https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5198-9539
Figures
Abstract
Background
It has been about 30 years since the first health literacy instrument was developed. This study aimed to review all existing instruments to summarize the current knowledge on the development of existing measurement instruments and their possible translation and validation in other languages different from the original languages.
Methods
The review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar on all published papers on health literacy instrument development and psychometric properties in English biomedical journals from 1993 to the end of 2021.
Results
The findings were summarized and synthesized on several headings, including general instruments, condition specific health literacy instruments (disease & content), population- specific instruments, and electronic health. Overall, 4848 citations were retrieved. After removing duplicates (n = 2336) and non-related papers (n = 2175), 361 studies (162 papers introducing an instrument and 199 papers reporting translation and psychometric properties of an original instrument) were selected for the final review. The original instruments included 39 general health literacy instruments, 90 condition specific (disease or content) health literacy instruments, 22 population- specific instruments, and 11 electronic health literacy instruments. Almost all papers reported reliability and validity, and the findings indicated that most existing health literacy instruments benefit from some relatively good psychometric properties.
Conclusion
This review highlighted that there were more than enough instruments for measuring health literacy. In addition, we found that a number of instruments did not report psychometric properties sufficiently. However, evidence suggest that well developed instruments and those reported adequate measures of validation could be helpful if appropriately selected based on objectives of a given study. Perhaps an authorized institution such as World Health Organization should take responsibility and provide a clear guideline for measuring health literacy as appropriate.
Citation: Tavousi M, Mohammadi S, Sadighi J, Zarei F, Kermani RM, Rostami R, et al. (2022) Measuring health literacy: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis of instruments from 1993 to 2021. PLoS ONE 17(7): e0271524. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271524
Editor: Carlos Miguel Rios-González, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazu, PARAGUAY
Received: February 19, 2022; Accepted: July 4, 2022; Published: July 15, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Tavousi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the article.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The term ‘health literacy’ was first used in 1974 in a paper entitled ‘health education as a social policy’ [1]. Since then, health literacy appeared more frequently in the biomedical literature and believed that it goes beyond the ability to read, write, and understand the meanings of words and numbers in health care settings [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health literacy as: ‘cognitive and social skills that determine the motivation and ability of individuals to access understand and use the information to promote and maintain optimal health’ [3]. Later the WHO regional office for Europe defined health literacy as: ‘Health literacy is linked to literacy and entails people’s knowledge, motivation and competences to access, understand, appraise and apply health information in order to make judgments and take decisions in every- day life concerning health care, disease prevention and health promotion to maintain or improve quality of life during the life course’ [4].
Health literacy is believed to have a vital impact on public health through access to and use of health services [5, 6]. Low health literacy is associated with poor health status [6, 7], frequent use of health services, longer hospital length of stay [5, 6], and high mortality [7, 8]. In addition, some studies have linked low health literacy to unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking [4, 9–12], low physical activity [10–12], and low use of preventive services [4, 7, 10]. Essentially, health literacy plays a role in improving health outcomes both at the individual level (reducing health inequalities) and at the societal level (continuous development of health policies) [13].
Therefore, measuring health literacy is fundamental and needs appropriate measures. Among health literacy instruments, the Rapid Assessment of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) [14], the Test of Functional Health Literacy (TOFHLA) [15], and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) [16] have a long history of application. These instruments have been criticized for a number of reasons, including evaluation of only a few areas of health literacy, inadequacy for use in interventional studies, or lack of development with a health promotion perspective. In addition, most of these scales were developed and used in clinical settings [17].
In a review of the literature from 1999 to 2013, 51 instruments were identified. Of these, 26 were general health literacy instruments, 15 were condition specific (disease or content), and 10 were health literacy instruments in a specific population [18]. In a review by O`Neil et al. on self-administered health literacy instruments, 35 measures were reported (27 original; 8 derivative instruments) [19]. Nguyen et al., in their study, stated that there are more than 100 health literacy instruments, but only a small number of them have been developed using modern guidelines [20]. In addition, there were further review papers with limited focus covering either general measures or papers that reviewed condition and population- specific health literacy measures. A chronological list of selected review papers is provided in Table 1 [20–38]. However, none of the previous reviews assess instruments comprehensively. Thus, to provide insight into the literature, we performed a bibliometric analysis from the start to the end of 2021 to comprehensively review all existing instruments. We thought this might help synthesize evidence and provide a platform for investigators with similar interests to easily select, apply, or appraise an instrument when needed.
Table 1. Review papers on health literacy instruments.
Materials and methods
Search engine and time period
The electronic databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The aim was to review all full publications in biomedical journals between 1993 and 2021. The search was updated twice: once in January 2022 and once in early February 2022. The year 1993 was chosen since the first standard instrument was reported in 1993.
Search strategy
The search strategy was limited to health literacy instruments whose psychometric information was accurately and transparently presented. Papers were retrieved using different combinations of keywords and MeSH terms including; ‘Health literacy’, ‘eHealth literacy’, ‘e-Health literacy’, ‘e Health literacy’, ‘electronic Health literacy’, ‘Tool’, ‘Instrument’, ‘Scale’, ‘Questionnaire’, ‘Measure’ and ‘Inventory’ in the title and abstract of papers.
All potentially relevant publications were extracted and reviewed independently by two authors (SM and FZ). Discrepancies between authors were resolved by consensus with the first investigator (MT). Then, qualified studies were obtained for full‐text screening. The three authors extracted the data in order to identify eligible studies. After the final evaluation, the required data were extracted and recorded.
Ethics statement
The Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR) approved the study (Code of Ethics approved: IR.ACECR.IBCRC.REC.1397.014).
Selection criteria
This study included all original papers reporting psychometric properties of health literacy (and e-health literacy) instruments published in English. Papers only published in journals remained in the study, and books and pamphlets, dissertations, papers presented at conferences, etc., were excluded. All publications were screened using the PRISMA guideline [39].
Quality assessment
The quality of papers was evaluated using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of the health status Measurement Instrument (COSMIN) checklist. The COSMIN initiative aims to improve the selection of health measurement instruments [40]. For the purpose of this review reporting, six criteria (with at least eight items) were considered sufficient, and for each reported item, a score of 1 was assigned, giving a total score of 8. The criteria were reporting: internal consistency, stability (interclass correlation), face/content validity, structural validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), criterion validity, hypotheses testing (convergent or divergent validity, discriminant or known groups comparison). Then, the quality of psychometric reporting of each measure was categorized as: poor (< 2), fair (2, 3), good (4, 5), and excellent (≥ 6).
Data synthesis
The data for each paper were extracted and summarized. The summary then was tabulated by a topic. The following information was provided: author(s)’ name, year of publication, validity, and reliability, and type of instruments, including: ‘general health literacy instruments’, ‘condition (disease or content) specific instruments’, instruments that were developed for ‘specific populations’ [18], and e-Health Literacy instruments.
Results
Descriptive findings
The study flowchart is presented in Fig 1. Overall, 4848 papers were identified. After removing duplicates (n = 2336) and irrelevant documents (n = 2175), 361 papers were included in the final review. Of these, 162 papers introduced an instrument, and 199 papers reported translation and psychometric properties for an original measure. Indeed, the original instruments are briefly described in four categories in the following sections.
Fig 1. Flow diagram of the study selection process.
General health literacy instruments
There were 39 instruments for measuring general health literacy. Historically among the general instruments, the most frequently used instruments were the REALM [14], the TOFHLA [15], and the NVS [16]. However, recently two well-developed instruments were introduced: The Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) [55] and the Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q) [56]. The HLS-EU-Q and its newer versions [61, 69] have been widely used in European and Asian settings. Overall proper psychometric properties were reported for measures in this category. A summary of findings is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. General health literacy instruments (1993–2021).
Condition (disease or content) specific instruments
There were 90 condition specific (disease & content) instruments. Measuring health literacy for chronic non-communicable diseases, especially diabetes mellitus, has been considered more frequently. At least nine instruments assess health literacy in diabetes. Infectious diseases (such as HIV, HPV, tuberculosis, cholera, and infectious disease-specific) were the second topic of interest in developing health literacy measures. These instruments have also been well-reviewed and validated in relevant studies in terms of validity and reliability (Table 3).
Table 3. Disease specific health literacy instruments (1993–2021).
Among the instruments with special content, the most frequently used were oral/dental health literacy and mental health literacy. The parental and maternal, insurance, occupational, complementary, and alternative medicine, the responsiveness of primary care practices, weight-specific childhood, overweight, social determinants of health, and non-specific neck pain health food, were other specific content measures (Table 4).
Table 4. Content specific health literacy instruments (1993–2021).
Population- specific instruments
A number of health literacy instruments were designed for a specific population- or specific demographic population (n = 22). The grouping was based on age (adolescents, adults/elderly adults, and the elderly) or nationality (Korean, Taiwanese, English, Spanish, American, Switzerland, Australian, German, Chinese, Iranian, and Finnish). A list of instruments and their psychometric properties are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Population- specific health literacy instruments (1993–2021).
e-Health literacy instruments
There were 11 electronic health literacy instruments. Of these, the instrument developed by Norman et al. [189] was used more frequently in various studies. A list of instruments is presented in Table 6.
Table 6. Electronic health literacy instruments (1993–2021).
Other versions that reported for an original instrument
There were a number of instruments that translated and validated in other nations with different demographic backgrounds (n = 199). A list of these instruments is presented in Table 7.
Table 7. The original health literacy instruments and the existing translations and validation versions (1993–2021).
Results for quality assessment
As indicated in the methods section, all papers under review were assessed for quality. The results are shown in Table 8.
Table 8. The results for quality assessment of existing health literacy instruments (1993–2021).
Synthesis of findings
Numerous instruments have been developed during the past thirty years for measuring health literacy. This review could provide information on 162 instruments. Of these, there were two well-developed instruments:
- HLQ, which avoided the use of prevailing theories until the later development process, and great care was taken to fully understand the experiences and lives of people, professionals, and healthcare providers [55].
- HLS-EU-Q47, which used conceptual-based, multi-faceted attributes [56].
However, they reported limited psychometric properties. Of the remaining instruments, 15 instruments reported proper psychometric properties needed. In addition, there were a number of instruments that were translated and validated to other languages more frequently. A list of instruments is presented in Table 9.
Table 9. A list of instruments that well developed, reported proper psychometric properties, and instruments frequently translated or validated in other countries (1993–2021).
Discussion
This bibliometric review covered the literature for about thirty years. The present review extracted and reported a wide range of health literacy instruments in several sections and perhaps could be a good reference for investigators who wish to use an instrument for measuring health literacy. In addition, the current study might help to avoid adding yet another measure to a rather long list of existing instruments.
Some general health literacy instruments have multiple versions used in different languages and populations. For instance, there were 16 versions for the REALM [14], 15 versions for the NVS [16], 6 versions for the TOFHLA [15], 13 versions for the S- TOFHLA [41], and 19 versions for the HLQ [55] (Table 7). Among the general health literacy instruments the HLS-EU-Q [56], which examines health literacy in three areas (health care, health prevention, and health promotion), has a potential to be used universally.
Despite a large number of general health literacy assessment instruments and specific topics, currently having a unique and international instrument for measuring health literacy is one of the concerns of public health professionals. This study showed that one of the most widely used instruments at the international level is the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q) [56]. During the development process, the English version of the HLS-EU-Q simultaneously was translated into Bulgarian, Dutch, German, Greek, Polish, Spanish, Irish, Austrian [56] and in Asia into Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Vietnam [292]. Also, the Taiwanese [293–296]; Norwegian [297]; Japanese [298]; Vietnamese [299] versions of this instrument have been used in various populations, making it one of the most widely used internationally. Given this instrument’s relatively wide range of applications, it may be considered a prelude for producing an international instrument for measuring health literacy.
Many instruments were developed to measure health literacy among specific diseases (chronic non-communicable diseases, especially diabetes, hypertension, and cancer). With the widespread prevalence of chronic non-communicable, there was a strong desire to develop such instruments. As shown in Table 3, among chronic diseases, diabetes has received more attention than other diseases. Among the instruments that consider a specific content (e.g., maternal, parental, environmental, obesity, and weight gain), oral/dental health literacy and mental health literacy have received special attention.
Development and psychometric evaluation of health literacy instruments was observed in different countries. We recognized health literacy instruments in different languages such as Korean, Taiwanese, English, Spanish, American, Australian, German, Switzerland, Finnish, Iranian, Chinese, Japanese, Brazilian, Philippines, and Vietnamese. As shown in Table 5, the countries of Southeast Asia, especially China, have a long history of activity in this field. It has also been shown that the American population and the populations of Southeast Asian countries (Chinese, Taiwanese, and Koreans) address a large number of health literacy assessment instruments.
One of the unique features of this study is the reporting of e-health literacy instruments. There were eleven instruments available for measuring e-health literacy (Table 6). The existence of many different versions of such instruments (Table 7) demonstrates a growing tendency to measure health literacy related to the increasing use of interment and social media by the general public almost everywhere.
Finally, one should note that the most important question is, do we need so many instruments for measuring health literacy? Although one could not prevent investigators from developing new instruments, it is evident that such haphazard development of instruments is not helpful. It seems that we need a core global general health literacy instrument for use around the globe. Then perhaps it is possible to add a few contents/disease-specific, population- specific, or e-health literacy items to the general instruments according to their use. The experience of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-EORTC (the Quality of Life Study Group) might be useful to be adapted (https://qol.eortc.org/quality-of-life-group/).
Limitations
The main criterion in extracting information was the availability of the full-text papers. In cases of no access to the original text, the required information was extracted from their abstracts. Otherwise, such studies were removed from the review. In addition, we only reviewed papers that included the word health literacy in the title. Thus there is a risk of missing papers that did not use health literacy in their titles.
Conclusion
This review highlighted that there were more than enough instruments for measuring health literacy. In addition, we found that a number of instruments did not report psychometric properties sufficiently. However, evidence suggest that well developed instruments and those reported adequate measures of validation could be helpful if appropriately selected based on objectives of a given study. Perhaps an authorized institution such as World Health Organization should take responsibility and provide a clear guideline for measuring health literacy as appropriate.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to all staff in Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran for help and support.
References
- 1. Simonds SK. Health education as social policy. Health Educ. 1974;2(1_suppl):1–10.
- 2.
Kindig DA, Panzer AM, Nielsen-Bohlman L. Health literacy: A prescription to end confusion. National Academies Press, 2004.
- 3. Smith BJ, Tang KC, Nutbeam D. WHO health promotion glossary: New terms. Health Promot Int. 2006;21(4):340–345. pmid:16963461
- 4.
Kickbusch I, Pelikan JM, Apfel F, Tsouros AD. Health Literacy. The solid facts. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2013.
- 5. Vandenbosch J, Van den Broucke S, Vancorenland S, Avalosse H, Verniest R, Callens M. Health literacy and the use of healthcare services in Belgium. JECH. 2016;70(10):1032–1038. pmid:27116951
- 6. Sorensen K, Pelikan JM, Rothlin F, Ganahl K, Slonska Z, Doyle G, et al. Health literacy in Europe: Comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU). Eur J Public Health. 2015;25(6):1053–1058. pmid:25843827
- 7. Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, Halpern DJ, Crotty K. Low health literacy and health outcomes: An updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(2):97–107. pmid:21768583
- 8. Bostock S, Steptoe A. Association between low functional health literacy and mortality in older adults: Longitudinal cohort study. BMJ. 2012;344:e1602. pmid:22422872
- 9. Von Wagner C, Knight K, Steptoe A, Wardle J. Functional health literacy and health-promoting behaviour in a national sample of British adults. J Epidemiology Community Health. 2007;61(12):1086–1090.
- 10. Fernandez DM, Larson JL, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. Associations between health literacy and preventive health behaviors among older adults: Findings from the health and retirement study. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1–8. pmid:27430477
- 11. Jayasinghe UW, Harris MF, Parker SM, Litt J, van Driel M, Mazza D, et al. The impact of health literacy and life style risk factors on health-related quality of life of Australian patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2016;14(1):1–3. pmid:27142865
- 12. Palumbo R, Annarumma C, Adinolfi P, Musella M, Piscopo G. The Italian health literacy project: Insights from the assessment of health literacy skills in Italy. Health Policy. 2016;120(9):1087–1094. pmid:27593949
- 13. Kutcher S, Wei Y, Coniglio C. Mental health literacy: Past, present, and future. Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61(3):154–158. pmid:27254090
- 14. Davis TC, Long SW, Jackson RH, Mayeaux EJ, George RB, Murphy PW, et al. Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine: A shortened screening instrument. Fam Med. 1993;25(6):391–395. pmid:8349060
- 15. Parker RM, Baker DW, Williams MV, Nurss JR. The test of functional health literacy in Adults: A new instrument for measuring patients’ literacy skills. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10:537–541. pmid:8576769
- 16. Weiss BD, Mays MZ, Martz W, Castro KM, DeWalt DA, Pignone MP, et al. Quick assessment of literacy in primary care: the newest vital sign. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3:514–522. pmid:16338915
- 17.
Kanj M, Mitic W. Health literacy and health promotion: Definitions, concepts and examples in the East Mediterranean region. 7th global conference on health promotion working paper. Nairobi: World Health Organization, 2009.
- 18. Haun JN, Valerio MA, McCormack LA, Sorensen K, Paasche-Orlow MK. Health literacy measurement: An inventory and descriptive summary of 51 instruments. J Health Commun. 2014;19(sup2):302–333.
- 19. O’Neill B, Goncalves D, Ricci-Cabello I, Ziebland S, Valderas J. An overview of self-administered health literacy instruments. Plos One. 2014;9(12):e109110. pmid:25478813
- 20. Nguyen TH, Paasche-Orlow MK, Kim MT, Han HR, Chan KS. Modern measurement approaches to health literacy scale development and refinement: Overview, current uses, and next steps. J Health Commun. 2015;20(sup2):112–115.
- 21. Machado AL, Lima FE, Cavalcante TF, Araujo TL, Vieira NF. Instruments of health literacy used in nursing studies with hypertensive elderly. Rev gaucha enferm. 2014;35(4):101–107. pmid:25842787
- 22. Dickson-Swift V, Kenny A, Farmer J, Gussy M, Larkins S. Measuring oral health literacy: A scoping review of existing tools. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14(1):1–3. pmid:25472659
- 23. O’Connor M, Casey L, Clough B. Measuring mental health literacy–a review of scale-based measures. J Ment Health. 2014;23(4):197–204. pmid:24785120
- 24. Parthasarathy DS, McGrath CP, Bridges SM, Wong HM, Yiu CK, Au TK. Efficacy of instruments measuring oral health literacy: A systematic review. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2014;12(3):2233–2243. pmid:25197741
- 25. Perry EL. Health literacy in adolescents: An integrative review. J Pediatr Nurs. 2014;19(3):210–218. pmid:24612548
- 26. Wei Y, McGrath PJ, Hayden J, Kutcher S. Mental health literacy measures evaluating knowledge, attitudes and help-seeking: A scoping review. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):1–20. pmid:26576680
- 27. Duell P, Wright D, Renzaho AM, Bhattacharya D. Optimal health literacy measurement for the clinical setting: A systematic review. Patient Educ Couns. 2015;98(11):1295–1307. pmid:26162954
- 28. Stonbraker S, Schnall R, Larson E. Tools to measure health literacy among Spanish speakers: An integrative review of the literature. Patient Educ Couns. 2015;98(12):1513–1523. pmid:26227578
- 29. Wei Y, McGrath PJ, Hayden J, Kutcher S. Measurement properties of mental health literacy tools measuring help-seeking: A systematic review. J Ment Health. 2017;26(6):543–555. pmid:28355928
- 30. Lee EH, Kim CJ, Lee J, Moon SH. Self‐administered health literacy instruments for people with diabetes: Aystematic review of measurement properties. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73(9):2035–2048. pmid:28103387
- 31. Shum J, Poureslami I, Wiebe D, Doyle-Waters MM, Nimmon L, FitzGerald JM. Airway diseases and Health Literacy (HL) measurement tools: A systematic review to inform respiratory research and practice. Patient Educ Couns. 2018;101(4):596–618. pmid:29107399
- 32. Guo S, Armstrong R, Waters E, Sathish T, Alif SM, Browne GR, et al. Quality of health literacy instruments used in children and adolescents: A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8(6):e020080. pmid:29903787
- 33. Wei Y, McGrath P, Hayden J, Kutcher S. The quality of mental health literacy measurement tools evaluating the stigma of mental illness: A systematic review. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2018;27(5):433–462. pmid:28462747
- 34. Okan O, Lopes E, Bollweg TM, Broder J, Messer M, Bruland D, et al. Generic health literacy measurement instruments for children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1–9. pmid:29357867
- 35. Estrella ML, Allen-Meares P. Tools to measure health literacy among US African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos with type 2 diabetes: A scoping review of the literature. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(10):2155–2165. pmid:32451221
- 36. Slatyer S, Toye C, Burton E, Jacinto AF, Hill KD. Measurement properties of self-report instruments to assess health literacy in older adults: A systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2020;42(26):1–17. pmid:33164591
- 37. Ghaffari M, Rakhshanderou S, Ramezankhani A, Mehrabi Y, Safari-Moradabadi A. Systematic review of the tools of oral and dental health literacy: Assessment of conceptual dimensions and psychometric properties. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):1–2. pmid:32620108
- 38. Mafruhah OR, Huang YM, Shiyanbola OO, Shen GL, Lin HW. Ideal instruments used to measure health literacy related to medication use: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021;10(17):1663–1672. pmid:33674228
- 39. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Prisma Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLos medicine. 2009;6(7):e1000097. pmid:19621072
- 40. Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Knol DL, Stratford PW, Alonso J, Patrick DL, et al. The COSMIN checklist for evaluating the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties: A clarification of its content. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10(1):1–8. pmid:20298572
- 41. Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy. Patient Educ Couns. 1999;38(1):33–42. pmid:14528569
- 42. Lee SYD, Bender DE, Ruiz RE, Cho YI. Development of an easy-to-use Spanish health literacy. Test Health Serv Res. 2006;41(4p1):1392–1412. pmid:16899014
- 43. Morris NS, MacLean CD, Chew LD, Littenberg B. The single item literacy screener: Evaluation of a brief instrument to identify limited reading ability. BMC Fam Pract. 2006;7(1):1–7. pmid:16563164
- 44. Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Smith DM, Ubel PA, Fagerlin A. Validation of the Subjective Numeracy Scale (SNS): Effects of low numeracy on comprehension of risk communications and utility elicitations. Med Decis Making. 2007;27(5):663–671. pmid:17652180
- 45. Ishikawa H, Takeuchi T, Yano E. Measuring functional, communicative, and critical health literacy among diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5):874–879. pmid:18299446
- 46. Chew LD, Griffin J M, Partin MR, Noorbaloochi S, Grill JP, Snyder A, et al. Validation of screening questions for limited health literacy in a large VA outpatient population. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(5):561–566. pmid:18335281
- 47. Pleasant A, Kuruvilla S. A tale of two health literacies: Public health and clinical approaches to health literacy. Health Promot Int. 2008; 23(2):152–159. pmid:18223203
- 48. Rawson KA, Gunstad J, Hughes J, Spitznagel MB, Potter V, Waechter D, et al. The METER: A brief, self-administered measure of health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;25(1):67–71. pmid:19885705
- 49. Zhang XH, Thumboo J, Fong KY, Li SC. Development and validation of a functional health literacy tTest. Patient. 2009;2(3):169–178. pmid:22273168
- 50. McCormack L, Bann C, Squiers L, Berkman ND, Squire C, Schillinger D, et al. Measuring health literacy: A pilot studyof a new skills-based instrument. J Health Commun. 2010;15(S2):51–71.
- 51. Yu Ko Y, Joyce Yu-Chia Lee, Matthias Paul Han Sim Toh, Wern-Ee Tang, Audrey Siok-Ling Tan. Development and validation of a general health literacy test in Singapore. Health Promot Int. 2012;27(1):45–51. pmid:21467097
- 52. Begoray DL, Kwan B. A Canadian exploratory study to define a measure of health literacy. Health Promot Int. 2012;27(1):23–32. pmid:21436143
- 53. Kaphingst KA, Kreuter MW, Casey C, Leme L, Thompson T, Cheng MR, et al. Health literacy INDEX: Development, reliability, and validity of a new tool for evaluating the health literacy demands of health information materials. J Health Commun. 2012;17(sup3):203–21.
- 54. Helitzer D, Hollis C, Sanders M, Roybal S. Addressing the “other” health literacy competencies–knowledge, dispositions, and oral/aural communication: Development of TALKDOC, an intervention assessment tool. JHC. 2012;17(sup3):160–175.
- 55. Osborne RH, Batterham RW, Elsworth GR, Hawkins M, Buchbinder R. The grounded psychometric development and initial validation of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):1–7. pmid:23855504
- 56. Sorensen K, Van den Broucke S, Pelikan JM, Fullam J, Doyle G, Slonska Z, et al. Measuring health literacy in populations: illuminating the design and development process of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q). BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):948. pmid:24112855
- 57. Suka M, Odajima T, Kasai M, Igarashi A, Ishikawa H, Kusama M, et al. The 14-item Health Literacy Scale for Japanese adults (HLS-14). Environ Health Prev Med. 2013;18(5):407–415. pmid:23689952
- 58. Farin E, Ullrich A, Nagl M. Health education literacy in patients with chronic musculoskeletal diseases: Development of a new questionnaire and sociodemographic predictors. Health Educ Res. 2013;28(6):1080–1091. pmid:24113084
- 59. Jordan JE, Buchbinder R, Briggs AM, Elsworth GR, Busija L, Batterham R, et al. The Health Literacy Management Scale (HeLMS): A measure of an individual’s capacity to seek, understand and use health information within the healthcare setting. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;91(2):228–235. pmid:23419326
- 60. Sand-Jecklin K, Coyle S. Efficiently assessing patient health literacy: The BHLS instrument. Clin Nurs Res. 2014;23(6):581–600. pmid:23729022
- 61.
Pelikan JM, Rothlin F, Ganahl K. Measuring comprehensive health literacy in general populations: Validation of instrument, indices and scales of the HLS-EU study. In6th annual health literacy research conference. Bethesda, 2014.
- 62. Kang SJ, Lee TW, Paasche-Orlow MK, Kim GS, Won HK. Development and evaluation of the Korean health literacy instrument. JHC. 2014;19(sup2):254–266. pmid:25315597
- 63. Nakagami K, Yamauchi T, Noguchi H. Development and validation of a new instrument for testing functional health literacy in Japanese adults. Nurs Health Sci. 2014;16(2);201–208. pmid:23991825
- 64. Chau PH, Leung AY, Li HL, Sea M, Chan R, Woo J. Development and validation of Chinese Health Literacy scale for Low Salt consumption- Hong Kong population (CHLSalt-HK). Plos One. 2015;10(7):e0132303. pmid:26148008
- 65. Haghdoost AA, Rakhshani F, Aarabi M, Montazeri A, Tavousi M, Solimanian A, et al. Iranian Health Lliteracy Questionnaire (IHLQ): An instrument for measuring health literacy in Iran. IRCMJ. 2015;17(6):e25831. pmid:26290752
- 66. Zotti P, Cocchi S, Polesel J, Cipolat Mis Ch, Bragatto D, Cavuto S, et al. Cross-cultural validation of health literacy measurement tools in Italian oncology patients. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):1–7.
- 67. Tsubakita T, Kawazoe N, Kasano E. A new functional health literacy scale for Japanese young adults based on item response theory. Asia Pac J. 2017;29(2):149–158. pmid:28201939
- 68. Kim SH. Validation of the short version of Korean functional health literacy test. Int J Nurs. 2017;23(4): e12559. pmid:28695717
- 69. Finbraten HS, Wilde-Larsson B, Nordstrom G, Pettersen KS, Trollvik A, Guttersrud O. Establishing the HLS-Q12 short version of the European health literacy survey questionnaire: Latent trait analyses applying Rasch modelling and confirmatory factor analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):1–7.
- 70. Pleasant A, Maish C, O’Leary C, Carmona RH. A theory-based self-report measure of health literacy: The calgary charter on health literacy scale. MIO. 2018;11(3):1–9.
- 71. Duong TV, Aringazina A, Kayupova G, Nurjanah , Pham TV, Pham KM, et al. Development and validation of a new Short-Form Health Literacy Instrument (HLS-SF12) for the general public in six Asian countries. Health Lit Res Prac. 2019;3(2):e90–e102. pmid:31294310
- 72. McClintock HF, Alber JM, Schrauben SJ, Mazzola CM, Wiebe DJ. Constructing a measure of health literacy in Sub-Saharan African countries. Health Promot Int. 2020;35(5):907–915. pmid:31504512
- 73. Leung AY, Yu EY, Luk JK, Chau PH, Levin-Zamir D, Leung IS, et al. Rapid Estimate of Inadequate Health Literacy (REIHL): Development and validation of a practitioner-friendly health literacy screening tool for older adults. HKMJ. 2020;26(5):404–412. pmid:33093243
- 74. Shannon HA, Parker AW. Evaluation of a health literacy instrument designed for the mining industry. HLRP. 2020;4(2):84–93. pmid:32293688
- 75. Tavousi M, Haeri-Mehrizi AA, Rakhshani F, Rafiefar SH, Soleymanian A, Sarbandi F, et al. Development and validation of a short and easy-to-use instrument for measuring health literacy: The Health Literacy Instrument for Adults (HELIA). BMC Public Health. 2020;20:656. pmid:32397970
- 76. Park SK, Kim EG. A study on the reliability and validity of the Korean health literacy instrument for late school-aged children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:10304. pmid:34639605
- 77. Huizinga MM, Elasy TA, Wallston KA, Cavanaugh K, Davis D, Gregory RP, et al. Development and validation of the Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT). BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8(1):1–8. pmid:18452617
- 78. Kim MT, Song HJ, Han HR, Song Y, Nam S, Nguyen TH, et al. Development and validation of the high blood pressure-focused health literacy scale. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;87(2):165–170. pmid:22030252
- 79. Leung AYM, Lou VWQ, Cheung MKT, Chan SSC, Chi I. Development and validation of Chinese health literacy scale for diabetes. J Clin Nurs. 2013;22(15–16):2090–2099. pmid:23186320
- 80. Leung AY, Cheung MK, Lou VW, Chan FH, Ho CK, Do TL, et al. Development and validation of the Chinese health Literacy scale for chronic care. J Health Commun. 2013;18(sup1):205–222. pmid:24093357
- 81. Ownby RL, Waldrop-Valverde D, Hardigan P, Caballero J, Jacobs R, Acevedo A. Development and validation of a brief computer-administered HIV-related Health Literacy scale (HIV-HL). AIDS Behav. 2013;17(2):710–718. pmid:22961499
- 82. Sun X, Chen J, Shi Y, Zeng Q, Wei N, Xie R, et al. Measuring health literacy regarding infectious respiratory diseases: A new skills-based instrument. Plos One. 2013;8(5):e64153. pmid:23724029
- 83. Han HR, Huh B, Kim MT, Kim J, Nguyen T. Development and validation of the assessment of health literacy in breast and cervical cancer screening. J Health Commun. 2014;19(sup2):267–284. pmid:25315598
- 84. Dumenci L, Matsuyama R, Riddle DL, Cartwright LA, Perera RA, Chung H, et al. Measurement of cancer health literacy and identification of patients with limited cancer health literacy. J Health Commun. 2014;19(sup2):205–224. pmid:25315594
- 85. Londono AMM, Schulz PJ. Judgment skills, a missing component in health literacy: Development of a tool for asthma patients in the Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. Arch Public Health. 2014;72(1):1–9.
- 86. Shih CL, Chang TH, Jensen DA, Chiu CH. Development of a health literacy questionnaire for Taiwanese hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol. 2016;17(1):1–2. pmid:27245160
- 87. Matsuoka S, Kato N, Kayane T, Yamada M, Koizumi M, Ikegame T, et al. Development and validation of a heart failure–specific health literacy scale. JCN. 2016;31(2):131–139. pmid:26049813
- 88. Tian X, Di Z, Cheng Y, Ren X, Chai Y, Ding F, et al. Study on the development of an infectious disease-specific health literacy scale in the Chinese population. BMJ Open. 2016;6(8):e012039. pmid:27496240
- 89. Mafutha NG, Mogotlane S, De Swardt HC. Development of a hypertension health literacy assessment tool for use in primary healthcare clinics in South Africa, Gauteng. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2017;9(1):1–8. pmid:28828872
- 90. Tique JA, Howard LM, Gaveta S, Sidat M, Rothman RL, Vermund SH, et al. Measuring health literacy among adults with HIV infection in Mozambique: Development and validation of the HIV literacy test. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(3):822–832. pmid:26961538
- 91. Chou HL, Lo YL, Liu CY, Lin SC, Chen YL. Development and psychometric evaluation of the cancer health literacy scale in newly diagnosed cancer patients. Cancer Nurs. 2017;40(3):237–244. pmid:27244666
- 92. Yang P, Dunzhu C, Widdowson MA, Wu S, Ciren P, Duoji D, et al. Infectious disease-specific health literacy in Tibet, China. Health Promot Int. 2018;33(1):84–91. pmid:27476868
- 93. Lee E-Hyun, Lee YW, Lee K-Woo, Nam M, Kim SH. A new comprehensive diabetes health literacy Sscale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;88:1–8. pmid:30142483
- 94. Khazaei H, Komasi S, Zakiei A, Rezaei M, Hatamian P, Jashnpoor M, et al. Design and standardization of tools for assessing the perceived heart risk and heart health literacy in Iran. Ann Card Anaesth. 2018;21(1):46. pmid:29336391
- 95. Dehghani A, Keshavarzi A. Development and validation of a multidimensional health literacy questionnaire for multiple sclerosis patients. Multiple Sclerosis Rel Disord. 2018;25:156–162. pmid:30081315
- 96. Yeh JZ, Wei CJ, Weng SF, Tsai CY, Shih JH, Shih CL, et al. Disease-specific health literacy, disease knowledge, and adherence behavior among patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1–5.
- 97. Kanga SJ, Simb KH, Songc BR, Parkd JE, Change SJ, Parkf C, et al. Validation of the health literacy scale for diabetes as a criterion-referenced test with standard setting procedures. Patient Educ Couns. 2018;101(8):1468–1476. pmid:29598965
- 98. Tutu RA, Gupta S, Elavarthi S, Busingye JD, Boateng JK. Exploring the development of a household cholera-focused health literacy scale in James Town, Accra. J Infect Public. 2019;12(1):62–69.
- 99. Cardoso MC, Santos AS, Fonseca AD, Silva-Junior RF, Carvalho PD, Martins AM. Validity and reliability of the health literacy assessment scale for adherence to drug treatment among diabetics. Einstein. 2019;17(2):eAO4405. pmid:30970045
- 100. De Sousa AAD, Quintao ALA, Brito AMG, Ferreira RC, de Barros Lima Martins AME. Development of a health literacy instrument related to diabetic foot. Escola Anna Nery. 2019;23(3):e20180332.
- 101. Li Y, Zhang S, Zhang T, Cao Y, Liu W, Jiang H, et al. Chinese health literacy scale for tuberculosis patients: A study on development and psychometric testing. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):454.
- 102. Wu T, Su J, Zhao S, Chen X, Shen M. Development and assessment of a brief tool to measure melanoma-related health literacy and attitude among adolescents. JCE. 2020;35(5):905–911. pmid:31152356
- 103. Martins AMEBL Amorim MMTA, Carvalho BO Pinto RA, Froes DTC Santos ASF. Development, judgment of the validity and reliability of an instrument of assessment of oral health literacy among diabetics. RGO Rev Gaucha Odontol. 2020;68: e20200039.
- 104. Echeverri M, Anderson D, Haas JM, Johnson ME, Serrano FS, Napoles AM. Testing the preliminary validity of a multidimensional framework for studying the effects of cancer health literacy on cancer screening behaviors among diverse populations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):2987. pmid:32344860
- 105. Huang YJ, Chen CT, Sorensen K, Hsieh CL, Hou WH. Development of a battery of phase-adaptive health literacy tests for stroke survivors. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(11):2342–2346. pmid:32389387
- 106. Rajabi F, Pirdehghan A, Sanaie Z, Ghadirian L, Sayarifard A, Esna Ashari F. Designing and investigating the validity and reliability of the health literacy questionnaire in Iran: Recognizing the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Int J Prev Med. 2020;11:110. pmid:33088438
- 107. Wei CJ, Shih CL, Hsu YJ, Hsu YJ, Chen YC, Yeh JZ, et al. Development and application of a chronic kidney disease-specific health literacy, knowledge and disease awareness assessment tool for patients with chronic kidney disease in Taiwan. BMJ Open. 2021;11: e052597. pmid:34635527
- 108. Chen S, Zhang X, Cao M, Zhao B, Fang J. Development and validation of the health literacy assessment instrument for patients with chronic pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;9:9342746. pmid:35096099
- 109. Savci C, Zengin N, Cil Akinci A. Development of the health literacy scale for protection against COVID-19. Electron J Gen Med. 2021;18(6): em332.
- 110. Hiltrop K, Hiebel N, Geiser F, Kriegsmann-Rabe M, Gambashidze N, Morawa E, et al. Measuring COVID-19 related Health Literacy in Healthcare Professionals—Psychometric Evaluation of the HL-COV-HP Instrument. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18:11959. pmid:34831720
- 111.
Cormier CM. Health literacy: The knowledge and experiences of senior level baccalaureate nursing students. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College 2006. [Dissertation].
- 112. Sabbahi DA, Lawrence HP, Limeback H, Rootman I. Development and evaluation of an oral health literacy instrument for adults. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2009;37:451–462. pmid:19740249
- 113. Kumar D, Sanders L, Perrin EM, Lokker N, Patterson B, Gunn V, et al. Parental understanding of infant health information: Health literacy, numeracy, and the Parental Health Literacy Activities Test (PHLAT). Acad Pediatr. 2010;10(5):309–316. pmid:20674532
- 114. Macek MD, Haynes D, Wells W, Bauer‐Leffler S, Cotten PA, Parker RM. Measuring conceptual health knowledge in the context of oral health literacy: Preliminary results. J Public Health Dent. 2010;70(3):197–204. pmid:20337901
- 115. Devi AM. Reliability and validity of a questionnaire to assess oral health literacy among college students in Bangalore city. J Contemp Dent. 2011;2(2):43–47.
- 116. Mojoyinola JK. Influence of maternal health literacy on healthy pregnancy and pregnancy Outcomes of women attending public hospitals in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Afr Res Rev. 2011;5(3):28–39.
- 117. Loureiro L. Questionario de Avaliacao da Literacia em Saude Mental- QuALiSMental: Estudo das propriedades psicometricas. Revista de Enfermagem Referencia. 2012;4(4):79–88.
- 118. Wong HM, Bridges SM, Yiu CK, McGrath CP, Au TK, Parthasarathy DS. Validation of the Hong Kong Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task for Paediatric dentistry (HKOHLAT‐P). Int J Paediatr Dent. 2013;23(5):366–375. pmid:23947421
- 119. Dahlke AR, Curtis LM, Federman AD, Wolf MS. The mini mental status exam as a surrogate measure of health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(4):615–620. pmid:24327311
- 120. Jones K, Parker E, Mills H, Brennan D, Jamieson LM. Development and psychometric validation of a Health Literacy in Dentistry scale (HeLD). Community Dent Health. 2014;31(1):37–43. pmid:24741892
- 121. Naghibi Sistani MM, Montazeri A, Yazdani R, Murtomaa H. New oral health literacy instru-ment for public health: Development and pilot testing. J Investig Clin Dent. 2014;5(4):313–321. pmid:23559571
- 122. Paez KA, Mallery CJ, Noel H, Pugliese C, McSorley VE, Lucado JL, et al. Development of the Health Insurance Literacy Measure (HILM): Conceptualizing and measuring consumer ability to choose and use private health insurance. J Health Commun. 2014;19(suppl 2):225–239. pmid:25315595
- 123. Shreffler-Grant J, Weinert C, Nichols E. Instrument to measure health literacy about complementary and alternative medicine. J Nurs Meas. 2014;22(3):489–499. pmid:25608434
- 124. Villanueva Vilchis MD, Wintergerst A, Borges Yanez SA. Toward a comprehensive instrument of oral health literacy in Spanish. J Health Commun. 2015;20(8):930–937. pmid:25942422
- 125. O’Connor M, Casey L. The Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS): A new scale-based measure of mental health literacy. Psychiatry Res. 2015;229(1–2):511–516. pmid:26228163
- 126. Altin SV, Lorrek K, Stock S. Development and validation of a brief screener to measure the Health Literacy responsiveness of Primary Care practices (HLPC). BMC Fam Pract. 2015;16(1):1–8. pmid:26362669
- 127. Curtis LM, Revelle W, Waite K, Wilson EA, Condon DM, Bojarski E, et al. Development and validation of the comprehensive health activities scale: A new approach to health literacy measurement. J Health Commun. 2015;20(2):157–164. pmid:25375025
- 128. Guttersrud O, Naigaga MD, Pettersen KS. Measuring maternal health literacy in adolescents attending antenatal care in uganda: Exploring the dimensionality of the health literacy concept studying a composite scale. J Nurs Meas. 2015;23(2):50E–66E. pmid:26284831
- 129. Stein L, Pettersen KS, Bergdahl M, Bergdahl J. Development and validation of an instrument to assess oral health literacy in Norwegian adult dental patients. Acta Odontol Scand. 2015;73(7):530–538. pmid:25652174
- 130. Intarakamhang U, Kwanchuen Y. The development and application of the ABCDE-health literacy scale for Thais. Asian Biomed. 2016;10(6):587–594.
- 131. Kapoor P, Prasad S, Tandon S. Development of a word instrument to test dental health literacy: The DFLD-Determination of Functional Literacy in Dentistry. J Community Med Health Educ. 2016;6(5): 1000467.
- 132. Jung H, von Sternberg K, Davis K. Expanding a measure of mental health literacy: Development and validation of a multicomponent mental health literacy measure. Psychiatry Res. 2016;243:278–286. pmid:27423635
- 133. Campos L, Dias P, Palha F, Duarte A, Veiga E. Development and psychometric properties of a new questionnaire for assessing mental health literacy in young people. Univ Psychol. 2016;15(2):61–72.
- 134. Squires AP, Yin HS, Jones SA, Greenberg SA, Moore R, Cortes TA. Validating the health literacy promotion practices assessment instrument. HLRP. 2017;1(4):e239–246. pmid:31294269
- 135. Bjornsen HN, Ringdal R, Espnes GA, Moksnes UK. Positive mental health literacy: Development and validation of a measure among Norwegian adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–10.
- 136. Moll S, Zanhour M, Patten SB, Stuart H, MacDermid J. Evaluating mental health literacy in the workplace: Development and psychometric properties of a vignette-based tool. J Occup Rehabil. 2017;27(4):601–611. pmid:28120136
- 137. Intarakamhang U, Intarakamhang P. Health literacy scale and causal model of childhood overweight. J Res Health Sci. 2017;17(1):e00368. pmid:28413166
- 138. Matsumoto M, Nakayama K. Development of the health literacy on social determinants of health questionnaire in Japanese adults. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–11.
- 139. Tsai TI, Lee SY. Development and validation of a Weight-Specific Health Literacy Instrument (WSHLI). Obes Res Clin Pract. 2018;12(2):214–221. pmid:29269247
- 140. Lichtveld MY, Covert HH, Sherman M, Shankar A, Wickliffe JK, Alcala CS. Advancing environmental health literacy: Validated scales of general environmental health and environmental media-specific knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21):4157. pmid:31661913
- 141. Areerak K, Janwantanakul P, van der Beek AJ. Development and psychometric assessment of a health literacy-based questionnaire to differentiate between office workers with and without non-specific neck pain. J Med Assoc Thai. 2019;102(3):264–272.
- 142. Zhang Y, Li M, Jiang H, Shi H, Xu B, Atkins S, et al. Development and validation of a Chinese parental health literacy questionnaire for caregivers of children 0 to 3 years old. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):1–9.
- 143. Irvin VL, Rohlman D, Vaughan A, Amantia R, Berlin C, Kile ML. Development and validation of an environmental health literacy assessment screening tool for domestic well owners: The Water Environmental Literacy Level Scale (WELLS). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(5):881. pmid:30862003
- 144. Wei Y, Baxter A, Kutcher S. Establishment and validation of a mental health literacy measurement in Canadian educators. Psychiatry Res. 2019;279:231–236. pmid:30890275
- 145. Ayre J, Costa DS, McCaffery KJ, Nutbeam D, Muscat DM. Validation of an Australian parenting health literacy skills instrument: The parenting plus skills index. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(6):1245–1251. pmid:31982204
- 146. Intarakamhang U, Sepsuk P, Suwanwong C, Intarakamhang P. Validity of environmental health literacy scale for homebound and bedbound elder of village health volunteer. J Med Assoc Thai. 2020;103(11):1200–1207.
- 147. Suthakorn W, Songkham W, Tantranont K, Srisuphan W, Sakarinkhul P, Dhatsuwan J. Scale development and validation to measure occupational health Lliteracy among Thai informal workers. Saf Health Work. 2020;11(4):526–532. pmid:33329920
- 148. Lin HW, Chang EH, Ko Y, Wang CY, Wang YS, Mafruhah OR, et al. Conceptualization, development and psychometric evaluations of a new medication-related health literacy instrument: The chinese medication literacy measurement. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(19):6951. pmid:32977520
- 149. Taheri S, Tavousi M, Momenimovahed Z, Direkvand-Moghadam A, Tiznobaik A, Suhrabi Z, et al. Development and psychometric properties of maternal health literacy inventory in pregnancy. Plos One. 2020;15(6):e0234305. pmid:32525889
- 150. Tabacchi G, Battaglia G, Messina G, Paoli A, Palma A, Bellafiore M. Validity and internal consistency of the preschool-FLAT, a new tool for the assessment of food literacy in young children from the training-to-health project. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2759. pmid:32316251
- 151. Zenas D, Nielsen MG, Fonager K, Petersen KS, Szulevicz T, Overgaard C. Assessing Mental Health Literacy among Danish Adolescents-development and validation of a multifaceted assessment tool (the Danish MeHLA questionnaire). Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113373. pmid:32805589
- 152. Taoufik K, Divaris K, Kavvadia K, Koletsi-Kounari H, Polychronopoulou A. Development of a Greek Oral Health Literacy measurement instrument: GROHL. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):1–11. pmid:31941482
- 153. Chao HJ, Lien YJ, Kao YC, Tasi IC, Lin HS, Lien YY. Mental health literacy in healthcare students: An expansion of the mental health literacy scale. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:948. pmid:32033015
- 154. Sun Y, Sun J, Zhao Y, Cheng A, Zhou J. A new comprehensive oral health literacy scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:429. pmid:34482838
- 155. Poureslami I, Kopec J, Tregobov N, Shum J, Sawatzky R, Hohn R, et al. An integrated framework to conceptualize and develop the Vancouver Airways Health Literacy Tool (VAHLT). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:8646. pmid:34444392
- 156. Mahmoudian S, Farhadi M, Mahdavi Hezaveh A, Maleki M, Shariatinia S, Shams M. Development and application of a tool to measure hearing health literacy of young people in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2021;27(2):177–182. pmid:33665802
- 157. Simkiss NJ, Gray NS, Chris Dunne C, Snowden RJ. Development and psychometric properties of the Knowledge and Attitudes to Mental Health Scales (KAMHS): A psychometric measure of mental health literacy in children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21:508. pmid:34774022
- 158. Charophasrat S, Thitasomakul S, Tianviwat S. Development and validation of oral health literacy questionnaire for Thai adults. J Int Soc Prevent Communit Dent. 2021;11:685–694. pmid:35036378
- 159. Karimi L, Rahmati F, Parandeh A. Development and validation of psychometric properties of a questionnaire for sexual health literacy related to HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases among Iranian young men. HIV AIDS Rev. 2021;20(1):26–32.
- 160. Ma X, Yang Y, Wei Q, Jiang H, Shi H. Development and validation of the reproductive health literacy questionnaire for Chinese unmarried youth. Reprod Health. 2021;18:226. pmid:34774064
- 161. Suto M, Mitsunaga H, Honda Y, Maeda E, Ota E, Arata N. Development of a health literacy scale for preconception care: A study of the reproductive age population in Japan. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:2057. pmid:34758797
- 162. Kodama S, Shido K, Ikeda N. Development of mental health literacy scale for depression affecting the help-seeking process in health professional students. IJMHP.2021;331–352.
- 163. Aller TB, Novak JR, Fauth EB, Schwartz S. Measuring mental health literacy: Development of the mental health awareness and advocacy assessment tool. JMDE. 2021;17(39):15–31.
- 164. Robbins R, Hays RD, JCalderon JL, Seixas A, Newsome V, Chung A, et al. The development and psychometric evaluation of the survey of obstructive sleep apnea functional health literacy. Sleep Med Res. 2021;12(1):64–73. pmid:34790431
- 165. Rabin LA, Miles RT, Kamata A, Krishnan A, Elbulok-Charcape M, Stewart G, et al. Development, item analysis, and initial reliability and validity of three forms of a multiple-choice Mental Health Literacy Assessment for college students (MHLA-c). Psychiatry Res.2021;300;113897. pmid:33887516
- 166. Moeini B, Barati M, Heidarimoghadam R, Tapak L, Parsamajd Shahryar. Physical activity health literacy in Iranian older adults: Development and psychometric testing. J Aging Phys Act. 2021;30:1–9.
- 167. Lee TW, Kang SJ, Lee HJ, Hyun SI. Testing health literacy skills in older Korean adults. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;75(3):302–307. pmid:19394184
- 168. Pan FC, Su CL, Chen CH. Development of a health literacy scale for Chinese-speaking adults in Taiwan. J Healthc Eng. 2010;4(1):150–156.
- 169. Tsai TI, Lee SY, Tsai YW, Kuo KN. Methodology and validation of health literacy scale development in Taiwan. J Health Commun. 2010;16(1):50–61.
- 170. Weidmer BA, Brach C, Hays RD. Development and evaluation of CAHPS survey items assessing how well healthcare providers address health literacy. Med Care. 2012;50(9 Suppl 2):3–11. pmid:22895227
- 171. Massey P, Prelip M, Calimlim B, Afifi A, Quiter E, Nessim S, et al. Findings toward a multidimensional measure of adolescent health literacy. Am J Health Behav. 2013;37(3):342–350. pmid:23985181
- 172. Wang J, Thombs BD, Schmid MR. The Swiss health literacy survey: Development and psychometric properties of a multidimensional instrument to assess competencies for health. Health Expectations. 2014;17(3):396–417. pmid:22390287
- 173. Harper R. Development of a health literacy assessment for young adult college students: A pilot study. J Am Coll Health. 2014;62(2):125–134. pmid:24261413
- 174. Yuen EY, Knight T, Dodson S, Ricciardelli L, Burney S, Livingston PM. Development of the Health Literacy of Caregivers Scale-Cancer (HLCS-C): Item generation and content validity testing. BMC Fam Pract. 2014;15(1):1–12. pmid:25491883
- 175. Manganello JA, DeVellis RF, Davis TC, Schottler-Thal C. Development of the Health Literacy Assessment Scale for Adolescents (HAS-A). J Commu in healthc. 2015;8(3):172–184. pmid:27656257
- 176. Shen M, Hu M, Liu S, Chang Y, Sun Z. Assessment of the Chinese resident health literacy scale in a population-based sample in South China. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):637–647.
- 177. Abel T, Hofmann K, Ackermann S, Bucher S, Sakarya S. Health literacy among young adults: A short survey tool for public health and health promotion research. Health Promot Int. 2015;30(3):725–735. pmid:24482542
- 178. Ghanbari S, Ramezankhani A, Montazeri A, Mehrabi Y. Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents (HELMA): Development and psychometric properties. Plos One. 2016;11(2):e0149202. pmid:26881933
- 179. Paakkari O, Torppa M, Kannas L, Paakkari L. Subjective health literacy: Development of a brief instrument for school-aged children. Scand J Public Health. 2016;44(8):751–757. pmid:27655781
- 180. Yang SJ, Chee YK. Development and psychometric testing of the Health Literacy Index for Female Marriage Immigrants (HLI-FMI) in Korea. Women Health. 2017;57:1007–1030. pmid:27537617
- 181. Ernstmann N, Halbach S, Kowalski C, Pfaff H, Ansmann L. Measuring attributes of health literate health care organizations from the patients’ perspective: Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess Health Literacy-sensitive Communication (HL-COM). ZEFQ. 2017;121:58–63. pmid:28545615
- 182. Chang LC, Chen YC, Liao LL, Wu FL, Hsieh PL, Chen HJ. Validation of the instrument of health literacy competencies for Chinese-speaking health professionals. Plos One. 2017;12(3):e0172859. pmid:28264036
- 183. Eliason MJ, Robinson P, Balsam K. Development of an LGB-specific health literacy scale. Health Commun. 2017;33(12):1531–1538. pmid:28956629
- 184. Hashimoto H, Yanagisawa S. Development of health literacy scale among Brazilian mothers in Japan. Health Promot Int. 2017;32(6):1034–1040. pmid:27209049
- 185. Bradley-Klug K, Shaffer-Hudkins E, Lynn C, Jeffries DeLoatche K, Montgomery J. Initial development of the health literacy and resiliency scale: Youth version. J Healthc Commun. 2017;10(2):100–107.
- 186. Guo S, Davis E, Yu X, Naccarella L, Armstrong R, Abel T, et al. Measuring functional, interactive and critical health literacy of Chinese secondary school students: Reliable, valid and feasible?. Healthc Commun. 2018;25(4):6–14. pmid:29638175
- 187. Azizi N, Karimy M, Abedini R, Armoon B, Montazeri A. Development and validation of the health literacy scale for workers. Int J Occup Environ. 2019;10(1):30–39. pmid:30685775
- 188. Domanska OM, Bollweg TM, Loer AK, Holmberg C, Schenk L, Jordan S. Development and psychometric properties of a questionnaire assessing self-reported generic health literacy in adolescence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2860. pmid:32326285
- 189. Norman CD, Skinner HA. eHEALS: the eHealth literacy scale. J Med Internet Res. 2006;8(4):e27. pmid:17213046
- 190. Hahn EA, Choi SW, Griffith JW, Yost KJ, Baker DW. Health literacy assessment using talking Touchscreen Technology (Health LiTT): A new item response theory-based measure of health literacy. J Health Commun. 2011;16(sup3):150–162. pmid:21951249
- 191. Ownby RL, Acevedo A, Waldrop-Valverde D, Jacobs RJ, Caballero J, Davenport R, et al. Development and initial validation of a computer-administered health literacy assessment in Spanish and English: FLIGHT/VIDAS. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2013;4:21. pmid:23990736
- 192. Seckin G, Yeatts D, Hughes S, Hudson C, Bell V. Being an informed consumer of health information and assessment of electronic health literacy in a national sample of internet users: Validity and reliability of the e-HLS instrument. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(7):e161. pmid:27400726
- 193. Van der vaart R, Drossaert C. Development of the digital health literacy instrument: Measuring a broad spectrum of health 1.0 and health 2.0 skills. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(1): e27. pmid:28119275
- 194. Kayser L, Karnoe A, Furstrand D, Batterham R, Christensen KB, Elsworth G, et al. A multidimensional tool based on the eHealth literacy framework: Development and initial validity testing of the eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ). J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(2):e36. pmid:29434011
- 195. Paige SR, Stellefson M, Krieger JL, Miller MD, Cheong J, Anderson-Lewis C. Transactional eHealth literacy: Developing and testing a multi-dimensional instrument. J Health Commun. 2019;24(10):737–748. pmid:31583963
- 196. Woudstra AJ, Smets EM, Galenkamp H, Fransen MP. Validation of health literacy domains for informed decision making about colorectal cancer screening using classical test theory and item response theory. Patient Educ Couns. 2019;102(12):2335–2343. pmid:31561933
- 197. Castellvi P, Casanas R, Arfuch VM, Gil Moreno JJ, Torres Torres M, Garcia-Forero C, et al. Development and validation of the Espaijove. net Mental Health Literacy (EMHL) test for Spanish adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(1):72.
- 198. Liu HX, Chow BC, Liang W, Hassel H, Huang YW. Measuring a broad spectrum of eHealth skills in the Web 3.0 context using an eHealth literacy scale: Development and validation study. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(9): e31627. pmid:34554098
- 199. Duong TV, Chiu CH, Lin CY, Chen YC, Wong TC, Chang PWS, et al. e-Healthy diet literacy scale and its relationship with behaviors and health outcomes in Taiwan. Health Promot Int. 2021;12;36(1):20–33. pmid:32267935
- 200. Ibrahim SY, Reid F, Show A, Rowlands G, Gomez GB, Chesnokov M, et al. Validation of a health literacy screening tool (REALM) in a UK population with coronary heart disease. Int J Public Health. 2008;30:449–455.
- 201. Han HR, Kim J, Kim MT, Kim KB. Measuring health literacy among immigrants with a phonetic primary language: A case of Korean American women. J Immigr Minor Health. 2011;13:253–259. pmid:20585985
- 202. Fadda M, Kanj M, Kabakian-Khasholian T, Schulz PJ. Validation of three Arabic health literacy assessment tools in Lebanon. Health Promot Int. 2018;33(2):261–267. pmid:27651348
- 203. Arozullah AM, Yarnold PR, Bennett CL, Soltysik RC, Wolf MS, Ferreira RM, et al. Development and validation of a short-form, rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine. Med Care. 2007;45(11):1026–1033. pmid:18049342
- 204. Erby LH, Roter D, Larson S, Cho J. The Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Genetics (REAL-G): A means to assess literacy deficits in the context of genetics. Am J Med Genet. 2008;146A (2):174–181. pmid:18076116
- 205. Rodriguez SA, Roter DL, Castillo-Salgado C, Hooker GW. Translation and validation of a Spanish-language genetic health literacy screening tool. Health Psychology. 2015;34(2):120–129. pmid:25622082
- 206. Wallace LS, Ergen WF, Cassada DC, Freeman MB, Grandas OH, Stevens SL, et al. Development and validation of the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Vascular Surgery(REAL_VS). Ann Vasc Surg. 2008;23(4):446–452. pmid:19059757
- 207. Davis TC, Wolf MS, Arnold CL, Byrd RS, Long SW, Springer T, et al. Development and validation of the Rapid Estimate of Adolescent Literacy in Medicine (REALM-Teen): A tool to screen adolescents for below-grade reading in health care settings. Pediatrics. 2006;118; e1707. pmid:17142495
- 208. Caldwell EP, Carter P, Becker H, Mackert M. The use of the newest vital sign health literacy instrument in adolescents with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2018;35(5):361–367. pmid:29658377
- 209. Lee JY RG, Lee SYD, Bender D, Ruiz RE. Development of a word recognition instrument to test health literacy in dentistry: The REALD-30-A brief communication. J Public Health Dent. 2007;67:94–98. pmid:17557680
- 210. Lima LC, Neves ET, Dutra LD, Firmino RT, Araujo LJ, Paiva SM, et al. Psychometric properties of BREALD-30 for assessing adolescents’ oral health literacy. Rev Saude Publica. 2019;53:53. pmid:31432910
- 211. Deeraksa S, Chaichit R, Muktabhant B, Udompanich S. Reliability and validity of the thai version of rapid estimate of adult literacy in dentistry. J Int Oral Health. 2019;11:132–136.
- 212. Gironda M, Der-Martirosian C, Messadi D, Holtzman J, Atchison K. A brief 20-item dental/medical health literacy screen (REALMD-20). J Public Health Dent. 2013;73(1):50–55. pmid:23293880
- 213. Richman JA, Lee JY, Rozier RG, Gong DA, Pahel BT, Vann WF. Evaluation of a word Recognition instrument to Test Health Literacy in Dentistry: The REALD-99. J Public Health Dent. 2007;67:99–104. pmid:17557681
- 214. Lee J, Stucky B, Rozier G, Lee SY, P. Zeldin l. Oral health literacy assessment: Development of an oral health literacy instrument for Spanish speakers. J Public Health Dent. 2013;73(1):1–8. pmid:23215757
- 215. Bado FM, Rebustini F, Jamieson L, Cortellazzi KL, Mialhe FL. Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the oral health literacy assessment in Spanish and development of a shortened form of the instrument. Plos One. 2018;13(11): e0207989. pmid:30496226
- 216. Jovic-Vranes A, Bjegovic-Mikanovic V, Marinkovic J, Vukovic D. Evaluation of a health literacy screening tool in primary care patients: Evidence from Serbia. Health Promot Int. 2014;29:601–607. pmid:23445940
- 217. Hæsum LKE, Ehlers L, Hejlesen OK. Validation of the test of functional health literacy in adults in a Danish population. Scandinavian Int J Caring Sci. 2015;29;573–581.
- 218. Chisolm DJ, Buchanan L. Measuring adolescent functional health literacy: A pilot validation of the test of functional health literacy in adults. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41:312–314. pmid:17707303
- 219. Toci E, Burazeri G, SLrensen K, Kamberi H, Brand H. Concurrent validation of two key health literacy instruments in a south eastern European population. Eur J Public Health. 2015;25(3):482–486. pmid:25395401
- 220. Gong DA, Lee JY, Rozier RG, Pahel BT, Richman JA, Vann WF. Development and Testing of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Dentistry (TOFHLiD). J Public Health Dent. 2007;67:105–112. pmid:17557682
- 221. Wanichsaithong P, Goodwin M, Pretty IA. Development and pilot study of an oral health literacy tool for older adults. J Investig Clin Dent. 2019;00: e12465. pmid:31622547
- 222. Alkhaldi TM, Al-Jumaili AA, Alnemer KA, Alharbi K, Al-Akeel ES, Alharbi MH, et al. Measuring the health literacy level of Arabic speaking population in Saudi Arabia using translated health literacy instruments. Pharm Pract. 2018;16(3):1223. pmid:30416624
- 223. Al-Jumaili AA, Al-Rekabi MD, Sorofman B. Evaluation of instruments to assess health literacy in Arabic language among Iraqis. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2015;11(6):803–813. pmid:25800139
- 224. Eyubogglu E, Schulz PJ. Validation of Turkish health literacy measures. Health Promot Int. 2016;31:355–362. pmid:25586111
- 225. Rivero-Mendez M, Suarez E, Solis-Baez SS, Hernandez G, Cordero W, Vazquez I, et al. Internal Consistency of the Spanish Health Literacy Test (TOFHLA-SPR) for Puerto Rico. P R Health Sci J. 2010;29:49–53. pmid:20222334
- 226. Mantwill S. Peter J. Schulz PJ. Health literacy in Mainland China: Validation of a functional health literacy test in simplified Chinese. Health Promot Int. 2015;31(4):742–748. pmid:26071605
- 227. Mock MS. Sethares KA. Concurrent validity and acceptability of health literacy measures of adults hospitalized with heart failure. Appl Nurs Res. 2019;46:50–56. pmid:30853076
- 228. Chang LC, Hsieh PL, Liu CH. Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of short-form test of functional health literacy in adolescents. J Clin Nurs. 2012;21:2429–2437. pmid:22784219
- 229. Baron-Epel O, Balin L, Daniely Z, Eidelman S. Validation of a Hebrew health literacy test. Patient Educ Couns. 2007;67:235–239. pmid:17386994
- 230. Chakkalakal RJ, Venkatraman S, White RO, Kripalani S, Rothman R, Wallston K. Validating health literacy and numeracy measures in minority groups. HLRP. 2017;1(2): e23–e30. pmid:29888342
- 231. Russell AM, Patel DA, Curtis LM, Kim KY, Wolf MS, Rowland ME, et al. Test-retest reliability of the newest vital sign health literacy instrument: In-person and remote administration. Patient Educ Couns. 2019;102(4):749–752. pmid:30503639
- 232. McKee MM, Paasche-Orlow MK, Winters PC, Fiscella K, Zazove P, Sen A, et al. Assessing health literacy in deaf American sign language users. J Health Commun. 2015;20(Suppl 2):92–100. pmid:26513036
- 233. Pereira Cruvinel AF, Cusicanqui Mendez DA, Campos Chaves G, Gutierres E, Lotto M, Marchini Oliveira T, et al. The Brazilian validation of a health literacy instrument: The newest vital sign. Acta Odontol Scand. 2018;76(8):587–594. pmid:30045650
- 234. Santos O, Stefanovska-Petkovska M, Virgolino A, Miranda AC, Costa J, Fernandes E, et al. Functional health literacy: psychometric properties of the newest vital sign for Portuguese adolescents (NVS-PTeen). Nutrients. 2021;13(3):790. pmid:33673682
- 235. Capecchi L, Guazzini A, Lorini C, Santomauro F, Bonaccorsi G. The first Italian validation of the most widespread health literacy assessment tool: The newest vital sign. Epidemiologia e Prevenzione. 2015;39(4 Suppl 1):124–128. pmid:26499429
- 236. Tseng HM, Liao SF, Wen YP, Chuang YJ. Adaptation and validation of a measure of health literacy in Taiwan: The newest vital sign. Biomed J. 2018;41(4):273–278. pmid:30348271
- 237. Rodrigues R, de Andrade SM, Gonzalez AD, Birolim MM, Mesas AE. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) health literacy instrument in general population and highly educated samples of Brazilian adults. Public Health Nutr. 2017;20(11):1907–1913. pmid:28514977
- 238. Rowlands G, Khazaezadeh N, Oteng-Ntim E, Seed P, Barr S, Weiss B.D. Development and validation of a measure of health literacy in the UK: The newest vital sign. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):1–9.
- 239. Fransen MP, Leenaars KEF, Rowlands G, Weiss BD, Maat HP, Essink-Bot ML. International application of health literacy measures: Adaptation and validation of the newest vital sign in the Netherlands. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;97:403–409. pmid:25224314
- 240. Ciftci F, Demirci H, Ciftci HN, Ocakogul G. Validation of Turkish version of newest vital sign scale to assess health literacy. Bezmialem Sci. 2021;9(2):219–225.
- 241. Al-Abdulrazzaq D, Al-Taiar A, Al-Haddad M, Al-Tararwa A, Al-Zanati N, Al-Yousef A, et al. Cultural adaptation of health literacy measures: Translation validation of the newest vital sign in Arabic-speaking parents of children with type 1 diabetes in Kuwait. The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care. 2021;47(2):164–172. pmid:34078178
- 242. Maat HP, Essink-Bot ML, Leenaars KE, Fransen MP. A Short Assessment of Health Literacy (SAHL) in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1–8.
- 243. Apolinario D, Oliviera RDC, Braga P, Magalidi RM, Busse AL, Campora F, et al. Short assessment of health literacy for Portuguese-Speaking adults. Rev Saude Publica. 2012;46:702–711. pmid:22782124
- 244. Pires C, Rosa P, Vigario M, Cavaco A. Short Assessment of Health Literacy (SAHL) in Portugal: Development and validation of a self-administered tool. Prim Health Care Res. 2018;20(e51):1–18. pmid:29444735
- 245. Espirito-Santo M, Nascimento T, Pinto E, De Sousa-Coelho AL, Newman J. Health literacy assessment: Translation and cultural adaptation to the Portuguese population. J Eval Clin Pract. 2020;26(5):1399–1405. pmid:31867875
- 246. Woudstra AJ, Meppelink CS, Maat HP, Oosterhaven J, Fransen MP, Dima AL. Validation of the Short Assessment of Health Literacy (SAHL-D) and short-form development: Rasch analysis. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2019;19(1):1–10.
- 247. Lee SYD, Stucky BD, Lee JY, Rozier RG, Bender DE. Short assessment of health literacy-Spanish and English: A comparable test of health literacy for Spanish and English speakers. Health Serv Res. 2010;45:1105–1120. pmid:20500222
- 248. Paivaa D, Silvaa S, Severoa M, Moura-Ferreirad P, Luneta N, Azevedoa A. Validation of the short assessment of health literacy in portuguese-speaking adults in Portugal. Gac Sanit. 2020;34(5):435–441. pmid:31155446
- 249. Bonaccorsi G, Grazzini M, Pieri L, Santomauro F, Ciancio M, Lorini C. Assessment of health literacy and validation of Single-Item Literacy Screener (SILS) in a sample of Italian people. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2017;53(3):205–212. pmid:28956799
- 250. Luoa H, Patilb SP, Wuc Q, Bella RA, Cummings DM, Adamsb AD, et al. Validation of a combined health literacy and numeracy instrument for patients with type 2 diabetes. Patient Educ Couns. 2018;101(10):1846–1851. pmid:29805071
- 251. Dwinger S, Kriston L, Harter M, Dirmaier J. Translation and validation of a multidimensional instrument to assess health literacy. Health Expect. 2015;18(6):2776–2786. pmid:25155949
- 252. Van de Vaart R, Drossaert CHC, Taal E, Klooster PMT, Hilderink-Koertshuis RTE, Klaase JM, et al. Validation of the Dutch functional, communicative and critical health literacy scales. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;89:82–88. pmid:22878030
- 253. Ousseine YM, Rouquette A, Bouhnik AD, Rigal L, Ringa V, Smith AB, et al. Validation of the French version of the Functional, Communicative and Critical Health Literacy scale (FCCHL). J Patient-Rep Outcomes. 2018;2:3.
- 254. Reisi M, Mostafavi F, Javadzede H, Mahaki B, Sharifirad G, Tavassoli E. The Functional, Communicative, and Critical Health Literacy (FCCHL) Sscales: Cross-cultural adaptation and the psychometric properties of the Iranian version. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2017;19(1): e29700.
- 255. Ishikawa H, Nomura K, Sato M, Yano E. Developing a measure of communicative and critical health literacy: A pilot study of Japanese office workers. Health Promot Int. 2008;23:269–274. pmid:18515303
- 256. McDonald F, Patterson P, Costa DSJ, Shepherd HLS. Validation of a health literacy measure for adolescents and young adults diagnosed with cancer. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2015;5(1):69–75. pmid:26812455
- 257. Merker VL, McDannold S, Riklin E, Talaei-Khoei M, Monica R, Jordan JT, et al. Health literacy assessment in adults with neurofibromatosis: electronic and short-form measurement using FCCHL and health LiTT. J Neurooncol. 2018;136:335–342. pmid:29119424
- 258. Zegers CA, Gonzalesb K, Smithc LM, Pullenb CH, De Albac A, Fiandt K. The psychometric testing of the functional, communicative, and critical health literacy tool. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(11):2347–2352. pmid:32622692
- 259. Lee EH, Lee YW. First‐order vs. second‐order structural validity of the health literacy scale in patients with diabetes. Scand J Caring Sci. 2018;32(1):441–447. pmid:28771769
- 260. Wangdahl JM, Martensson LI. Measuring health literacy–the Swedish functional health literacy scale. Scand J Caring Sci. 2015;29;165–172. pmid:24628048
- 261. Finbraten HS, Guttersrud Q, Nordstrom G, Pettersen KS, Trollvik A, Wilde-Larsson B. Validating the functional, communicative, and critical health literacy scale using rasch modeling and confirmatory factor analysis. J Nurs Meas. 2018;26(2):341–363. pmid:30567948
- 262. McNaughton C, Wallston KARothman RL, Marcovitz DE, Storrow AB. Short, subjective measures of numeracy and general health literacy in an adult emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18:1148–1155. pmid:22092896
- 263. Woods NK, Chesser AK. Validation of a single question health literacy screening tool for older adults. GGM. 2017;3:1–4.
- 264. Shaw TC. Uncovering health literacy: Developing a remotely administered questionnaire for determining health literacy levels in health disparate populations. J Hosp Adm. 2014;3(4):140–156. pmid:25126152
- 265. Sarkar U, Schillinger D, Lopez A, Sudore R. Validation of self-reported health literacy questions among diverse English and Spanish-speaking populations. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;26(3):265–271. pmid:21057882
- 266. Bishop WP, Craddock Lee SJ, Skinner CS, Jones TM, McCallister K, Tiro JA. Validity of single-item screening for limited health literacy in English and Spanish speakers. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(5):889–892. pmid:26985600
- 267. Mantwill S, Allam A, Camerini AL, Schulz PJ. Validity of three brief health literacy screeners to measure functional health literacy–evidence from five different countries. J Health Commun. 2018;23(2):153–161. pmid:29319424
- 268. Ardic A, Demirci H, Ocakoglu G, Demirci N. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the public health literacy knowledge scale. Eur J Public Health. 2021;1(1), 33–44.
- 269. Biasio LR, Corbellini G, D’Alessandro D. An Italian validation of “meter”, an easy-to-use health literacy (hl) screener. Annali di Igiene Ann ig Med Prev Comunita. 2017;29:171–178. pmid:28383608
- 270. Paiva D, Silva S, Severo M, Ferreira P, Santos O, Lunet N, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the health literacy assessment tool METER in the Portuguese adult population. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;97(2):269–275. pmid:25107513
- 271. Bann CM, McCormack LA, Berkman ND, Squiers LB. The health literacy skills instrument: A 10-item short form. J Health Commun. 2012;17:191–202. pmid:23030570
- 272. Maindal HT, Kayser L, Norgaard O. Cultural adaptation and validation of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ): Robust nine-dimension Danish language confirmatory factor model. Springerplus. 2016;5(1):1–6. pmid:27536516
- 273. Kolarcik P, Cepova E, Madarasova Geckova A. Structural properties and psychometric improvements of the health literacy questionnaire in a Slovation. Int J Public Health. 2017;62:591–604. pmid:28258403
- 274. Urstad KH, Andenaes R, Wahl AK, Kvarme LG, Helseth S, Moum T. The health literacy questionnaire: Initial validity testing in a Norwegian sample. HLRP. 2020;4(4):e190–199. pmid:33034661
- 275. Boateng MA, Agyei-Baffour P, Angel S, Enemark U. Translation, cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Ghanaian language (Akan; Asante Twi) version of the health literacy questionnaire. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):1–5. pmid:33228648
- 276. Nolte S, Osborne RH, Dwinger S, Elsworth GR, Conrad ML, Rose M, et al. German translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). Plos one. 2017;12(2): e0172340. pmid:28234987
- 277. Morris RL, Soh SE, Hill KD, Buchbinder R, Lowthian JA, Redfern J, et al. Measurement properties of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) among older adults who present to the emergency department after a fall: A Rasch analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):1–11.
- 278. Elsworth GR, Beauchamp A, Osborne RH. Measuring health literacy in community agencies: A Bayesian study of the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(1):1–4. pmid:27659559
- 279. Richtering SS, Morris R, Soh SE, Barker A, Bampi F, Neubeck L, et al. Examination of an eHealth literacy scale and a health literacy scale in a population with moderate to high cardiovascular risk: Rasch analyses. Plos One. 2017;12(4): e0175372. pmid:28448497
- 280. Burton E, Toye C, Slatyer S, Ferrari Jacinto A, du Preez J, Bronson M, et al. Testing the reliability of the health literacy questionnaire with carers of older adults receiving hospital care. Australas J Ageing. 2021;40(2):213–217. pmid:33463905
- 281. Huang Y, Ruan T, Yi Q, Wang T, Guo Z. The health literacy questionnaire among the aged in Changsha, China: Conrmatory factor analysis. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1–2.
- 282. Zhang L, Ding D, Fethney J, Gallagher R. A psychometric evaluation of the health literacy questionnaire for Chinese immigrants: Linguistic and cultural considerations. Int J Nurs Pract. 2021;27(2): e12909. pmid:33501737
- 283. Saleem A, Steadman KJ, Osborne RH, Caze AL. Translating and validating the health literacy questionnaire into Urdu: A robust nine-dimension confirmatory factor model. Health Promot Int. 2021;35(5):1219–1230. pmid:33370429
- 284. Wahl AK, Hermansen A, Osborne RH, Larsen MH. A validation study of the Norwegian version of the Health Literacy Questionnaire: A robust nine-dimension factor model. Scand J Public Health. 2021;49(4):471–478. pmid:32508258
- 285. Mbada CE, Johnson OE, Oyewole OO, Adejube OJ, Fatoye C, Idowu OA, et al. Cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Yoruba version of the Health Literacy Questionnaire. Ann Ig Med Prev Comunita. 2022;34(1):54–69. pmid:34698762
- 286. Jacinto AF, Hill K, Toye C, Ferreira M, Bertoni A, Slatyer S, et al. Test-retest reliability of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ-Br) in Brazilian carers of older people. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2021;67:500–504. pmid:34495051
- 287. Moraes KL, Brasil VV, Mialhe FL, Sampaio HA, Sousa AL, Canhestro MR, et al. Validation of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) to Brazilian Portuguese. ACTA Paul Enferm. 2021;34(1): eAPE02171.
- 288. Debussche X, Caroupin-Soupoutevin J, Balcou-Debussche M, Fassier M, Boegner C, Hawkins M, et al. Health literacy needs among migrant populations in France: Validity testing and potential contribution of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). J Public Health. 2021:1–9.
- 289. Debussche X, Lenclume V, Balcou-Debussche M, Alakian D, Sokolowsky C, Ballet D, et al. Characterisation of health literacy strengths and weaknesses among people at metabolic and cardiovascular risk: Validity testing of the health literacy questionnaire. SAGE Open Med. 2018;6:1–12. pmid:30319778
- 290. Leslie CJ, Hawkins M, Smith DL. Using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) with providers in the early intervention setting: A qualitative validity testing study. J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2603. pmid:32290295
- 291. Abagail F, Harlak H, Okyay P, Kiraz D, Gursoy Turan S, Saruhan G, et al. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the European health literacy survey questionnaire. Health Promot Int. 2019;34(4):658–667. pmid:29648593
- 292. Duong TV, Aringazina A, Baisunova G, Pham TV, Pham KM, Truong TQ, et al. Measuring health literacy in Asia: Validation of the HLS-EU-Q47 survey tool in six Asian countries. J Epidemiol. 2017;27(2):80–86. pmid:28142016
- 293. Duong VT, Lin IF, Sorensen K, Pelikan JM, Van den Broucke S, Lin YC, et al. Health literacy in Taiwan: A population-based study. Asia Pac J. 2015;27:871–880. pmid:26419635
- 294. Huang YJ, Chen CT, Lin GH, Wu TY, Chen SS, Lin LF, et al. Evaluating the European health literacy survey questionnaire in patients with stroke: A latent trait analysis using Rasch modeling. Patient. 2018;11(1):83–96. pmid:28710681
- 295. Huang YJ, Lin GH, Lu WS, Tam KW, Chen C, Hou WH, et al. Validation of the European health literacy survey questionnaire in women with breast cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2018;41(2): e40–8. pmid:28221213
- 296. Chu-Ko F, Chong ML, Chung CJ, Chang CC, Liu HY, Huang LC. Exploring the factors related to adolescent health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status. BMC public health. 2021;21(1):1–2.
- 297. Finbraten HS, Pettersen KS, Wilde-Larsson B, Nordstrom G, Trollvik A, Guttersrud O. Validating the European health literacy survey questionnaire in people with type 2 diabetes: Latent trait analyses applying multidimensional Rasch modelling and confirmatory factor analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73(11):2730–2744. pmid:28543754
- 298. Nakayama K, Osaka W, Togari T, Ishikawa H, Yonekura Y, Sekido A, et al. Comprehensive health literacy in Japan is lower than in Europe: A validated Japanese-language assessment of health literacy. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1–2. pmid:26001385
- 299. Thao NTH, Thanh PH, Tai TP, Hang NT, Nga NT, Linh TTT, et al. Reliability and validity of health literacy questionnaire (new vietnamese version of hls-eu-q47) among mothers of children under 3-year at two vaccination centers in hanoi in 2019. J Med Res. 2020;127(E6):3.
- 300. Batista MJ, de Paula Marques C, Junior MFS, Alencar GP, de Sousa, Rosário ML. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of Brazilian Portuguese version of the 14-item health literacy scale. Cien Saude Colet. 2020;25(7):2847–2857. pmid:32667566
- 301. Go E, Aygar H, Isiktekin B. Health literacy scale-European union -Q16: A validity and reliability study in Turkey. ISC. 2018;6(1):1–7.
- 302. Lorini C, Lastrucci V, Mantwill S, Vettori V, Bonaccorsi G. Measuring health literacy in Italy: A validation study of the HLS-EU-Q16 and of the HLS-EU-Q6 in Italian language, conducted in Florence and its surroundings. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2019;55(1):10–18. pmid:30968831
- 303. Gustafsdottir SS. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire, HLS-EU-Q16: The Icelandic version. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):61. pmid:31937293
- 304. Rouquette A, Nadot T, Labitrie P, Van den Broucke S, Mancini J, Rigal L, et al. Validity and measurement invariance across sex, age, and education level of the French short versions of the European health literacy survey questionnaire. Plos One. 2018;13(12): e0208091. pmid:30521552
- 305. Bas-Sarmiento P, Poza-Mendez M, Fernandez-Gutierrez M, Gonzalez-Caballero JL, Romero MF. Psychometric assessment of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) for Arabic/French-Speaking migrants in Southern Europe. Int J Environ. 2020;17:8181. pmid:33167475
- 306. Wangdahl JM, Dahlberg K, Jaensson M, Nilsson U. Psychometric validation of Swedish and Arabic versions of two health literacy questionnaires, eHEALS and HLS-EU-Q16, for use in a Swedish context: A study protocol. BMJ Open. 2019;9: e029668. pmid:31530602
- 307. Maie A, Kanekuni S, Yonekura Y, Nakayama K, Sakai R. Evaluating short versions of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q47) for health checkups. Health Promot Int. 2021:2020–2028.
- 308. Mialhe FL, Moraes KL, Bado FM, Brasil VV, Sampaio HA, Rebustini F. Psychometric properties of the adapted instrument European health literacy survey questionnaire short-short form. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2021;29: e3436. pmid:34231791
- 309. Toor MA. Translation and adaptation of European health literacy survey questionnaire for Urdu speaking school going adolescents in Pakistan. Int Soc Sci Rev. 2021;9(2):174–180.
- 310. Konopik N, Kaspar R, Penger S, Oswald F, Himmelsbach I. Advancing health literacy measurement in old age. Health Promot Int. 2021; 36(5):1310–1323. pmid:33462608
- 311. Rouquette A, Rigal L, Mancini J, Guillemin F, Van den Broucke S, Allaire C, et al. Health Literacy throughout adolescence: Invariance and validity study of three measurement scales in the general population. Patient Educ Couns. 2021. [In Press]. pmid:34384639
- 312. Yari A, Soofimajidpoor M, Moradi G, Bidarpoor F, Nadrian H, Iranpoor A, et al. Measuring the constructs of health literacy in the Iranian adult Kurdish population. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1–10.
- 313. Van Duong T, Chang PW, Yang SH, Chen MC, Chao WT, Chen T, et al. A new comprehensive short-form health literacy survey tool for patients in general. Asian Nurs Res. 2017;11(1):30–35.
- 314. Duong TV, Nguyen TT, Pham KM, Nguyen KT, Giap MH, Tran TD, et al. Validation of the Short-Form Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-SF12) and its determinants among people living in rural areas in vietnam. Int J Environ. 2019;16(18):3346.
- 315. Sungur MA, Gamsizkan Z, Sungur DH. A short-form suggestion for the Turkish version of the European health literacy survey questionnaire: A development and validation study in university students. Glob Health Promot. 2021:17579759211064261. pmid:34933638
- 316. Zhang Q, Huang F, Liu Z, Zhang N, Mahapatra T, Tang W, et al. Cross-cultural validation of the high blood pressure health literacy scale in a Chinese community. Plos One. 2016;11(4): e0152182. pmid:27116336
- 317. Leung AY, Lau HF, Chau PH, Chan EW. Chinese Health Literacy Scale for Diabetes–Multiple-Choice version (CHLSD-MC): A validation study. J Clin Nurs. 2015;24:2679–2682. pmid:26178461
- 318. Dumenci L, Matsuyama RK, Riddle DL, Cartwright L, Siminoff LA. Validation of the cancer health literacy test-30 for populations without cancer. HLRP. 2018;2(2):e58–66. pmid:31294278
- 319. Chan WL, Pun J, Dong D, Siminoff L, Dumenci L. Reliability and validity of the Cancer Health Literacy Test–Chinese versions: CHLT‐30‐Chinese and CHLT‐6‐Chinese. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2021; 1–8. pmid:34180576
- 320. Yue M, Zhang L, Lu Y, Jin C. Translation and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the heart failure-specific health literacy scale. Int J Nurs Sci. 2016;3(4):342–346.
- 321. Barati M, Taheri-Kharameh Z, Farghadani Z, Rasky E. Validity and reliability evaluation of the persianv of the heart failure-specific health literacy scale. IJCBNM. 2019;7(3):222–230. pmid:31341921
- 322. Parandeh A, Rahmati-Najarkolaei F, Isfeedvajani MS. Health literacy knowledge and experience survey: Cross-cultural adaptation and the psychometric properties of the Iranian nurse version. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9:244. pmid:33209936
- 323. Blizniuk A, Ueno M, Furukawa S, Kawaguchi Y. Evaluation of a Russian version of the Oral Health Literacy Instrument (OHLI). BMC Oral Health. 2014;14(1):1–7. pmid:25430803
- 324. Cartes-Velasquez RA, Machuca LL. Adaptation and validation of the oral health literacy instrument for the Chilean population. Int Dent J. 2017;67(4):215–220. pmid:28439904
- 325. Ramlay MZ, Saddki N, Tin-Oo MM, Arifin WN. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Oral Health Literacy Instrument (OHLI) for Malaysian adults. Int J Environ. 2020;17(15):5407. pmid:32731318
- 326. Yin HS, Sanders LM, Rothman RL, Mendelsohn AL, Dreyer BP, White RO, et al. Assessment of health literacy and numeracy among Spanish- speaking parents of young children: Validation of the Spanish Parental Health Literacy Activities Test (PHLAT Spanish). Acad Pediatr. 2012;12(1):68–74. pmid:22056223
- 327. Firmino RT, Granville‐Garcia AF, McGrath CP, Bendo CB, Ferreira FM, Paiva SM. Validation for Brazilian Portuguese language of the Hong Kong Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task for Paediatric Dentistry (BOHLAT‐P). Int J Paediatr Dent. 2020;30(2):234–243. pmid:31628878
- 328. Sermsuti‐Anuwat N, Pongpanich S. Validation of Thai version of the health literacy in dentistry scale: Validation among Thai adults with physical disabilities. J Investig Clin Dent. 2019;10(4): e12474. pmid:31612641
- 329. Ju X, Brennan DS, Parker E, Chrisopoulos S, Jamieson L. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Health Literacy in Dentistry scale (HeLD) in the Australian population. Community Dent Health. 2018;35(3):140–147. pmid:30130002
- 330. Mialhe FL, Bado FM, Ju X, Brennan DS, Jamieson L. Validation of the health literacy in dentistry scale in Brazilian adults. Int Dent J. 2020;70(2):116–126. pmid:31792976
- 331. Mialhe FL, Tenani CF, DE CHECCHI MH, Jamieson L, Xiangqun JU. Psychometric properties of health literacy in dentistry scale in an elderly Brazilian population. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34: e021. pmid:32187306
- 332. Jones K, Brennan D, Parker E, Jamieson L. Development of a short‐form Health Literacy Dental scale (He LD‐14). Community Dent. 2015;43(2):143–151.
- 333. Pattanaik S, John MT, Kohli N, Davison ML, Chung S, Self K, et al. Item and scale properties of the oral health literacy adults questionnaire assessed by item response theory. J Public Health Dent. 2021;81(3):214–223. pmid:33305385
- 334. Flynn PM, John MT, Naik A, Kohli N, VanWormer JJ, Self K. Psychometric properties of the English version of the Oral Health Literacy Adults Questionnaire-OHL-AQ. Community Dent Health. 2016;33(4):274–280. pmid:28537364
- 335. Flynn PM, John MT, Sistani MM. Confirmation of the unidimensional structure of the oral health literacy adults questionnaire. Int Dent. 2019;69(3):207–213. pmid:30525199
- 336. Vyas S, Nagarajappa S, MISHRA P. Linguistic adaptation and psychometric evaluation of original Oral Health Literacy-Adult Questionnaire (OHL-AQ). JAMP. 2016;4(4):163–169. pmid:27795966
- 337. Ho MH, Montayre J, Chang HC, Joo JY, Naghibi Sistani MM, Lin YK, et al. Validation and evaluation of the Mandarin version of the oral health literacy adult questionnaire in Taiwan. Public Health Nurs. 2020;37(2):303–309. pmid:31742791
- 338. Weinert C, Shreffler-Grant J, Nichols E. Psychometric evaluation of the MSU CAM health literacy scale. Complement Ther Med. 2019;42:156–157. pmid:30670236
- 339. Naz Akhter I, Ahmed A, Khalid S. Mental health literacy scale: Translation and validation in Pakistani context. PSSR. 2020;4(2):722–735.
- 340. Korhonen J, Axelin A, Katajisto J, Lahti M. Construct validity and internal consistency of the revised mental health literacy scale in South African and Zambian contexts. Nurs Open. 2021. [Online ahead of print]. pmid:34822738
- 341. Alshehri E, Alosaimi D, Rufaidi E, Alsomali N, Tumala R. Mental health literacy scale Arabic version: A validation study among Saudi university students. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 741146. pmid:34646177
- 342. Chen S, Chen K, Wang S, Wang W, Li Y. Initial Validation of a Chinese Version of the mental health literacy scale Among Chinese teachers in Henan province. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:907. pmid:34177650
- 343. Dias Neto DA, Rocha I, Figueiras J, Nunes DA, Silva AN. Measuring mental health literacy: Adaptation and validation of the Portuguese version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS). Eur J Ment Health. 2021;16(1):64–77.
- 344. Heizomi H, Kouzekanani K, Jafarabadi MA, Allahverdipour H. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of mental health literacy scale. Int J Women’s Health. 2020;12:513–520. pmid:32753978
- 345. Nejatian M, Tehrani H, Momeniyan V, Jafari A. A modified version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) in Iranian people. BMC psychiatry. 2021;21(1):1–1.
- 346. Jafari F, Abdollahi A. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) in Iranian students in 1398. J Health Psychol Res. 2021;14(4):85–103.
- 347. Ghaedamini Harouni G, Sajjadi H, Forouzan AS, Ahmadi S, Ghafari M, Vameghi M. Validation of the Persian version of the mental health literacy scale in Iran. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2021: e12447. pmid:33416211
- 348. Bessing B, Honan CA, van der Mei I, Taylor BB, Claflin SB. 937 Rasch analysis of the health literacy questionnaire in the understanding multiple sclerosis online course cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2021;50(Supplement_1):dyab168–076.
- 349. Sullivan P, Murphy J, Blacker M. The psychometric properties of the multicomponent mental health literacy measure with a sample of student athletes and student athletic therapists. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2021;33(3):343–356.
- 350. Dias P, Campos L, Almeida H, Palha F. Mental health literacy in young adults: A daptation and psychometric properties of the mental health literacy questionnaire. Int J Environ. 2018;15(7):1318.
- 351. Cho M, Lee H, Lee YM, Lee JY, Min H, Kim Y, et al. Psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Health Literacy on Social Determinants of Health Questionnaire (K-HL-SDHQ). Plos One. 2019;14(11):e0224557. pmid:31738802
- 352. Lee TW, Kang SJ. Development of the short form of the Korean health literacy scale for the elderly. Res Nurs Health. 2013;36(5):524–534. pmid:23918591
- 353. Pan FA. Short form of the Taiwan Health Literacy Scale (THLS) for Chinese-Speaking adults. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering. 2010;4:1054–1059.
- 354. Shih YL, Hsieh CJ, Li PS, Liu CY. Psychometric properties of the health literacy scale used in the Taiwan longitudinal study on middle-aged and older people. Healthcare. 2021;9(10):1391. pmid:34683071
- 355. Chung MH, Chen LK, Peng LN, Chi MJ. Development and validation of the health literacy assessment tool for older people in Taiwan: Potential impacts of cultural differences. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;61(2):289–295. pmid:26153552
- 356. Yuen E, Knight T, Dodson S, Chirgwin J, Busija L, Ricciardelli LA, et al. Measuring cancer caregiver health literacy: Validation of the Health Literacy of Caregivers Scale–Cancer (HLCS‐C) in an Australian population. Health Soc Care Community. 2018;26(3):330–344. pmid:29210140
- 357. Sarhan MB, Shannon HS, Fujiya R, Jimba M, Giacaman R. Psychometric properties of an Arabic-language Health Literacy Assessment Scale for Adolescents (HAS-A-AR) in Palestine. BMJ Open. 2020;10(6): e034943. pmid:32565456
- 358. Haney MO. Psychometric testing of the Turkish version of the health literacy for school-aged children scale. J Child Health Care. 2018;22:97–107. pmid:29110532
- 359. Mazur J, Małkowska-Szkutnik A, Paakkari L, Paakkari O, Zawadzka D. The Polish version of the short scale measuring health literacy in adolescence. Dev Period Med. 2019;23(3):190–198. pmid:31654998
- 360. Bonde AH, Stjernqvist NW, Klinker CD, Maindal HT, Paakkari O, Elsborg P. Translation and validation of a brief health literacy instrument for children into Danish. Eur J Public Health. 2020;30(Supplement_5): ckaa166–381.
- 361. Paakkari O, Torppa M, Boberova Z, Valimaa R, Maier G, Mazur J, et al. The cross-national measurement invariance of the Health Literacy for School-Aged Children (HLSAC) instrument. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(3):432–436. pmid:30412226
- 362. Diviani N, Dima AL, Schulz PJ. A psychometric analysis of the Italian version of the eHealth literacy scale using item response and classical test theory methods. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(4): e114. pmid:28400356
- 363. De Caro W, Corvo E. eHealth literacy scale: Online version validation in italian. Prof inferm. 2017;70(5):21–24.
- 364. De Caro W, Corvo E, Marucci AR, Mitello L, Lancia L, Sansoni J. eHealth Literacy Scale: An nursing analisys and Italian validation. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2016;225:949. pmid:27332425
- 365. Tomas C, Queiros P, Ferreira T. Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of an eHealth literacy assessment tool. JNR. 2014;4(2):19–28.
- 366. Van der Vaart R, van Deursen AJ, Drossaert CH, Taal E, van Dijk JA, van de Laar MA. Does the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) measure what it intends to measure? validation of a Dutch version of the eHEALS in two adult populations. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13(4): e86. pmid:22071338
- 367. Zrubka Z, Hajdu O, Rencz F, Baji P, Gulacsi L, Pentek M. Psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the eHealth literacy scale. Eur J Health Econ. 2019;20(1):57–69. pmid:31098883
- 368. Efthymiou A, Middleton N, Charalambous A, Papastavrou E. Adapting the eHealth literacy scale for carers of people with chronic diseases (eHeals-Carer) in a sample of Greek and Cypriot carers of people with dementia: Reliability and validation study. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(11): e12504. pmid:31778120
- 369. Paige SR, Krieger JL, Stellefson M, Alber JM. eHealth literacy in chronic disease patients: An item response theory analysis of the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS). Patient Educ Couns. 2017;100(2):320–326. pmid:27658660
- 370. Sudbury-Riley L, FitzPatrick M, Schulz PJ. Exploring the measurement properties of the eHealth literacy scale (eHEALS) among baby boomers: A multinational test of measurement invariance. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(2): e53. pmid:28242590
- 371. Holch P, Marwood JR. eHealth literacy in UK teenagers and young adults: Exploration of predictors and factor structure of the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS). JMIR Form Res. 2020;4(9): e14450. pmid:32897230
- 372. Aponte J, Nokes KM. Validating an electronic health literacy scale in an older hispanic population. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(17–18):2703–2711. pmid:28207962
- 373. Nguyen J, Moorhouse M, Curbow B, Christie J, Walsh-Childers K, Islam S. Construct validity of the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) among two adult populations: A Rasch analysis. JPHS. 2016;2(1): e24. pmid:27244771
- 374. Stellefson M, Paige SR, Tennant B, Alber JM, Chaney BH, Chaney D, et al. Reliability and validity of the telephone-based eHealth literacy scale among older adults: Cross-sectional survey. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(10): e362. pmid:29074471
- 375. Chung SY, Nahm ES. Testing reliability and validity of the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) for older adults recruited online. CIN- Comput Inform Nurs 2015;33(4):150–156. pmid:25783223
- 376. Wijaya MC, Kloping YP. Validity and reliability testing of the Indonesian version of the eHealth literacy scale during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Health Inform. 2021; 27(1):1460458220975466. pmid:33446030
- 377. Duplaga M, Sobecka K, Wojcik S. The reliability and validity of the telephone-based and online polish eHealth literacy scale based on two nationally representative samples. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(17):3216. pmid:31484338
- 378. Hyde LL, Boyes AW, Evans TJ, Mackenzie LJ, Sanson-Fisher R. Three-factor structure of the eHealth literacy scale among magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography outpatients: A confirmatory factor analysis. JMIR Hum Factors. 2018;5(1): e6. pmid:29459356
- 379. Chung S, Park BK, Nahm ES. The Korean eHealth Literacy Scale (K-eHEALS): Reliability and validity testing in younger adults recruited online. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(4): e138. pmid:29678800
- 380. Gartrell K, Han K, Trinkoff A, Cho H. Three‐factor structure of the eHealth literacy scale and its relationship with nurses’ health‐promoting behaviours and performance quality. J Adv Nurs. 2020;76 (10):2522–2530. pmid:33463741
- 381. Wangdahl J, Dahlberg K, Jaensson M, Nilsson U. Arabic version of the electronic health literacy scale in Arabic-speaking individuals in Sweden: Prospective psychometric evaluation study. JMIR mhealth uhealth. 2020;8(2): e16316.
- 382. Bazm S, Mirzaei M, Fallahzadeh H, Bazm R. Validity and reliability of the Iranian version of eHealth literacy scale. J Community Health Res. 2016;5(2):121–130.
- 383. Lin CY, Brostrom A, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Psychometric evaluation of the Persian eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) among elder Iranians with heart failure. Eval Health Prof. 2020;43(4):222–229. pmid:30744419
- 384. Gazibara T, Cakic J, Cakic M, Pekmezovic T, Grgurevic A. eHealth and adolescents in Serbia: Psychometric properties of eHeals questionnaire and contributing factors to better online health literacy. Health Promot Int. 2019;34(4):770–778. pmid:29800141
- 385. Brors G, Wentzel-Larsen T, Dalen H, Hansen TB, Norman CD, Wahl A, et al. Psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Electronic Health Literacy Scale (eHEALS) among patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: Cross-sectional validation study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7): e17312. pmid:32720900
- 386. Shiferaw KB. Validation of the Ethiopian version of eHealth Literacy Scale (ET-eHEALS) in a population with chronic disease. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:465–71. pmid:32547277
- 387. Juvalta S, Kerry MJ, Jaks R, Baumann I, Dratva J. Electronic health literacy in Swiss-German parents: Cross-sectional study of eHealth literacy scale unidimensionality. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(3): e14492. pmid:32167476
- 388. Mialhe FL, Moraes KL, Sampaio HA, Brasil VV, Vila VD, Soares GH, et al. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the eHealth literacy scale in Brazilian adults. Rev bras enferm. 2021; 75(1): e20201320. pmid:34495134
- 389. Baek JJ, Soares GH, da Rosa GC, Mialhe FL, Biazevic MG, Michel-Crosato E. Network analysis and psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the eHealth literacy scale in a dental clinic setting. Int J Med Inform. 2021; 153:104532. pmid:34298425
- 390. Ma Z, Wu M. The psychometric properties of the Chinese eHealth Literacy Scale (C-eHEALS) in a Chinese rural population: Cross-sectional validation study. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(10): e15720. pmid:31642811
- 391. Xu RH, Zhou L, Lu SY, Wong EL, Chang J, Wang D. Psychometric validation and cultural adaptation of the simplified Chinese eHealth literacy scale: Cross-sectional study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12): e18613. pmid:33284123
- 392. He Y, Guo L, Zauszniewski JA, Wei M, Zhang G, Lei X, et al. A reliability and validity study of the electronic health literacy scale among stroke patients in China. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. 2021:1–9. pmid:34927574
- 393. Slesinger NC, Yost KJ, Choi SW, Hahn EA. Validation of a short form for health literacy assessment using talking touchscreen technology. HLRP. 2020;4(4):e200–207. pmid:33034662
- 394. Park E, Kwon M. Testing the digital health literacy instrument for adolescents: Cognitive interviews. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(3): e17856. pmid:33720031
- 395. Cheng C, Elsworth G, Osborne RH. Validity evidence based on relations to other variables of the eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ): Bayesian approach to test for known-groups validity. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(10): e30243. pmid:34647897