https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4848-7386
Figures
Abstract
Amikacin (AK) has the largest spectrum of aminoglycosides. However, its use is constrained because of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenol present in plants. It has antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antimutagenic characteristics. Cilostazol (CTZ) is a phosphodiesterase Ш inhibitor, it is a potent vasodilator and antiplatelet drug. CTZ has an inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species and superoxide generation in addition to hydroxyl radicals scavenging action. This study determines whether EA and cilostazol have a protective effect against AK-induced nephrotoxicity. Forty-nine rats were divided into seven equal groups: control normal; AK 400 mg/kg; EA 10 mg/kg; CTZ 10 mg/kg; AK 400 mg/kg plus EA 10 mg/kg; AK 400 mg/kg plus CTZ 10 mg/kg; AK 400 mg/kg plus EA 10 mg/kg and CTZ 10 mg/kg. For seven days, drugs were administered using gavage one hour before intramuscular injection of AK. Twenty-four hours after the last AK dosage, blood samples were collected to determine blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Kidneys were removed for histopathological examination and measurement of: malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), decreased glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and Bcl-2 associated x protein (BAX). AK caused kidney damage, inflammatory mediator elevation, and oxidative stress and apoptotic markers. Rats receiving EA or CTZ indicated significant improvement in kidney function, decrease in oxidative stress and inflammation through NF-kB down-regulation and BAX expression. The combination of EA and CTZ showed a synergistic effect. In conclusion, EA and CTZ might play a beneficial role in preventing nephrotoxicity induced by AK partially by inhibition of tissue inflammation and apoptosis.
Citation: Saeed ZM, Khattab MI, Khorshid NE, Salem AE (2022) Ellagic acid and cilostazol ameliorate amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by downregulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. PLoS ONE 17(7): e0271591. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271591
Editor: Mónica L. Chávez-González, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, MEXICO
Received: January 1, 2022; Accepted: July 4, 2022; Published: July 18, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Saeed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Nephrotoxicity is defined as a 50% increase in serum creatinine or a 50% decrease in creatinine clearance and an increase in blood urea nitrogen. Drugs like aminoglycosides, chemotherapeutic agents, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin receptor blockers, vancomycin, amphotericin B and chemicals as well as radio contrast cause 20% of nephrotoxicity [1]. The mechanisms underlying nephrotoxic-induced renal cell death and renal diseases are surprisingly similar. ATP depletion, oxidative stress, proximal tubule cell death and loss of the brush border membrane, and cell polarity are all involved in ischemia-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) [2]. AKI induced by cancer chemotherapeutic, such as cisplatin, alternatively, includes oxidative stress, proximal tubule cell death, and loss of the brush border membrane and polarity [3]. Increased oxidative stress, ATP loss, and proximal tubule cell death are all common manifestations of nephrotoxicity caused by contrast media, also known to affect glomerular function and renal blood flow [4].
Amikacin (AK) has the broadest spectrum and the least resistance of all aminoglycosides. AK is preferred owing to its advantageous characteristics, including rapid and robust bactericidal activity, synergy with β-lactam antibiotics, low cost, chemical stability, and low resistance; however, its use is limited because of the risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity [5]. Because AK is not metabolized in the body and is eliminated in large amounts in the urine, it builds up in the proximal convoluted tubules, causing free radical manufacture and renal damage [6]. Several mechanisms, such as inflammation, blockage of transporters, production of oxidative stress, and decreased renal blood flow, are involved in amikacin-induced renal damage [7].
Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenolic compound naturally found in plants. Several studies have indicated that EA has antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anticarcinogenic qualities. This antioxidant action of this compound is determined by its chemical structure, precisely the number of hydroxyl groups and their ability to boost the stability of the phenoxyl radicals [8]. EA reduces the expression of proinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), and many interleukins involved in alcohol-induced inflammation and fibrosis [9].
Cilostazol (CTZ) is a strong antiplatelet and vasodilator that is a specific PDE III inhibitor. It increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels [10]. It also increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) [11]. CTZ prevents oxidative stress by activating redox defense systems through increased expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) mRNAs, resulting in oxidative stress reduction and restoration of mitochondrial dysfunction [12].
This study determines possible nephroprotective effects of EA, CTZ, their combination, and the underlying mechanism of renal tubular necrosis induced by AK.
Materials and methods
Drugs and reagents
Amikacin (Amikacin®) 500 mg/2ml vial (Amoun Pharmaceutical Co., EL-obour city, Cairo, Egypt). All other drugs were bought from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Experimental animals and ethical statement
Forty-nine male albino rats weighing 150–180-g were obtained from Zagazig University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The animals were placed in hygienic and standard environmental conditions (25 ± 2°C) and 12 h light/dark cycle. They were given access to water and food ad-libitum. The study was approved by Zagazig University’s local animal Ethical Committee. The approval number is ZU-IACUC/3/F/57/2019. National Institutes of Health’s guidelines (USA) were followed throughout the experiment. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups; each group having seven rats as follows:
- Group 1: non-treated (control normal);
- Group 2: received AK 400 mg/kg, intramuscular injection once daily for seven days for induction of experimental nephrotoxicity as described by [13].
- Groups 3: received EA 10 mg/kg; dissolved in 1 ml distilled water and given by oral gavage according to [14].
- Groups 4: received CTZ 10 mg/kg; dissolved in 1 ml distilled water and given by oral gavage according to [15]
- Group 5: received EA 10 mg/kg, orally by gavage one hour before intramuscular injection of AK 400 mg/kg.
- Group 6: received CTZ 10 mg/kg, orally by gavage one hour before intramuscular injection of AK 400 mg/kg.
- Group 7: received EA 10 mg/kg plus CTZ 10 mg/kg, orally by gavage one hour before intramuscular injection of AK 400 mg/kg (Fig 1).
Collection of blood and renal samples
On the 8th day of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized using a 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital for sacrifaction. The blood samples from the retro-orbital plexus of veins were collected using microcapillary tubes. These samples were centrifuged at 3000 × g for ten minutes to separate the serum for determining serum BUN and creatinine concentrations. The left kidneys were dissected for histopathological examination and biochemical estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and Bcl-2 associated x protein (BAX). The remaining kidneys were frozen at −80°C and ice-cold 0.05 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 until used.
Biochemical analysis
Determination of BUN and creatinine.
Using kits bought from Spinreact (Gerona, Spain) and following the manufacturer procedure.
Estimation of lipid peroxidation marker.
MDA levels in kidney homogenates were measured by spectrophotometry. Kit reagents obtained from ZeptoMatrix corporation, Bufflo, united states (catalog No: 0801192). kidney samples were homogenized in ice-cold 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), centrifuged for 15 min at 4°C 12,000 × g then the supernatant was obtained. MDA in the supernatant can generate a colorful complex with thiobarbituric acid, which was absorbed maximally at 535 nm [16].
Estimation of the antioxidant parameters; GSH, CAT, and SOD.
Colorimetric kits were obtained from Dokki Biodiagnostic Company in Giza, Egypt. Measurements were carried out on reduced glutathione levels using the colorimetric method based on the reduction of 5,5`dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) with glutathione (GSH) to obtain a yellow compound. The decreased chromogen is directly proportional to GSH concentration, and its absorbance can be measured at 405 nm [17]. CAT was measured following the method performed by [18]. SOD activity was determined using the method described by [19].
Quantitative estimation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL6) concentration in renal tissue.
They were analyzed using USCN Life Science Inc. ELISA kits. According to the manufacturers’ protocol, the competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay technique was used in this assay.
Estimation of Bcl-2 associated x protein (Bax) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) in renal tissue.
It was determined using quantitative real-time PCR after total RNA was isolated according to the manufacturer’s instructions using the Qiagen tissue extraction kit (Qiagen, USA). Using a high-capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Fermentas, USA), total RNA was converted to cDNA. Then, using Applied Biosystems with Step One TM software version 3.1 (USA), amplification and analysis of real-time qPCR product were conducted. The primer sequence of the gene under study include:
- BAX: Forward primer:5’-CCCTGTGCACTAAAGTGCCC-3.
- Reverse primer: 5’-CTTCTTCACGATGGTGAGCG-3
- NFκB: Forward primer: 5’-CATTGAGGTGTATTTCACGG -3
- Reverse primer: 5’-GGCAAGTGGCCATTGTGTTC -3
Histopathological studies
The kidneys were quickly extracted and opened. The specimens were fixed in 10% formalin, sectioned into 5 mm thick paraffin blocks, and hematoxylin as well as eosin stains (H&E) were used for light microscopy [20].
Statistical analysis
To compare all groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted, while to compare between every two groups, the post-hoc Turkeyʼs test was used. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. A p-value less than 0.05 is considered significant. Computer analysis of the obtained data was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Services version 25 (SPSS).
Results
Effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol and their combination on renal function
AK 400 mg/kg significantly increased BUN and creatinine levels compared with the normal control group. EA 10 mg/kg or CTZ 10 mg/kg alone produced a non-significant reduction in both parameters in relation to the normal control group. AK plus EA and AK plus CTZ significantly reduced BUN and creatinine compared with the AK group. AK plus EA and CTZ significantly reduced both parameters than each drug alone (Fig 2).
Graphical presentation of serum BUN (blood urea nitrogen) (A) and creatinine (B). Ellagic acid (EA) 10 mg/kg, cilostazol (CTZ) 10 mg/kg and their combination were administered one hour before intramuscular injection of amikacin 400 mg/kg for seven days. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Turkeyʼs test. Values are presented as mean ± SE (n = 7). Values without common small letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol, and their combination on oxidative stress markers
AK 400 mg/kg significantly increased MDA levels in the renal tissue and caused a significant reduction of CAT, SOD, and GSH in renal tissue compared to the control group. EA10 mg/kg or CTZ 10 mg/kg alone produced non-significant results concerning the normal control group. AK plus EA and AK plus CTZ significantly decreased MDA and significantly increased GSH, SOD, and CAT in renal tissue concerning the AK group. AK plus EA and CTZ produced a more significant MDA reduction and a more significant rise of GSH, SOD, and CAT than each drug alone (Fig 3).
Quantitative analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) (A), reduced glutathione (GSH) (B), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (C), catalase (CAT) (D) in the renal tissue. Ellagic acid (EA) 10 mg/kg, cilostazol (CTZ) 10 mg/kg and their combination were administered one hour before intramuscular injection of amikacin 400 mg/kg for seven days. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Turkeyʼs test. Values are indicated as mean ± SE (n = 7). Values without common small letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol, and their combinations on inflammatory markers
AK 400-mg/kg produced a significant increase in renal tissue TNFα and IL6 compared to the normal control group. EA 10 mg/kg or CTZ 10 mg/kg alone produced non-significant results concerning the control group. AK plus EA and AK plus CTZ produced a significant reduction in TNFα and IL6 in renal tissue compared to the AK group. AK plus EA and CTZ produced a more significant decrease in TNFα and IL6 than each drug alone (Fig 4).
Quantitative analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (A) and interleukin 6 (IL6) (B) in the renal tissue. Ellagic acid (EA) 10 mg/kg, cilostazol (CTZ) 10 mg/kg and their combination were administered one hour before intramuscular injection of amikacin 400 mg/kg for seven days. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Turkeyʼs test. Values are presented as mean ± SE (n = 7). Values without common small letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol, and their combination on apoptotic markers
AK 400 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase in NFκB and BAX expression in renal tissue compared with the normal control group. EA 10 mg/kg or CTZ 10 mg/kg alone produced a non-significant result concerning the normal control group, while AK plus EA and AK plus CTZ showed a significant decrease in NFκB and BAX expression concerning the AK group. AK plus EA and CTZ produced a more significant NFκB reduction and BAX expression in renal tissue than each drug alone (Fig 5).
Quantitative analysis of Bcl-2 associated x protein (BAX) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) in renal tissue. Ellagic acid (EA) 10 mg/kg, cilostazol (CTZ) 10 mg/kg and their combination were administered one hour before intramuscular injection of amikacin 400 mg/kg for seven days. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Turkeyʼs test. Values are presented as mean ± SE (n = 7). Values without common small letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol, and their combination on the structure of the renal cortex
Histopathological findings exhibited the normal structure of the renal cortex, tubules, and glomeruli [A]. After nephrotoxicity was induced by amikacin, the kidney exhibited karyolysis, loss of the outer basement membrane of tubules, and accumulation of necrotic material in the lumen [B].
EA 10 mg/kg produced no changes in normal kidney structure [C]. Also, CTZ 10 mg/kg produced no changes in normal kidney structure [D]. The administration of EA 10-mg/kg or CTZ 10 mg/kg one hour before AK as a prophylactic agent exhibited an improvement of AK-induced nephrotoxicity in reducing the percentage of the area of inflammation, eosinophilia, and necrosis [E]&[F] respectively. Administration EA plus CTZ one hour before AK as a prophylactic agent showed more reduction in the percentage of the area of inflammation, eosinophilia, and necrosis [G] than each drug alone (Fig 6).
A photomicrograph (H&E stain x400) of renal tissue showing: (A) a normal structure of the renal cortex, tubules (T) and glomeruli (G); control normal, (B) Amikacin (AK), (C) ellagic acid (EA), (D) cilostazol (CTZ), (E) AK + EA, (F) AK + CTZ and (G) AK+EA+CTZ. Ellagic acid (EA) 10 mg/kg, cilostazol (CTZ) 10 mg/kg and their combination were administered one hour before intramuscular injection of amikacin 400 mg/kg for seven days.
Discussion
AKI occurs in 20–30% of children exposed to aminoglycosides [21]. This study investigated the renoprotective effect of EA alone, CTZ alone, and their combination.
The results of the current work showed that AK 400 mg/kg significantly increased serum BUN and creatinine levels. These results agree with Hlail and colleagues [1], who demonstrated than intraperitoneal AK 120 mg/kg injection for 14 d produced a significant increase in serum creatinine and urea levels. Also, previous studies found that i.m injection of AK 100 mg/kg for seven days produced a significant rise in creatinine, uric acid, and urea [5].
Multiple pathophysiological effects of AK-induced kidney damage include the creation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and stimulation of apoptosis, as AK forms a complex with mitochondrial Fe2+, causing the development of free radicals. These free radicals and reactive species are essential in drug-induced renal impairment and BUN and creatinine increase [7].
Antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT are essential for cellular antioxidative defense. SOD catalyzes the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by superoxide radical dismutation [22]. MDA is a lipid peroxidation end product that can be used as a biological biomarker to describe the degree of oxidative stress [23]. GSH acts as a potent electron donor acting against free radicals. With the aid of glutathione peroxidase enzymes, GSH can degrade H2O2 to H2O [24].
Also, this work indicated that AK 400 mg/kg produced a significant reduction in the antioxidant parameters; GSH, SOD, and CAT, and a significant increase in oxidation parameter; MDA, in renal tissue. These results are following Abdel-Daim and colleagues [5] who reported a significant elevation of MDA and a significant reduction of SOD, CAT, and GSH caused by AK 100 mg/kg.
AK is not metabolized in the body and is primarily eliminated in the urine. As a result, it accumulates in proximal tubules and glomeruli, leading to the activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, lowering the glomerular filtration rate and increasing the production of platelet-activating factor, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and vasoconstrictors [25]. The excessive ROS production causes oxidative stress, which causes significant interconnected disturbances in cellular metabolism, such as protein and nucleic acid structure changes, DNA damage, apoptosis induction, elevation in intracellular free calcium, damage to membrane ion transport, and cell damage from lipid peroxidation [1].
TNF is a proinflammatory cytokine formed by macrophages and monocytes and can activate neutrophils and lymphocytes, enhancing vascular endothelial cell permeability, and triggering the production and release of other cytokines. It acts on tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and 2 (TNFR2). TNFR1 mediate inflammation and increases fibroblast proliferation by activating nuclear factor (NF). TNFR2 contributes to cell migration, regeneration, proliferation, and TNF1-mediated apoptosis regulation. TNFα may stimulate the NF-B pathway, which regulates the transcription and production of inflammatory mediators. This is a vicious cycle that exacerbates inflammatory reactions [26].
The results of this work proved that AK 400 mg/kg produced a significant increase in NFκB, TNFα, and IL6 in relation to the normal control group. Ozbek et al. (2009) agreed with these results and stated that intraperitoneal injection of gentamycin 100 mg/kg significantly increased NFκB expression in renal tissue [27].
AK-induced nephrotoxicity could be due to up-regulation of TNF-α expression or due to AK-induced oxidative stress, which induces oxygen-containing derivatives and cytokine production, which function as a second messenger for activating NF-B, resulting in the transcription of cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins [5]
This work indicated that AK 400 mg/kg significantly increased BAX expression in renal tissue. Helmy et al. (2020) agreed with this result and showed that AK 1.2 g/kg single intraperitoneal injection increased BAX expression in renal tissue [28].
Aminoglycosides can cause apoptosis in the kidney by increasing the content of cytosolic BAX protein, which activates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, it includes caspase-9 activation as an initiator, caspase-3 activation as an effector, and DNase activation, leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis [29].
In this study, oral administration of EA 10 mg/kg one hour before AK significantly reduced BUN and creatinine. These findings support those of [14], who reported that EA 10 mg/kg significantly reduced urea and creatinine in gentamycin 100 mg/kg induced nephrotoxicity. Ateşşahín et al. (2007) [30] reported that EA 10 mg/kg significantly reduced urea and creatinine in nephrotoxicity induced by intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin 7 mg/kg. The improvement in RBF and GFR could explain EA’s favorable effect in improving kidney function tests and lowering creatinine and BUN levels [31].
In this study, EA 10 mg/kg orally one hour before AK produced a significant reduction of oxidation parameter; MDA, and a significant increase in the antioxidant parameters; GSH, CAT, and SOD in renal tissue in relation to the AK group. A previous study [14] agreed with these results as they reported that EA 10 mg/kg induced a preventive effect on nephrotoxicity caused by gentamycin as it increased SOD, CAT, and GSH levels. Also, Bhattacharjee et al. (2021) reported that oral administration of EA 25, 50 mg/kg, orally for two months showed a preventive effect on nephrotoxicity caused by lead by increasing CAT, SOD, GSH, and reducing MDA compared with the control nephrotoxic group [32].
The ability of EA to scavenge free radicals has been related to its intrinsic antioxidant activity. This is since it can transfer the phenolic H-atom to a free radical. Lactone systems and EA hydroxyl groups can create hydrogen bonds and act as hydrogen donors and electron acceptors. As a result, EA can participate in antioxidant redox reactions, resulting in a highly efficient free radical scavenger [33].
Oxidative stress has been shown to be decreased by EA through modulation of several mechanisms. These involve antioxidant response activation through Nrf2, suppression of cytokines, such as IL1, IL6, TNF, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) through NF-kB, and cell survival or apoptosis control through NF-kB [34]. EA is classed as a multiple-function antioxidant since it exerts its beneficial effect through both primary and secondary ways [35].
EA 10 mg/kg orally one hour before AK significantly reduced TNFα, IL6, and NFκB expression in this work. These findings are consistent with that of Marn et al. (2013), who suggested that EA reduced NF-B, IL-6, and TNF levels compared to the control group in mice with ulcerative colitis [36]. EA inhibits inflammation through modulating the NF-B signaling pathway [37]. These findings are consistent with Cornélio Favarin et al. (2013), who discovered that EA 10 mg/kg increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and decreased the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [38]. EA decreases toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) in the kidney tissue by cutting down TLR4 downstream protein leading to reduction in inflammatory factors [26].
In this study, EA 10 mg/kg orally one hour before AK reduced BAX expression in renal tissue. A previous study [14] agreed with this finding and reported that EA 10 mg/kg reduced gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by increasing Bcl2/BAX ratio and decreasing Caspase- 3. It is one of the main executors of apoptosis.
EA’s antioxidant and anti-apoptotic qualities may be attributed to the increased SIRT1 expression in renal tissues [39]. SIRT1 (sirtuin1) is the mammalian homolog of the yeast Sir2 (silent information regulator 2). It protects against oxidative stress by deacetylating forkhead box O (FOXO) and tumor suppressor protein (p53). SIRT1 deacetylates p53 and FOXO, resulting in transcriptional activities suppression and loss of stress-induced apoptosis [40]. FOXOs also contribute to the viability of cells through the transactivation of enzymes that detoxify ROS, such as SOD2/MnSOD and CAT [39].
Also, this study indicated that oral administration of CTZ 10 mg/kg one hour before AK significantly decreased BUN and creatinine. These findings support a previous study [15] which demonstrated that administration of CTZ 10 mg/kg once daily for eight days reduced creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels in the nephrotoxicity induced by gentamycin. Also, Gokce et al. (2012) reported concomitant use of CTZ 10 mg/kg, orally with cyclosporine reduced urea and creatinine level [41].
This work showed that oral administration of CTZ 10 mg/kg one hour before AK produced a significant decrease in oxidation parameter; MDA and a significant increase in the antioxidant parameters; GSH, CAT, and SOD in renal tissue in relation to the AK group. These results agree with that of Gokce et al. (2012), who reported that administration of CTZ 10 mg/kg for seven days eases cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity by decreasing MDA and increasing SOD and CAT activity [41]. CTZ prevents oxidative stress by activating redox defense systems through increased expression of PI3K/Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 mRNAs, resulting in oxidative stress reduction and restoration of mitochondrial dysfunction [12].
In this study, oral administration of CTZ 10 mg/kg decreased TNFα, IL6, and NFκB expression in renal tissue. These results are according to Hermes et al. (2016), who reported that oral administration of CTZ 100 mg/kg for 14 days decreased TNFα and NFκB in dystrophic diaphragm muscle [42]. Also, Sakamoto et al. (2018) demonstrated that CTZ 50 mg/kg for seven days reduced interleukin-6 and TNFα [43]. CTZ prevents nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cytokines, such as IL1, TNF α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) [44].
In this study, CTZ 10 mg/kg orally as a prophylactic dose, significantly reduced expression of BAX in relation to AK group. These results agree with a previous study [15] which reported that CTZ 10 mg/kg for eight days produced a significant reduction in BAX expression in gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity model. CTZ suppresses signals of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Additionally, it reduces cytochrome c release from mitochondria and down-regulates BAX expression [45].
This histopathology findings revealed that AK 400 mg/kg was associated with disturbances in the kidney histopathological picture, including inflammatory cell infiltration, tubular epithelial lining degeneration, and tubular necrosis. These results agree with Abdel Fattah and Gaballah, (2020), who demonstrated that marked degenerative changes in the kidney and marked tubular necrosis occurred with AK [46].
EA administration before AK exhibited an improvement in the histopathological changes as it decreased inflammation and necrosis. These results are consistent with Bhattacharjee et al., 2021, who stated that EA 25, 50 mg/kg reduced histopathological changes and renal tubular necrosis in lead-induced nephrotoxicity [32]. Also, CTZ administration one hour before AK shows a reduction in inflammation and tubular necrosis. These results agree with Abdelsameea and colleagues [15] who reported that administration of CTZ 10 mg/kg rat eases degenerative changes in the renal cortex in gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity model.
In this study, oral administration of EA 10 mg/kg plus CTZ 10 mg/kg before AK 400 mg/kg produced a more significant reduction of BUN and creatinine; more significant reduction of oxidation parameter MDA; more significant reduction of antioxidant parameters: GSH, SOD, and CAT; more significant reduction of inflammatory mediators: TNFα, IL6; more significant reduction of NFκB and BAX expression; more improvement in the histopathological changes developed in kidney tissue by AK than each drug alone due to the synergistic effect of both drugs.
Conclusion
EA and CTZ have a renoprotective effect partially due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Effect of ellagic acid, cilostazol and their combination on amikacin induced nephrotoxicity.
Data are represented as mean ± SE. AK, amikacin; EA, ellagic acid; CTZ: cilostazol, BUN, blood urea nitrogen; MDA, malondialdehyde; GSH, reduced glutathione; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL6, interleukin 6, NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B; BAX, bcl-2 associated x protein. Values without common small letters are significantly different.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271591.s001
(DOCX)
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