, Varosanec M, et al. Enhancing the clinical value of serum neurofilament light chain measurement. JCI insight. 2022;7(15). pmid:35737460
- 8. Willemse EAJ, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE, Vijverberg EGB. A neurologist’s perspective on serum neurofilament light in the memory clinic: a prospective implementation study. Alzheimer’s research & therapy. 2021;13(1):101. pmid:34006321
- 9. Abu-Rumeileh S, Abdelhak A, Foschi M, D’Anna L, Russo M, Steinacker P, et al. The multifaceted role of neurofilament light chain protein in non-primary neurological diseases. Brain: a journal of neurology. 2023;146(2):421–37. pmid:36083979
- 10. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L, et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121(4):586–613. pmid:20089546
- 11. Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB, Anderson CAM, Black T, Brewer LC, Foraker RE, et al. Life’s Essential 8: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association’s Construct of Cardiovascular Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;146(5):e18–e43. pmid:35766027
- 12. Wu J, Xiong Y, Xia X, Orsini N, Qiu C, Kivipelto M, et al. Can dementia risk be reduced by following the American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7? A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Ageing research reviews. 2023;83:101788. pmid:36371016
- 13. Lourida I, Hannon E, Littlejohns TJ, Langa KM, Hyppönen E, Kuzma E, et al. Association of Lifestyle and Genetic Risk With Incidence of Dementia. Jama. 2019;322(5):430–7. pmid:31302669
- 14. Gorelick PB, Furie KL, Iadecola C, Smith EE, Waddy SP, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Defining Optimal Brain Health in Adults: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017;48(10):e284–e303. pmid:28883125
- 15. Nguyen AD, Malmstrom TK, Aggarwal G, Miller DK, Vellas B, Morley JE. Serum neurofilament light levels are predictive of all-cause mortality in late middle-aged individuals. EBioMedicine. 2022;82:104146. pmid:35830835
- 16. Lloyd-Jones DM, Ning H, Labarthe D, Brewer L, Sharma G, Rosamond W, et al. Status of Cardiovascular Health in US Adults and Children Using the American Heart Association’s New "Life’s Essential 8" Metrics: Prevalence Estimates From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2013 Through 2018. Circulation. 2022;146(11):822–35. pmid:35766033
- 17. Wang L, Yi J, Guo X, Ren X. Associations between life’s essential 8 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among US adults. Journal of translational medicine. 2022;20(1):616. pmid:36564799
- 18. Yang AM, Lai TS, Lin YL, Wang C, Lin CY. Urinary di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites are independently related to serum neurofilament light chain, a biomarker of neurological diseases, in adults: results from NHANES 2013–2014. Environmental science and pollution research international. 2023;30(24):66417–25. pmid:37097562
- 19. Fitzgerald KC, Sotirchos ES, Smith MD, Lord HN, DuVal A, Mowry EM, et al. Contributors to Serum NfL Levels in People without Neurologic Disease. Annals of neurology. 2022 Oct;92(4):688–98. Epub 2022 Jul 13. pmid:35730070; PMCID: PMC9489658.
- 20. Koini M, Pirpamer L, Hofer E, Buchmann A, Pinter D, Ropele S, et al. Factors influencing serum neurofilament light chain levels in normal aging. Aging. 2021;13(24):25729–38. pmid:34923481
- 21. Zhu N, Zhu J, Lin S, Yu H, Cao C. Correlation analysis between smoke exposure and serum neurofilament light chain in adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2024 Feb 2;24(1):353. pmid:38308244; PMCID: PMC10835908.
- 22. Beltran TA. Normative Values for Serum Neurofilament Light Chain in US Adults. J Clin Neurol. 2024 Jan;20(1):46–49. pmid:38179631; PMCID: PMC10782095.
- 23. Abdelhak A, Foschi M, Abu-Rumeileh S, Yue JK, D’Anna L, Huss A, et al. Blood GFAP as an emerging biomarker in brain and spinal cord disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022 Mar;18(3):158–172. Epub 2022 Feb 3. pmid:35115728.
- 24. Bock M, Steffen F, Zipp F, Bittner S. Impact of Dietary Intervention on Serum Neurofilament Light Chain in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021 Nov 11;9(1):e1102. pmid:34764215; PMCID: PMC8587737.
- 25. Shahim P, Politis A, van der Merwe A, Moore B, Chou YY, Pham DL, et al. Neurofilament light as a biomarker in traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2020;95(6):e610–e22. pmid:32641538
- 26. Mattsson N, Cullen NC, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Association Between Longitudinal Plasma Neurofilament Light and Neurodegeneration in Patients With Alzheimer Disease. JAMA neurology. 2019;76(7):791–9. pmid:31009028
- 27. Egle M, Loubiere L, Maceski A, Kuhle J, Peters N, Markus HS. Neurofilament light chain predicts future dementia risk in cerebral small vessel disease. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2021;92(6):582–9. pmid:33558370
- 28. Cantó E, Barro C, Zhao C, Caillier SJ, Michalak Z, Bove R, et al. Association Between Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Levels and Long-term Disease Course Among Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Followed up for 12 Years. JAMA neurology. 2019;76(11):1359–66. pmid:31403661
- 29. Abu-Rumeileh S, Baiardi S, Ladogana A, Zenesini C, Bartoletti-Stella A, Poleggi A, et al. Comparison between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for the early diagnosis and association with survival in prion disease. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2020;91(11):1181–8. pmid:32928934
- 30. Yuan A, Nixon RA. Neurofilament Proteins as Biomarkers to Monitor Neurological Diseases and the Efficacy of Therapies. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2021;15:689938. pmid:34646114
- 31. Sanders RD, Craigova L, Schessler B, Casey C, White M, Parker M, et al. Postoperative troponin increases after noncardiac surgery are associated with raised neurofilament light: a prospective observational cohort study. British journal of anaesthesia. 2021;126(4):791–8. pmid:33158499
- 32. Alifier M, Olsson B, Andreasson U, Cullen NC, Czyżewska J, Jakubów P, et al. Cardiac Surgery is Associated with Biomarker Evidence of Neuronal Damage. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease: JAD. 2020;74(4):1211–20. pmid:32176641
- 33. Mielke MM, Syrjanen JA, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Vemuri P, Skoog I, et al. Plasma and CSF neurofilament light: Relation to longitudinal neuroimaging and cognitive measures. Neurology. 2019;93(3):e252–e60. pmid:31182505
- 34. Gattringer T, Pinter D, Enzinger C, Seifert-Held T, Kneihsl M, Fandler S, et al. Serum neurofilament light is sensitive to active cerebral small vessel disease. Neurology. 2017;89(20):2108–14. pmid:29046363