https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-6167
Figures
Abstract
Background
Long-term cancer prognosis after initial surgical procedures is an unlikely endpoint for clinical trials. Medical claim databases may aid in addressing this issue regardless of limited information on disease and patient background. However, the long-term prognosis (especially regarding long-term care needs) following surgical procedures remains unclear. This study aimed to assess whether long-term outcomes, such as the exacerbation of long-term care needs and mortality, differ with surgical methods.
Methods
Using a longitudinal study with linkage between medical claim and long-term care database, patients with primary colorectal cancer who underwent initial colonoscopies were identified through anonymized data in Japan (Shizuoka Kokuho Database, 2012–2018). Odds ratios (ORs) for long-term outcomes (long-term care needs and all-cause mortality during a 6.5-year follow-up period) were analyzed using logistic regression to compare laparoscopy and endoscopic surgery to laparotomy.
Results
Overall, 3,744 primary colorectal cancer cases (822 laparotomies, 705 laparoscopies, and 2,217 endoscopic surgeries) were included. Compared to the laparotomy group, the crude OR for exacerbation of long-term care needs in the laparoscopic surgery group was 0.376 (95% confidence interval, 0.227, 0.624), while the OR for all-cause mortality was 0.22 (0.329, 0.532).
Conclusion
This is the first study to analyze long-term prognosis after surgery for patients with colorectal cancer to combine medical and long-term needs data. As the national health insurance claim database rarely includes information on cancer stage and comorbidities, better prognosis on endoscopic surgery may need careful interpretation. Therefore, laparoscopy has superior outcomes in terms of long-term care needs and mortality compared to those of laparotomy.
Citation: Kojimahara N, Sato Y, Sato Y, Kojimahara F, Takahashi K, Nakatani E (2023) Longitudinal analysis of long-term outcomes of colorectal cancer after laparotomy and laparoscopic surgery: The Shizuoka study. PLoS ONE 18(11): e0294589. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294589
Editor: Sina Azadnajafabad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
Received: May 9, 2023; Accepted: November 5, 2023; Published: November 17, 2023
This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Data Availability: According to Shizuoka Prefecture's data use agreement with local insurers, readers cannot access the analyzed data. Researchers interested in accessing this data set may submit an application to Shizuoka Prefecture to request access. Please contact the staff of Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health via email (info@s-sph.ac.jp).
Funding: This study was supported by a public health research grant from Shizuoka Prefecture. This funder had no role in the design, conduct, or reporting of this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks second after that of lung cancer in Japan. Although the age-adjusted incidence rate is currently trending towards a decrease, 158,500 patients and 54,000 deaths were reported in recent annual reports [1, 2]. Concurrently, the number of people requiring support or long-term care has continued to rise, reaching 6.674 million (2.105 million men and 4.569 million women) [3]. Approximately 18.4% of those aged ≥65 years require primary insured long-term care [4], and the number of older people with both medical and long-term care needs has increased [5]. Utsumi et al. previously reported that medical costs were substantially lower in patient groups with curable CRC than in non-curable groups using nationwide medical claims data in Japan [6]. Kurita et al. [7] examined the association of the results of certain blood tests and medical examinations with long-term care needs. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study on cancer has used data from the Shizuoka Kokuho Database (SKDB).
According to a descriptive report from the Japan Cancer Registry in 2018, of the 24,611 registered patients with Stage I CRC, the distribution of first treatment regimen ratios was as follows: 26% received endoscopic surgery, 9% received laparotomy, and 58% received laparoscopy; among patients with Stage 0 CRC, >90% received endoscopic surgery [8]. Although clinical trials have suggested the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with open surgery [9–11], the long-term prognosis (especially regarding long-term care needs) following surgical procedures remains unclear. To date, even medical studies based on big data rarely identified the factors exacerbating long-term care needs in patients hospitalized for cancer treatment [12, 13].
This study aimed to investigate whether laparoscopic surgery was associated with a better long-term prognosis regarding the exacerbation of long-term care needs and mortality compared with laparotomy in patients with primary CRC using SKDB, linkage medical claim, and long-term care database.
Material and methods
Population and study setting
This was a retrospective cohort study using the SKDB administered by prefectural National Health Insurance (NHI) organizations [13]. Shizuoka is one of the first prefectures in Japan to obtain municipal approval for person-level linkage among anonymous medical claims, health check-ups, and long-term care data [14–18]. Data including sex, age, dates of access to the NHI and latter-stage elderly medical insurance system (LEMIS) [19], as well as a record of the first health checkup before surgery for the initial evaluation of CRC, were extracted between the fiscal year of 2012–2018. Data that did not include sex and age were excluded from the original SKDB database, and the details thereof, including information on the data cleaning methods used in the study and linkage quality evaluation, have been published elsewhere [20].
Case definition and data extraction
Fig 1 shows the data for 197,782 patients who underwent colonoscopy (D311) or rectal endoscopy (D312). Cases with modifier codes metastatic, recurrent, suspected, and postoperative CRC were excluded from the anonymized KDB data (3088–3091, 3118, 4025, 4026, 7537, 8002, 8015–8017, 8048, and 8057). Data on patients who underwent their first colonoscopy in 2012 were deleted to designate a disease-free period before the initial diagnosis. The final study was set for a 6.5-year follow-up period from January 2013 to September 2018.
Note that the Japanese fiscal year was defined as extending from April to March.
Based on the medical summary procedural codes shown in S1 Table, the initial procedures for primary CRC following initial colonoscopy or rectal endoscopy were classified into three groups: laparotomy, laparoscopy, and endoscopic surgery. An overlap of the surgical procedures was not considered in this study. Patients who underwent colorectal surgery with more invasive procedures, such as combined resection of other organs and those who received therapy other than surgical therapy were classified into the “others” group and were excluded from the final analysis.
Outcomes
The primary evaluated outcome was an exacerbation of long-term care needs during a 6.5-year follow-up period following initial cancer surgery. In the Japanese LEMIS, an older adult in need can receive the necessary care service by self-pay (10–30%) at age ≥65 years [19]. In case they apply, care needs are judged every 2 years: not applicable, requiring support 1, requiring support, and 2, requiring long-term care (levels 1 [the stage when the need for care is lowest] to 5 [bedridden]). In this study, long-term care exacerbation was defined as at least one degree worse in requiring support (1 and 2) or long-term care (levels 1 to 4) following initial CRC surgery than before the surgery. As true long-term care level at the surgery was not included in the KDB dataset, 5 cases of Level 5 before the patient was diagnosed with the primary CRC were also considered as long-term care exacerbation.
The secondary outcome evaluated herein was all-cause mortality. Information on this outcome was extracted from the “reasons for death withdrawal” provided in the NHI and LEMIS records. Both outcomes were followed up for 6.5 years in this claims database.
Statistical analysis
Given traditional assumptions (80% power; α = 0.05), a post hoc power analysis indicated that the final sample size (n = 3,744) was large enough to detect at least a medium-size effect of r = 0.3. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare continuous variables, and Chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis with the laparotomy group as the reference. Age and sex were adjusted for Model 2, while possible confounders such as smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and significant variables at the baseline such as BMI, serum hemoglobin (Hb), and cardiovascular disease were adjusted for Model 3. Variables with a relatively large number of missing values in the health checkup data were excluded. As missing covariates did not occur completely at random among all participants, a simple missing data imputation was not carried out. Data from the SKDB were imported using SAS statistical software (v.9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and all analyses were performed using STATA statistical software (v.16, College Station, TX, USA).
All SKDB data were anonymized to protect participant confidentiality. Thus, informed consent from each enrollee was not required for this study [20]. This study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health (#SGUPH_2021_001_0009). This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This manuscript was evaluated by the Authors using the RECORD checklist [21] (S2 Table).
Results
Baseline characteristics
In total, 3,744 patients with primary CRC receiving surgery for inclusion in this study were identified: 822 patients who underwent laparotomy, 705 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery, and 2,217 patients who underwent endoscopic surgery (Fig 1). Table 1 shows the characteristics of patients with CRC according to the type of surgery. The average age was highest in the laparotomy group (p < .001), and males were dominant among all groups.
The colon was the most common cancer site, and the rectum was the second most common site among all groups. The number of beneficiaries of long-term care insurance before surgery was 138 (16.8%) in the laparotomy group, 62 in the laparoscopy group (8.8%), and 105 (0.5%) in the endoscopic surgery group (p = 0.021). Laparotomy was performed less frequently with time, while laparoscopy was performed more frequently after 2017. Additionally, exacerbated long-term care needs (p < .001) and all-cause mortality (p = 0.013 for those aged ≥75 years and p < 0.001 for those aged <75 years) were the highest in the group undergoing laparotomy, although the influence of age and cancer stage may need to be considered in interpreting this information.
Preoperative health checkup data by surgical procedure
Table 2 shows the results for 1,625 individuals who underwent a health checkup before their diagnosis of primary CRC. The average age and presence of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease were higher in the laparotomy group. Other factors, including body mass index (BMI) and clinical data, showed no intergroup differences.
Exacerbation of long-term care needs and mortality risk
Table 3 presents the logistic regression results for the exacerbation of long-term care needs in the laparoscopy and endoscopic surgery groups (Model 1) compared to those in the laparotomy group. The laparoscopy group showed significantly lower exacerbation of long-term care needs (OR 0.376; 0.227–0.624), while the endoscopic surgery group showed an OR of 0.231 (0.154, 0.346). Similar results were obtained for all-cause mortality. These relationships did not significantly change on adjustment for age and sex (Model 2).
In Model 3, the OR for long-term care was significantly lower in laparoscopic surgery than in laparotomy, with better goodness of fit of the overall model. However, the differences in beneficiaries of long-term insurance vary among groups and might affect the exacerbations of long-term needs. The risk was also significantly lower than the adjusted OR for all-cause mortality following laparoscopic surgery.
Discussion
The laparoscopy and endoscopic surgery groups showed a significantly better long-term prognosis than the laparotomy group regarding the exacerbation of long-term care needs and all-cause mortality risk. These findings were consistent even after adjusting for sex, age, and other relevant factors. However, the endoscopic surgery group results need to be carefully interpreted because most of these patients were identified with Stage 0 and 1 CRC after screening or follow-up for polyps by colonoscopy. Moreover, the treatment strategy for CRC is determined comprehensively based on factors such as prior abdominal surgeries, the stage of progression, obesity, and overall systemic conditions, including complications. However, the KDB database does not contain information; therefore, these contraindications were not considered in this analysis.
The main strengths of this study were the large sample size collated from medical claims and long-term care data. It is generally difficult to configure natural prognoses in clinical trials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze post-discharge, long-term care needs, and all-cause mortality regarding CRC. Meanwhile, the total insurance benefits in 2019 (including long-term care preventive services) amounted to 837.8 billion yen in Japan [22] (equivalent to approximately 9 billion US dollars). It is important to consider quality of life (QOL), such as exacerbation of long-term care needs as well as increasing medical expenses, when patients and healthcare providers select treatments in an aging society.
Although a recent meta-analysis indicated that laparoscopy is not inferior to laparotomy [23], considering the cost-effectiveness [24], variables such as higher BMI [25], patients’ general condition, comorbidity, and age should be considered when surgical treatment is selected [26]. According to 2019 clinical practice guidelines for CRC [27], both laparotomy and laparoscopic surgery are appropriate for Stage I (T1b, T2), II, and III disease and can be adapted based on experience, practical clinician training, and patient-specific factors such as cancer site or stage. Although recommendations specific to the colon site (e.g., for ascending CRC) were not considered in this study, different indications for laparoscopic CRC should be investigated based on outcomes and related factors such as age group [28] before abdominal surgery [29]. Additionally, hospital-related factors such as the outcome measures used might affect the prognosis.
Patients reported that QOL (such as QOL reported through the 36-Item Short-Form Survey [SF36] [30], Activities of Daily Living [ADL] [31], Instrumental Activities of Daily Living [IADL] [32], or EuroQol-5D [EQ-5D] [33] instruments) was an important long-term outcome (particularly in older adults). However, to our knowledge, there are few studies regarding postoperative QOL [34, 35]. Stage IV patients who undergo colorectal surgery using more invasive procedures, such as with combined resection of other organs or those who were not indicated for surgery, may have a decreased QOL. Besides anonymized medical claims data, additional studies evaluating both clinical information (such as TNM classifications and the presence of colostomy) and long-term needs profiles (e.g., ADL and IADL scores, a comprehensive geriatric assessment [CGA] such as the Clinical Frailty Scale [36], and patient-reported QOL) are necessary to comprehensively assess the natural prognosis after CRC surgery.
This study has some limitations, including the possibility of the misclassification of primary CRC. For example, we extracted careful definitions from vague disease names in the health insurance claims data. Second, selection bias cannot be ignored because the treatment approach was driven by significant differences in patients’ conditions, cancer stage, and tumor aggressiveness. TNM classification is currently considered the most prognostic factor [37]. Clinical information regarding tumor characteristics was not available for analysis in this study, although post-surgical complications, including perforation, stoma-related obstruction [38], incisional hernia [39], or enhanced recovery care [40], were related to emergency indications and long-term prognosis. Further epidemiological research should qualify comprehensive prognosis after CRC surgery, including robot-assisted laparoscopy, which was not included in Japanese insurance [3, 4].
Conclusion
The national health insurance claim database rarely included information on cancer stage and comorbidities, which is essential in the analysis of long-term prognosis for patients with CRC. Laparoscopy showed superior outcomes regarding long-term care needs and mortality compared to laparotomy. Our results are generalizable and should be considered in making clinical decisions.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Summary procedure code (K codes) for colorectal cancer treatment.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294589.s001
(DOCX)
S2 Table. The RECORD statement—Checklist of items extended from the STROBE statement that should be reported in observational studies using routinely collected health data.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294589.s002
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to T. Kojimahara for suggesting the topic discussed in this paper. We are grateful to the Shizuoka Federation of the National Health Insurance Organization, Health and Welfare Department (Shizuoka Prefecture) for preparing the SKDB database.
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