https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3149-2020
Figures
Abstract
Background
The routine vaccination card is an important health record for children, but recent findings suggest that vaccination card retention in Cameroon is low, varying from 29%-53%. The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with children’s routine vaccination card retention in Cameroon.
Methods
This cross-sectional survey was conducted in Yaoundé in November 2021, targeting children aged 0–59 months. Participants were selected using a 2-stage systematic cluster sampling in which households were selected by a restricted sampling technique. Data were collected by interviewing the children’s parents/guardians, and a vaccination card was said to be retained if it was presented to the interviewer by the interviewees. Data were analysed using multiple logistics regression with R version 4.1.0 (2021-05-18).
Findings
A total of 529 households were assessed with 361 children aged 0–59 months enrolled: 51% girls and 49% boys. Children aged 0–11 months represented 24.4% of all participants, and children aged 12–59 months were 74.6%. Vaccination card retention was 24% (87), and positive predictors of card retention included: girl child (adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.34, p-value = 0.0269), the respondent being one of the biological parents of the child: mother (adjusted Odds Ratio = 5.97, p-value = 0.0034) or father(adjusted Odds Ratio = 4.69, p-value = 0.0067), and living in a richer household (adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.56, p-value = 0.038). On the other hand, negative predictors of card retention were: child aged 12–23 months (adjusted Odds Ratio = 0.44, p-value = 0.0209) or aged 24-59months (adjusted Odds Ratio = 0.13, p-value = 0.0000), and having an employed mother (adjusted Odds Ratio = 0.34, p-value = 0.0066).
Conclusion
Vaccination card retention in children aged 0–59 months in Yaoundé is low when compared with findings reported by studies from other locations in Cameroon. Besides, the poor and older children have lower odds of keeping routine vaccination cards. There is a need to design interventions to improve vaccination card retention, which considers household wealth and the age of the child.
Citation: Yakum MN, Funwie AD, Ajong AB, Tsafack M, Ze LEE, Ekukole ESR, et al. (2022) Factors associated with routine vaccination card retention among children aged 0–59 months in Yaounde-Cameroon: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS ONE 17(8): e0273515. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273515
Editor: Harapan Harapan, Universitas Syiah Kuala, INDONESIA
Received: March 2, 2022; Accepted: August 9, 2022; Published: August 26, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Yakum et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
1. Introduction
The importance of immunisation in global health can no longer be overemphasised. The impact of immunisation on morbidity and mortality of specific infectious diseases is enough evidence of immunisation merits. The global eradication of smallpox [1], elimination of poliovirus in all the 6 World Health Organisation (WHO) regions by 2020 [2, 3], elimination of yellow fever disease in some regions [4, 5], and a significant global fall in the incidence of most vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), are thanks to immunisation practices [6–8]. According to the WHO vaccine-preventable disease monitoring system summary for 2020, Cameroon recorded a significant reduction in all vaccine-preventable diseases from 1980 to 2019 [9]. Cameroon has not registered any cases of diphtheria, pertussis, and mumps from 2000 to 2021 [9]. Frequently reported barriers to childhood immunisation are grouped under provider/system barriers (cost, access, missed opportunities) and family/social barriers (socioeconomic and vaccine hesitancy) [10]. However, the importance of immunisation data and record keeping is often omitted, despite the crucial role it plays in children’s immunisation schedule follow-up and evidence-based programme decision making. During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, childhood vaccination has been significantly disrupted, urging researchers to develop strategies for overcoming the vaccination challenges [11].
In Cameroon, immunisation data are collected at the point of service delivery in vaccination registers and individual vaccination cards [12]. The vaccination register is a paper-based record kept at the level of the health facility and is used to collect immunisation programme data for the estimation of administrative coverage and other indicators [12]. On the other hand, the vaccination card is kept by the parent or guardian of the vaccinated child, for follow-up of the immunisation schedule, and it is used as a reference source at the household level during immunisation coverage surveys [13]. Individual vaccination card is provided for every child receiving their first dose of the routine vaccine (BCG). Henceforth, the parent must bring the card along during each vaccination schedule to be updated by the provider [12]. A child must have a vaccination card before he/she can be administered a vaccine. When the card cannot be found during follow-up visits, the parent, would buy a new card and the health staff will fill it based on health facility records or parent’s recall before figuring out the next vaccine dose that is due to be administered.
Children’s vaccination card is an essential health document for parents, healthcare providers and researchers [14]. Parents use it to track the immunisation status and follow their child’s immunisation schedule. The parents also keep it as documented proof that the child has been vaccinated [15]. Healthcare professionals can quickly consult the individual vaccination card of the child to find missing vaccines, especially when a child is displaced from the original geographic area to another. This helps to ensure the continuity of immunisation services without revaccination or a miss of vaccine doses [16]. Moreover, during household surveys and research, investigators use vaccination cards as proof of vaccination [13].
Based on existing literature, vaccination card retention varies across countries and is particularly low in developing countries [16–19]. Also, vaccination card retention has been reported to be associated with mother’s education and child’s age [16–19]. In Cameroon, vaccination card retention has been reported to be 47% at national level in 2018 [13], 31% in Foumban Health District in 2020 [20], and 52% in Dschang Health District in 2015 [21]. Low vaccination card retention was associated with incomplete immunisation in children in Dschang Health District in 2015 [21]. However, no study has evaluated factors associated with vaccination card retention in Cameroon. The aim of this paper is to assess factors associated with vaccination card retention in children aged 0–59 months in Yaoundé-Cameroon. Yaoundé was selected to have an idea of vaccination card retention in urban area.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Ethical approval
The ethical clearance for this study was approved by the Centre Regional Ethics Committee (CE No 01410/CRERSHC/2021). In conformity with the protocol authorised by the ethics committee, verbal consent was obtained from the parents of children before enrolment. The information on the study aims, procedures and the rights of the participants was read out to the parents by the surveyors. The parents were given time to ask questions and allowed to freely decide whether to take part with the child or not. Their consent was simply verbal, and this was preferred to written consent because taking part in the study only exposed them to a minimal risk.
2.2. Research design
It was a cross-sectional community-based survey conducted in Yaoundé in November 2021, targeting children aged 0–59 months and their parents/guardians. Participants were selected by a two-stage systematic cluster sampling, with households selected by a restricted sampling technique. Data collection was done by interviewing parents/guardians, and only children whose vaccination cards were presented to the interviewer were considered to have retained their vaccination cards. Data were analysed with R version 4.1.0 (2021-05-18).
2.3. Research area
This study was carried out in Yaoundé, the administrative capital of Cameroon. Yaoundé is situated in the Centre region of Cameroon and has an estimated population of more than 2.8 million distributed in six (6) health districts. According to the 2011 update of health facilities in Cameroon, it has 366 health facilities. Yaoundé was selected to have an idea of vaccination card retention in an urban area.
2.4. Study population
This study targeted children aged 0–59 months and their parents (or guardians). Though routine immunisation in Cameroon targets children aged 0–11 months, we decided to include all children younger than 5 years old in the study to be able to compare our findings between children still in the immunisation program and those who were supposed to have completed their Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) schedules.
2.5. Sample size calculation
A total of 291 participants were needed for this study based on the sample size estimates using the single proportion sample size formula [22]. The parameter used in sample size calculation included: the national level vaccination card retention in Cameroon (47%) [13], the desired precision (d = 7%), the design effect (deff = 1.5), and the 95% confidence level (z = 1.96).
2.6. Sampling methods
A total of 30 clusters were selected using systematic sampling with probability proportionate to population size (PPS), using the ENA (Emergency Nutrition Assessment) software version 2021 (https://smartmethodology.org/survey-planning-tools/). Clusters were made up of quarters in the study area, and a list of all quarters(clusters) with their population figures was obtained from the district health services. This list was then introduced in ENA (Emergency Nutrition Assessment) with their population figures to select 30 clusters with PPS. This is a standard method recommended by WHO guidelines to ensure the representativeness of the study population [23]. In each cluster, 24 households were selected using a restricted sampling method. Restricted sampling here refers to a modified systematic sampling in which we randomly select one household within successive sampling intervals. The reason for using this sampling method was to increase the role played by chance in household selection by ensuring that the choice of one household did not condition the selection of the next, as is the case in systematic sampling. All children aged 0–59 months living in each selected household were included in the study.
2.7. Data collection
Data were collected using a questionnaire designed by the investigators. The questionnaire had variables on the demographic (gender, age, birth order, place of residence, place of birth) and social characteristics (level of education of parents, employment of parents, marital status of parents) of the child and parents, and selected household characteristics and possessions such as number of people living in one room, type of water source, type of toilet, having a television, having a car, having a motor bike, having a telephone, having a fridge, type of cooking fuel, and type of floor materials, to estimate wealth index (see the study questionnaire (S2. File)). Data collection was done with electronic forms in tablets using KoBo collect (https://www.kobotoolbox.org/). Prior to the start of the survey, interviewers were trained, and tools were pretested and reviewed by the investigators. Parents or guardians of participants were interviewed, and their vaccination cards were requested to confirm retention. In this study, a vaccination card was defined as any document delivered by the healthcare provider, stating the immunisation status of the child in question.
2.8. Data management and data analysis
The database was cleaned using MS-Excel 2019 by visually checking for data consistency. Data analysis was done with R version 4.1.0 (2021-05-18).
Households were grouped into 5 different wealth classes using a wealth index, constructed with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) in R. To construct the household wealth index, the first principal component was used to stand for the household’s living standard. The weights for each variable from this first principal component were used to generate a household score [24]. Vaccination card retention was estimated as a proportion with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Vaccination card was said to be retained if the survey teams saw and consulted any documented proof of the child’s routine immunisation status.
The effect of household wealth level and other socio-demographic factors on vaccination card retention was evaluated using a logistics regression model, with “vaccination card retention” (Yes/No) as the main outcome. Each potential predictor was first assessed with chi-square, and only variables that had a p-value < 0.35 in chi2 analysis were included in the multiple logistic regression model to obtain the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) and adjusted p-value (Ap-value). Without any backward or forward selection, all eligible variables (p-value < 0.35) were included and kept in the model. Our choice of 0.35 as the cut-off was because we believe that demographic and socioeconomic factors relationship with vaccination card retention would be a complex relationship involving several factors. We, therefore, wanted to include many factors in the analysis. The threshold of significance was fixed at p-value < 0.05.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Sample description
In total, the data collection teams reached all the 30 clusters planned for the survey, and 529 households were assessed. A total of 361 children aged 0–59 months were enrolled: 51% girls and 49% boys. Children aged 12–59 months made up 74.6% of all participants, and 24.4% were aged 0–11 months.
3.2. Vacination card retention
Among the 361 children aged 0–59 months included in the study, 242 (67.04 [61.89–71.82] %) reported to have had a vaccination card, but only 87 (24.10 [19.85–29.81])% could present their vaccination card. In terms of age, 41 (53.95 [42.13–65.45]%) of children aged 0–11 months, 25 (34.25 [23.53–46.28]%) of children aged 12–23 months, and 21 (13.55 [8.59–19.96]) of children aged 24–59 months presented their vaccination cards during the survey. Table 1 shows the potential predictors of vaccination card retention among children aged 0–59 months in Yaounde.
Our findings are similar with earlier studies in Cameroon and elsewhere in the sense that all show that routine vaccination card retention is low [20, 21]. However, in terms of absolute value, the retention rate in our study is slightly lower than the findings from other studies [20, 21]. The previous national representative survey conducted in 2018 in Cameroon reported that 53% of children aged 11–23 months could present their vaccination cards [13]. Another study in Dschang (West Cameroon) reported that 50.2% of children aged 11–23 months could present their vaccination card [21]. In Foumban (West Cameroon), the vaccination card retention in children aged 0-59months was 29.9% [20]. According to a study in Ethiopia, only 29% of children aged 11–23 months could present their vaccination cards [25]. A study in Karachi (Pakistan), reported similar results, with 33% of children aged 12–59 months presenting their vaccination cards [19]. The differences in the absolute value of the vaccination card retention seen in our study compared to other studies could be explained by the fact that our study was conducted in Yaounde (urban setting), contrary to earlier studies that were either nation-wide surveys or conducted in rural settings. This suggests that vaccination card retention varies slightly across contexts and that the retention rate among rural dwellers might be higher than that in urban dwellers. However, this hypothesis requires further investigation, and if valid, it will be interesting to assess possible causes.
Being a girl, age of the child less than 11 months, mother aged above 30 years old, unemployed mother, higher household wealth level and the respondent being the biological parent of the child were significantly associated with increased odds of having and presenting the vaccination card during the survey (see Table 1). These findings partly corroborate the results of a study in Pakistan which reported that vaccination card retention was significantly associated with the child’s age and overcrowding at the household level [19]. The variation of vaccination card retention with age suggests that parents do not know the importance of keeping the card even when the child has completed the immunisation schedule. On the other hand, the reason gender affects vaccination card retention is not known and requires further investigation. Concerning the mother’s employment status, we believe that mothers who are employed have little time to follow their children’s immunisation and might occasionally delegate this to a third party (say a family member). Consequently, vaccination card quickly get missing as it is handled by two people (the mother, and a third party). During our data collection, parents who did not have their children’s immunisation card advanced several reasons. These included card misplacement, and “card taken to school for children admission in some nursery or primary schools.” Notwithstanding, others said they had the vaccination card but were not willing to go and search for it because they may need to scatter a lot of stuff to get it, or it would take them an exceedingly long time that they were not willing to use.
When a parent does not keep the vaccination card of a child, they may be some consequences to the individual, the health system and hence the health of the society. Without a vaccination card for a child still in the program, the immunisation service provider may not know exactly what the child has received and the missed vaccines [15]. This can happen, especially when the provider is changed or the child is displaced to a different town [21]. Consequently, the child is at risk of unnecessarily repeating some vaccines, thereby exposing the child to potential adverse events following immunisation [26, 27]. Moreover, this leads to wastage of vaccines (which can lead to unnecessary vaccine shortage), disproportionate increase in workload on the provider’s part, and duplicates of the national immunisation data. This exposes the whole immunisation program to misleading conclusions following routine data analysis [16, 28–30].
On the other hand, the child without a vaccination card runs the risk of missing a vaccine dose because the provider might mistakenly think that the child had received it already [16]. In this case, the child stays at risk of infection [29]. Also, this situation, together with vaccine hesitancy and other factors, makes it difficult for the immunisation program to achieve its goal of herd immunity for the population [31–34]. Therefore, it exposes the child in question and the whole society to the risk of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease.
The findings in this manuscript are based on a cross-sectional study and hence cannot confirm causality between factors and card retention. Besides, this study registered a high non-response rate compared to similar studies. High non-response can be a potential source of bias. However, the study design was the most appropriate to study the research question, and the findings of this study can be used to guide health interventions and generate hypotheses for further investigation.
Vaccination card retention is, therefore, a major issue in Cameroon’s immunisation program and public health with consequences at the individual, health system and population levels. The retention is affected by the household wealth index, age of the child, age of the mother, and the respondent’s relationship with the child. If mothers/carers are educated on the importance of vaccination card retention during vaccination sessions and the consequences of no retention, it might contribute to increased retention proportion. On the other hand, further research needs to explore why wealthy households turn to keep their children’s vaccination cards more often than the less wealthy group and the feasibility of implementing digital vaccination cards. This could help to design interventions targeting specific groups.
Conclusions and recommendations
The vaccination card retention proportion in children aged 0–59 months in Yaoundé is 24%. Being a girl, aged 0–11 months, with a mother aged above 30 years of age, living in a household between 3rd -5th quintiles of wealth index, mother unemployed, and the respondent being the biological parents of the child are significantly associated with higher odds of vaccination card retention. Though a few mothers complained that their children’s vaccination card was in school, and others said they had their vaccination cards, but could not present it, vaccination card retention in Yaoundé is extremely low compared to several other places documented in the literature and elsewhere in Cameroon. Based on these findings, we recommend to the Ministry of Public Health that interventions be designed to improve immunisation card retention. For such interventions to be successful, they must be inclusive of the poor and the rich. This has the potential to improve immunisation data quality collected from survey, and ensures better follow-up of children’s immunisation. On the other hand, our recommendation to researchers is to exploit the causes of vaccination card retention disparity between the poor and the rich and to assess the feasibility of setting up a digital vaccination card system in Cameroon. Research can also be conducted to evaluate effective interventions such as incentives on card retention.
Supporting information
S1 Data. Database of manuscript: Factors associated to vaccination card retention.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273515.s001
(CSV)
S1 Questionnaire. Data collection tool of manuscript: Factors associated to vaccination card retention.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273515.s002
(DOC)
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the following:
- Douanla Koutio Ingrid Marcelle, Tchengo Massom Thérèse Zita, Christelle Bertyl Tchana Mbetbeum, and Ngueni Letegnou Nancy, for field data collection.
- Professor Djuidje Marceline for easing the training of data collectors by providing a venue for training interviewers in her research laboratory at the University of Yaoundé I.
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