Figures
Abstract
Background
This study compares aspirin to enoxaparin for symptomatic VTE prophylaxis within 90 days of any type of hip or knee arthroplasty performed for any diagnosis, in patients enrolled in the CRISTAL trial.
Materials and methods
CRISTAL was a cluster-randomised crossover, registry-nested non-inferiority trial across 31 hospitals in Australia. The primary publication was restricted to patients undergoing primary total hip or knee arthroplasty for a diagnosis of osteoarthritis. This report includes all enrolled patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty procedures (partial or total, primary or revision) performed for any indication. Hospitals were randomized to administer patients aspirin (100mg daily) or enoxaparin (40mg daily), for 35 days after hip arthroplasty and 14 days after knee arthroplasty. Crossover occurred after the patient enrolment target had been met for the first group. The primary outcome was symptomatic VTE within 90 days. Analyses were performed by randomization group.
Results
Between April 20, 2019 and December 18, 2020, 12384 patients were enrolled (7238 aspirin group and 5146 enoxaparin). Of these, 6901 (95.3%) given aspirin and 4827 (93.8%) given enoxaparin (total 11728, 94.7%) were included in the final analyses. Within 90 days, symptomatic VTE occurred in 226 (3.27%) aspirin patients and 85 (1.76%) enoxaparin patients, significant for the superiority of enoxaparin (estimated treatment difference 1.85%, 95% CI 0.59% to 3.10%, p = 0.004). Joint-related reoperation within 90 days was lower in the enoxaparin group (109/4827 (2.26%) vs 171/6896 (2.47%) with aspirin, estimated difference 0.77%; 95% CI 0.06% to 1.47%, p = 0.03). There were no significant differences in the other secondary outcomes.
Conclusion
In patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty (of any type, performed for any indication) enrolled in the CRISTAL trial, aspirin compared to enoxaparin resulted in a significantly higher rate of symptomatic VTE and joint-related reoperation within 90 days. These findings extend the applicability of the CRISTAL trial results.
Citation: The CRISTAL Study Group (2024) Aspirin or enoxaparin for VTE prophylaxis after primary partial, total or revision hip or knee arthroplasty: A secondary analysis from the CRISTAL cluster randomized trial. PLoS ONE 19(4): e0298152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298152
Editor: Yoshihiro Fukumoto, Kurume University School of Medicine, JAPAN
Received: October 17, 2023; Accepted: January 9, 2024; Published: April 16, 2024
Copyright: © 2024 The CRISTAL Study Group. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Data cannot be shared publicly because of legislative restrictions on the use of registry data from the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR). Data are available from the AOANJRR for those who meet the criteria for access. External access to and use of de-identified AOANJRR data and CRISTAL data is permitted but must be in accordance with AOANJRR policies (Ref No POL.S3.3, S3.4, S3.5) available on the registry website: https://aoanjrr.sahmri.com/ policies. Requests for data use can be made by contacting the AOANJRR: Telephone: +618 8128 4284 Email: adhocs@aoanjrr.org.au.
Funding: The trial was funded by an MRFF Grant provided by the Australian Federal Government (grant number 1152285)
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist
Introduction
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a serious complication following hip and knee arthroplasty and occurs in approximately 2% of patients [1–3]. The use of low-dose aspirin monotherapy as chemoprophylaxis has increased throughout Australia and the United States since 2010, despite a lack of evidence from randomised trials [4, 5].
The primary results of the CRISTAL study demonstrated that enoxaparin was superior to aspirin in the prevention of symptomatic VTE within 90 days of primary total hip and knee arthroplasty performed for a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, in patients eligible to receive the study drug [3]. This report expands the scope of the primary study by reporting on a prespecified analysis [6] and including all patients enrolled into CRISTAL undergoing any hip or knee arthroplasty procedure (partial, total, primary or revision) for any diagnosis.
Materials and methods
Trial design
The design, protocol and statistical analysis plan of CRISTAL has previously been published [3, 6, 7]. CRISTAL was a cluster-randomised, crossover, non-inferiority trial performed across 31 hospitals in Australia, nested within the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR). The trial was approved by the Sydney Local Health District human research ethics committee (lead, number X18-0424, date 11th of December, 2018) and by all ethic committees prior to commencement. It was funded by a Medical Research Futures Fund Grant from the Australian Federal Government, who had no role in the design of the trial or the analysis and interpretation of the results.
All enrolled patients provided consent for provision and use of their data, but a consent waiver was granted by each ethics committee for the use of either study drug, as both were commonly used for prophylaxis throughout Australia prior to trial commencement. The trial was monitored by a trial management committee
Trial participants
The clusters were defined as the participating hospitals. Hospitals were eligible if they had performed >250 hip or knee arthroplasty procedures in the year prior to recruitment and if they agreed to follow the trial protocol. All adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty procedures were eligible for inclusion. Patients not eligible to receive either study drug were those on long-term preoperative anticoagulants (specifically a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC), warfarin or dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)) or those with a medical contraindication (allergy or bleeding disorder precluding anticoagulation). These patients were still included in the analyses, but did not receive either study drug for VTE prophylaxis. Patients on preoperative long-term single antiplatelet medication received the study drug as allocated.
The primary paper was restricted to patients undergoing primary total hip or knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. This paper reports a prespecified analysis [6] and includes all enrolled patients undergoing any arthroplasty procedure performed for any indication.
Randomization and blinding
Hospitals were allocated to consecutive periods of a standard protocol of enoxaparin or aspirin, with the initial treatment order being randomized. Hospitals were randomized in permuted blocks of size four by statisticians from the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, independent of study investigators. Hospitals were advised to crossover once the sample size for the first treatment arm was met, which was monitored by AOANJRR staff.
Participating hospitals were not blinded to treatment allocation. Patients were aware that they were participating in a trial comparing different treatments for VTE prophylaxis, but were unaware of specific study details and whether they were in the intervention or control group. Study investigators and the DSMB were blinded to treatment assignment during the trial and all analyses.
Interventions and assessment
Patients were consented and enrolled at pre-admission clinic appointments by nursing staff or treating surgeons. Patients in the aspirin group received aspirin at 100mg once daily, orally for 35 days post hip arthroplasty and for 14 days post knee arthroplasty, commencing within 24 hours postoperatively. Patients in the enoxaparin group received enoxaparin at 40mg daily, subcutaneously for the same time periods, reduced to 20mg for patients weighing less than 50kg and for patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <30mL/min. Other standard interventions across sites were intra and postoperative intermittent pneumatic compression calf devices until patients were mobile, compression stockings, and mobilisation offered on day 0 or 1 postoperatively.
Data was collected for each cluster and each enrolled patient and methods of data collection have been published previously [6, 7]. All patients who responded ‘yes’ to having experienced a VTE, a secondary operation within 90 days or 6 months or a major bleeding event within 90 days had this outcome verified from treating doctors.
Outcome measures
The primary outcome of the study was symptomatic VTE within 90 days of surgery. Screening tests for VTE were not performed in asymptomatic patients. Secondary outcomes were joint-related reoperation, joint-related readmission, major bleeding events (defined as those resulting in readmission, reoperation or death) and all-cause mortality within 90 days and joint-related reoperation within 6 months.
Interim analysis
An interim analysis was not initially planned. Due to a serious adverse event at one site, a Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) was convened and an interim analysis conducted. The trial management committee applied the Haybittle-Peto stopping rule of a two-sided significance of 0.001, to detect a between-group superiority difference for the primary outcome [26, 27]. After the first interim analysis, the DSMB recommended trial continuation and a second analysis three months later. The second interim analysis demonstrated that the trial stopping rule had been met and patient recruitment was ceased at all sites upon advice of the DSMB.
Statistical analyses
All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary USA) and R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform) version 4.1.0 and used an intention-to-treat principle.
The sample size calculation was performed for the primary study (restricted to patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty for a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, eligible to receive the study drug). This used a non-inferiority margin of 1% (based on the current available literature) [4, 8], a power of 90% and a one-sided significance level of 0.025. For a cluster-randomised crossover trial with an intracluster correlation of 0.01, an interperiod correlation of 0.008 and 31 clusters, this yielded 11,160 patients (180 patients per group for each cluster). This current report included a broader population than the primary analysis and was assumed to be powered sufficiently to determine whether aspirin was non-inferior to enoxaparin for all included patients.
The analysis for the primary outcome tested the between-group difference of patients developing a symptomatic VTE within 90 days for non-inferiority at a margin of 1%. Between-group differences were estimated for the primary and secondary outcomes using cluster summary methods, accounting for unequal cluster sizes and incomplete crossover of some clusters following the early stopping of the trial. For the primary outcome, secondary outcomes and secondary analyses, 95% confidence intervals were examined to determine whether superiority could be concluded.
Multiple imputation for missing data from loss to follow-up used the R package ‘jomo’ to account for clustering through multilevel joint modelling. Date of death was linked from the National Death Index and was complete.
An analysis was conducted for the primary outcome in the subpopulation of patients who were eligible to receive the study drug (those on a DOAC, warfarin or DAPT or those with a medical contraindication as above), undergoing any hip or knee arthroplasty procedure.
A post-hoc exploratory analysis was performed to compare the cause of joint-related reoperation within 90 days between groups. The causes of joint-related reoperation were divided into six categories: infection, manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA), wound complications, dislocation, fracture or other. This was performed for all enrolled patients and for all enrolled patients eligible to receive the study drug.
Results
Thirty-one hospitals were recruited between April 15th, 2019 and August 12th, 2019. Sixteen crossed over prior to trial cessation (11 crossed over to aspirin and 5 to enoxaparin), and the remaining 15 hospitals did not cross over. Prior to trial cessation, 13717 patients were enrolled between April 20th, 2019 and December 18th, 2020, with 12384 patients eligible for inclusion in this study (Fig 1).
aA total of 1333 patients declined to have their data collected after enrolment and therefore group allocation was not recorded. These patients were not included in any analysis and are not included in the tallies represented here. bPatients who opted out chose to withdraw after initially consenting and prior to 90-day follow-up. cOne additional patient who died recorded a venous thromboembolic event prior to death and therefore was not considered to be missing an outcome.
There were 11728 patients (94.7%) patients included with complete data for the primary outcome, 6901 (95.3%) in the aspirin group (from 27 hospitals) and 4827 (93.8%) in the enoxaparin group (from 20 hospitals). Exclusions from the final analysis are shown in Fig 1 but this did not differ by group.
The two groups were similar on baseline variables (Table 1).
Primary outcome
Imputed results are reported. Symptomatic VTE within 90 days occurred in 226 of 6901 patients (3.27%) in the aspirin group and in 85 of 4827 patients (1.76%) in the enoxaparin group (estimated treatment difference, 1.85%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59% to 3.10%) (Table 2). This was significant for the superiority of enoxaparin (p = 0.004).
Secondary outcomes
Death within 90 days occurred in 9 of 7238 patients (0.12%) in the aspirin group and in 4 of 5146 patients (0.08%) in the enoxaparin group (estimated difference, 0.06%, 95% CI, -0.05% to 0.17%, p = 0.28). Major bleeding events occurred in 20 of 6880 (0.29%) patients in the aspirin group and 25 of 4818 patients (0.52%) in the enoxaparin group (estimated difference -0.18%; 95% CI, -0.52% to 0.17%, p = 0.31). Joint-related reoperation within 90 days occurred in 171 of 6896 patients (2.47%) in the aspirin group and in 109 of 4827 patients (2.26%) in the enoxaparin group (estimated difference 0.77%; 95% CI 0.06% to 1.46%, p = 0.03). There was no significant between-group difference for joint-related re-admission within 90 days or joint-related reoperation within 6 months (Table 2).
Subpopulation analysis
There were 10960 patients enrolled who were eligible to receive the study drug and 10381 completed 90 day follow-up (94.7%). Symptomatic VTE within 90 days occurred in 202 of 6087 patients (3.32%) in the aspirin group and in 73 of 4294 patients (1.70%) in the enoxaparin group (estimated difference 1.85%, 95% CI 0.60% to 3.31%, p = 0.005).
Reasons for joint-related reoperation within 90 days
A comparison of reasons for joint-related reoperation within 90 days for all enrolled patients and for all enrolled patients eligible to receive the study drug by assigned group is shown in Table 3. Reasons for joint-related reoperation did not differ between study groups irrespective of eligibility to receive the study drug.
Discussion
Enoxaparin was found to be superior to aspirin for symptomatic VTE prophylaxis within 90 days of hip or knee arthroplasty (including partial, total or revision procedures) performed for any indication. Enoxaparin was associated with a lower joint-related reoperation rate within 90 days, compared to aspirin, and did not result in higher rates of major bleeding, readmission or mortality within 90 days. These results are comparable to those reported in the primary analysis.
There have been two retrospective studies comparing aspirin to other forms of prophylaxis for symptomatic VTE prevention following hip or knee arthroplasty since the primary CRISTAL publication, with no additional randomized trials published. The first study compared aspirin to DOACs, LMWH or warfarin and reported that aspirin was non-inferior to LMWH for the prevention of VTE within 90 days following hip or knee arthroplasty procedures [8]. Neither the type of LMWH used nor the dose was reported. The second study compared rivaroxaban to aspirin or LMWH, reporting that aspirin was superior to rivaroxaban in the prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis [9]. Both studies attempted to adjust for confounders through analyses, however, the allocation of each agent was at the discretion of the treating physician and important data for each prophylaxis group (such as loss to follow-up, medication adherence and time to mobilization) were not available.
While there have been no further randomized trials published investigating aspirin following hip or knee arthroplasty, one published study has compared its use to enoxaparin for VTE prophylaxis following orthopaedic trauma. This trial reported similar results to those found in the primary CRISTAL publication [3] and those found in this study: symptomatic VTE rates were higher in patients allocated to aspirin, but there was no between-group difference observed in other outcomes, including mortality, within 90 days [10].
A number of retrospective studies have also reported that aspirin results in lower rates of wound drainage or haematoma, stiffness, manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA) and deep prosthetic infection compared to other forms of prophylaxis due to its perceived lower risk of bleeding and wound drainage [11–13]. This was not supported by the results of this study, which found a lower joint-related reoperation rate for enoxaparin within 90 days. The primary analysis [7] and the recent randomised trial in trauma patients [10] also did not report lower re-operation rates with the use of aspirin compared to enoxaparin.
There have now over 25 retrospective studies [8, 9, 14–37] investigating aspirin monotherapy for symptomatic VTE prophylaxis following hip or knee arthroplasty since 2005 and only one published randomized trial over the same time period [3]. Retrospective studies are prone to bias as they provide poor control over the exposure of interest, covariates and potential confounders [38]. The majority of retrospective studies have included patients over a long time period, with some including patients from as early as 2000 in their cohorts [14]. Despite this, no retrospective study has conducted a temporal analysis to evaluate time as a potential confounder. Multiple studies have demonstrated that complications following hip and knee arthroplasty have decreased over the course of the last 20 years [39–41]. During this time, aspirin use for VTE prophylaxis (compared to other agents) has increased [4, 5]. It is possible that the lower VTE risk and lower risk of joint-related reoperation in these observational studies may be attributed to general improvements in perioperative care over time rather than aspirin use.
This study broadens the scope and increases generalizability of the primary CRISTAL analysis, which was restricted to primary total hip or knee arthroplasty for a diagnosis of osteoarthritis only. Its larger sample size increases the power, precision and applicability of the results reported in the primary study. Despite the greater incidence of pulmonary embolism in the aspirin group found in the present analysis, we recognise that the study was likely underpowered for this outcome and for the outcome of proximal DVT. We also recognise that although the secondary outcome of joint-related reoperation included all relevant procedures (MUA, wound complications, fracture, deep prosthetic infection, prolonged drainage), an analysis by type of reoperation was not performed. Further, this result should be interpreted with caution since five secondary outcomes were analysed without a multiplicity adjustment and the result may be due to chance.
Conclusions
Aspirin compared to enoxaparin resulted in a significantly higher rate of symptomatic VTE within 90 days in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty of any type performed for any diagnosis. Enoxaparin did not result in a higher rate of secondary complications (major bleeding, death or readmission) and was found to be associated with a lower joint-related reoperation within 90 days. These findings increase the generalizability of the primary study to the full breadth of hip and knee arthroplasty procedures.
Supporting information
S1 Table. CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a cluster randomised trial.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298152.s001
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
Full List of Authors and Affiliations (all authors met the criteria for authorship as listed by the ICMJE):
Verinder Sidhu 1,2; Thu-Lan Kelly 3; Nicole Pratt 3; Stephen E. Graves 4; Rachelle Buchbinder 5; Sam Adie 6; Kara Cashman 7; Ilana N Ackerman 5; Durga Bastiras 4; Roger Brighton 8, 9; Alexander W R Burns 10; Beng Hock Chong 11, 12; Helen Jentz 13; Maggie Cripps, 1, 2; Mark Dekkers 14; Richard de Steiger 15; Michael Dixon 16; Andrew Ellis 17, 18; Elizabeth C Griffith 7; David Hale 19; Amber Hansen 1, 2; Anthony Harris 20; Raphael Hau 15, 21; Mark Horsley 22; Dugal James 23; Omar Khorshid 24; Leonard Kuo 25; Peter Lewis 26; David Lieu 27; Michelle Lorimer 7; Samuel Macdessi 6, 28; Peter McCombe 29; Catherine McDougall 30; Jonathan Mulford 31; Justine Maree Naylor 1, 2; Richard S Page 32; John Radovanovic 33; Michael Solomon 34; Rami Sorial 35; Peter Summersell 36; Phong Tran 37; William L. Walter 17, 18, 38; Steve Webb 5; Chris Wilson 39, 40; David Wysocki 41; Ian A. Harris 1, 2, 42.
Affiliations of Authors
1. School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, South West Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
2. Whitlam Orthopaedic Research Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research
3. Clinical and Health Sciences, Quality Use of Medicines Pharmacy Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
4. Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
5. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
6. School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, St George & Sutherland Clinical Campuses, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
7. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
8. Orthopaedic Department, Westmead Private Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
9. Orthopaedic Department, Lakeview Private Hospital, Baulkham Hills, Sydney, NSW, Australia
10. Orthopaedic Department, Calvary John James Hospital, Deakin, Canberra, ACT, NSW, Australia
11. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
12. Department of Hematology, New South Wales Pathology, Kogarah Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia
13. Musculoskeletal Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
14. Orthopaedic Department, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
15. Department of Surgery, Epworth Healthcare, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
16. Orthopaedic Department, Kareena Private Hospital, Sutherland, Sydney, NSW, Australia
17. Orthopaedic Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonard’s, Sydney, NSW, Australia
18. Sydney Musculoskeletal Health Flagship Centre of the University of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonard’s, Sydney, NSW, Australia
19. Orthopaedic Department, Hornsby and Kuringai Hospital, Hornsby, Sydney, NSW, Australia
20. Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
21. Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
22. Orthopaedic Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia
23. Bendigo Healthcare Group, Bendigo Hospital, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
24. Orthopaedic Department, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Perth, WA, Australia
25. Orthopaedic Department, Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, Sydney, NSW, Australia
26. Orthopaedic Department, Calvary Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
27. Orthopaedic Department, Fairfield Hospital, Fairfield, Sydney, NSW, Australia
28. Orthopaedic Department, St George Private Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia
29. Orthopaedic Department, Frankston Hospital, Frankston, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
30. Orthopaedic Department, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
31. Orthopaedic Department, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
32. School of Medicine, St John of God Hospital and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
33. Orthopaedic Department, Mater Hospital, Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
34. Orthopaedic Department, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
35. Orthopaedic Department, Nepean Hospital, Nepean, Sydney, NSW, Australia
36. Orthopaedic Department, Coffs Harbour Base Hospital, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
37. Orthopaedic Department, Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
38. The Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and the Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
39. Orthopaedic Department, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia
40. Department of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
41. Orthopaedic Department, Sir Charles Gardiner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
42. Institute of Musculoskeletal Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
References
- 1. Anderson DR, Dunbar M, Murnaghan J, Kahn SR, Gross P, Forsythe M, et al. Aspirin or Rivaroxaban for VTE Prophylaxis after Hip or Knee Arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(8):699–707 pmid:29466159.
- 2. Anderson DR, Dunbar MJ, Kahn SR. Aspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin after total hip arthroplasty. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(7):502–3 pmid:24081296.
- 3. CRISTAL , Sidhu VS, Kelly TL, Pratt N, Graves SE, Buchbinder R, et al. Effect of Aspirin vs Enoxaparin on Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Undergoing Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: The CRISTAL Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2022;328(8):719–27 pmid:35997730.
- 4. Mirkazemi C, Bereznicki LR, Peterson GM. Comparing Australian orthopaedic surgeons’ reported use of thromboprophylaxis following arthroplasty in 2012 and 2017. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):57 pmid:30736774.
- 5. Hip I-V, Knee D. Recommendations from the ICM-VTE: Hip & Knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2022;104(Suppl 1):180–231 pmid:35315610.
- 6. Sidhu VS, Kelly TL, Pratt N, Graves S, Buchbinder R, Naylor J, et al. CRISTAL (a cluster-randomised, crossover, non-inferiority trial of aspirin compared to low molecular weight heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in hip or knee arthroplasty, a registry nested study): statistical analysis plan. Trials. 2021;22(1):564 pmid:34429127.
- 7. Sidhu VS, Graves SE, Buchbinder R, Naylor JM, Pratt NL, de Steiger RS, et al. CRISTAL: protocol for a cluster randomised, crossover, non-inferiority trial of aspirin compared to low molecular weight heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in hip or knee arthroplasty, a registry nested study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11):e031657 pmid:31699735.
- 8. Singh G, Prentice HA, Winston BA, Kroger EW. Comparison of 90-day adverse events associated with aspirin and potent anticoagulation use for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: A cohort study of 72,288 total knee and 35,142 total hip arthroplasty patients. J Arthroplasty. 2023 pmid:36805118.
- 9. Piple AS, Wang JC, Kang HP, Mills ES, Mayfield CK, Lieberman JR, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Rivaroxaban in Primary Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2023 pmid:36805121.
- 10. Major Extremity Trauma Research C, O’Toole RV, Stein DM, O’Hara NN, Frey KP, Taylor TJ, et al. Aspirin or Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Thromboprophylaxis after a Fracture. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(3):203–13 pmid:36652352.
- 11. Huang R, Buckley PS, Scott B, Parvizi J, Purtill JJ. Administration of Aspirin as a Prophylaxis Agent Against Venous Thromboembolism Results in Lower Incidence of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30(9 Suppl):39–41 pmid:26182982.
- 12. Singh V, Shahi A, Saleh U, Tarabichi S, Oliashirazi A. Persistent Wound Drainage among Total Joint Arthroplasty Patients Receiving Aspirin vs Coumadin. J Arthroplasty. 2020;35(12):3743–6 pmid:32788061.
- 13. Shohat N, Ludwick L, Sutton R, Chisari E, Parvizi J. Aspirin Administered for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis May Protect Against Stiffness Following Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2022;37(5):953–7 pmid:35026368.
- 14. Tan TL, Foltz C, Huang R, Chen AF, Higuera C, Siqueira M, et al. Potent Anticoagulation Does Not Reduce Venous Thromboembolism in High-Risk Patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019;101(7):589–99 pmid:30946192.
- 15. Bala A, Huddleston JI, 3rd, Goodman SB, Maloney WJ, Amanatullah DF. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After TKA: Aspirin, Warfarin, Enoxaparin, or Factor Xa Inhibitors? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(9):2205–13 pmid:28569372.
- 16. Huang RC, Parvizi J, Hozack WJ, Chen AF, Austin MS. Aspirin Is as Effective as and Safer Than Warfarin for Patients at Higher Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(9 Suppl):83–6 pmid:27094242.
- 17. Heller S, Secrist E, Shahi A, Chen AF, Parvizi J. Tranexamic Acid Can Be Administered to Arthroplasty Patients Who Receive Aspirin for Venous Thromboembolic Prophylaxis. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(7):1437–41 pmid:27026644.
- 18. Deirmengian GK, Heller S, Smith EB, Maltenfort M, Chen AF, Parvizi J. Aspirin Can Be Used as Prophylaxis for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism After Revision Hip and Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(10):2237–40 pmid:27118182.
- 19. Bloch BV, Patel V, Best AJ. Thromboprophylaxis with dabigatran leads to an increased incidence of wound leakage and an increased length of stay after total joint replacement. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B(1):122–6 pmid:24395322.
- 20. Gillette BP, DeSimone LJ, Trousdale RT, Pagnano MW, Sierra RJ. Low risk of thromboembolic complications with tranexamic acid after primary total hip and knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(1):150–4 pmid:22814857.
- 21. Vulcano E, Gesell M, Esposito A, Ma Y, Memtsoudis SG, Gonzalez Della Valle A. Aspirin for elective hip and knee arthroplasty: a multimodal thromboprophylaxis protocol. Int Orthop. 2012;36(10):1995–2002 pmid:22684546.
- 22. Bozic KJ, Vail TP, Pekow PS, Maselli JH, Lindenauer PK, Auerbach AD. Does aspirin have a role in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in total knee arthroplasty patients? J Arthroplasty. 2010;25(7):1053–60 pmid:19679434.
- 23. Jameson SS, Baker PN, Charman SC, Deehan DJ, Reed MR, Gregg PJ, et al. The effect of aspirin and low-molecular-weight heparin on venous thromboembolism after knee replacement: a non-randomised comparison using National Joint Registry Data. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(7):914–8 pmid:22733945.
- 24. Jameson SS, Charman SC, Gregg PJ, Reed MR, van der Meulen JH. The effect of aspirin and low-molecular-weight heparin on venous thromboembolism after hip replacement: a non-randomised comparison from information in the National Joint Registry. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(11):1465–70 pmid:22058295.
- 25. Khatod M, Inacio MC, Bini SA, Paxton EW. Pulmonary embolism prophylaxis in more than 30,000 total knee arthroplasty patients: is there a best choice? J Arthroplasty. 2012;27(2):167–72 pmid:21641758.
- 26. Cafri G, Paxton EW, Chen Y, Cheetham CT, Gould MK, Sluggett J, et al. Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Drug Prophylaxis for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism After Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32(11):3524–8 e1. pmid:28634095.
- 27. Hood BR, Cowen ME, Zheng HT, Hughes RE, Singal B, Hallstrom BR. Association of Aspirin With Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients After Total Knee Arthroplasty Compared With Other Anticoagulants: A Noninferiority Analysis. JAMA Surg. 2019;154(1):65–72 pmid:30347089.
- 28. Matharu GS, Kunutsor SK, Judge A, Blom AW, Whitehouse MR. Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Aspirin for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Total Hip and Knee Replacement: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(3):376–84 pmid:32011647.
- 29. Rondon AJ, Shohat N, Tan TL, Goswami K, Huang RC, Parvizi J. The Use of Aspirin for Prophylaxis Against Venous Thromboembolism Decreases Mortality Following Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019;101(6):504–13 pmid:30893231.
- 30. Muscatelli SR, Zheng H, Hughes RE, Cowen ME, Hallstrom BR. Non-Inferiority of Aspirin for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Hip Arthroplasty in a Statewide Registry. J Arthroplasty. 2021;36(6):2068–75 e2. pmid:33589277.
- 31. Beksac B, Gonzalez Della Valle A, Anderson J, Sharrock NE, Sculco TP, Salvato EA. Symptomatic thromboembolism after one-stage bilateral THA with a multimodal prophylaxis protocol. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;463:114–9. pmid:17960674.
- 32. Daniel J, Pradhan A, Pradhan C, Ziaee H, Moss M, Freeman J, et al. Multimodal thromboprophylaxis following primary hip arthroplasty: the role of adjuvant intermittent pneumatic calf compression. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90(5):562–9 pmid:18450619.
- 33. Dorr LD, Gendelman V, Maheshwari AV, Boutary M, Wan Z, Long WT. Multimodal thromboprophylaxis for total hip and knee arthroplasty based on risk assessment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(12):2648–57 pmid:18056497.
- 34. Nam D, Nunley RM, Johnson SR, Keeney JA, Barrack RL. Mobile compression devices and aspirin for VTE prophylaxis following simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30(3):447–50 pmid:25453630.
- 35. Bayley E, Brown S, Bhamber NS, Howard PW. Fatal pulmonary embolism following elective total hip arthroplasty: a 12-year study. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B(5):585–8 pmid:27143726.
- 36. Radzak KN, Wages JJ, Hall KE, Nakasone CK. Rate of Transfusions After Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients Receiving Lovenox or High-Dose Aspirin. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(11):2447–51 pmid:27554782.
- 37. Kwak HS, Cho JH, Kim JT, Yoo JJ, Kim HJ. Intermittent Pneumatic Compression for the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism after Total Hip Arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Surg. 2017;9(1):37–42 pmid:28261425.
- 38. Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH, Sykora K, Mamdani M, Streiner DL, Garfinkel S, et al. Reader’s guide to critical appraisal of cohort studies: 1. Role and design. BMJ. 2005;330(7496):895–7 pmid:15831878.
- 39. Cnudde P, Nemes S, Bulow E, Timperley J, Malchau H, Karrholm J, et al. Trends in hip replacements between 1999 and 2012 in Sweden. J Orthop Res. 2018;36(1):432–42 pmid:28845900.
- 40. Harris IA, Hatton A, de Steiger R, Lewis P, Graves S. Declining early mortality after hip and knee arthroplasty. ANZ J Surg. 2020;90(1–2):119–22 pmid:31743942.
- 41. Lalmohamed A, Vestergaard P, de Boer A, Leufkens HG, van Staa TP, de Vries F. Changes in mortality patterns following total hip or knee arthroplasty over the past two decades: a nationwide cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(2):311–8 pmid:24504803.