https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-3315
Correction
9 May 2024: Lee SJ, Baek YJ, Kim JN, Lee KH, Lee EH, et al. (2024) Correction: Increasing Fusobacterium infections with Fusobacterium varium, an emerging pathogen. PLOS ONE 19(5): e0303711. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303711 View correction
Figures
Abstract
Infections caused by Fusobacterium species are rare; however serious infections with complications or mortality may occur occasionally. We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the clinical features of patients with Fusobacterium infections and the differences between infections caused by the species F. necrophorum, F. nucleatum, and F. varium. Additionally, we attempted to identify risk factors for Fusobacterium-associated mortality. This study included all patients at a large tertiary care teaching hospital in South Korea with Fusobacterium infections from January 2006 to April 2021. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and outcome data were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors for in-hospital mortality associated with F. nucleatum and F. varium infections. We identified 272 patients with Fusobacterium infections during the study period. The number of Fusobacterium cases has increased recently, with F. varium infections markedly increasing since 2016 and causing a significant proportion of infections. Patients with F. varium infections were older and had a higher proportion of nosocomial infections than the other groups. The F. nucleatum and F. varium groups showed higher in-hospital mortality than the F. necrophorum group. Through logistic regression analysis, APACHE II score and serum albumin level were considered risk factors for in-hospital mortality. APACHE II score was positively correlated with age, red cell distribution width, and serum blood urea nitrogen, and negatively correlated with serum albumin level. Infections caused by Fusobacterium species are increasing. F. varium causes a significant proportion of severe infections.
Citation: Lee SJ, Baek YJ, Kim JN, Lee KH, Lee EH, Yeom JS, et al. (2022) Increasing Fusobacterium infections with Fusobacterium varium, an emerging pathogen. PLoS ONE 17(4): e0266610. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266610
Editor: Tze Shien Lo, University of North Dakota, UNITED STATES
Received: October 13, 2021; Accepted: March 23, 2022; Published: April 14, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information files.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Fusobacterium is gram-negative anaerobic bacteria usually found as normal flora in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. Recently, Fusobacterium nucleatum has been discovered in colorectal cancer tissue, and several studies have reported its relationship with colorectal tumorigenesis [1,2]. The pathogenic role of F. nucleatum in adverse pregnancy outcomes has also been described previously [3]. Moreover, a link between Crohn`s disease, ulcerative colitis, and Fusobacterium has been suggested [4,5]. Infections caused by Fusobacterium species are rare, but sometimes serious infections with complications or mortality do occur. Lemierre`s syndrome, which is characterized by thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein following oropharyngeal infection, is the representative disease of Fusobacterium infection. This syndrome is considered to be “forgotten” due to its low incidence in the post-antibiotic era [6]. However, the number of reported cases has been increasing recently without clear reason [7]. Furthermore, several studies have shown evidence of the growing number of cases of anaerobic infection with Fusobacterium species [8]. Fusobacterium infection shows various clinical features, ranging from mild cases to invasive and fatal disease [9,10]. In general, F. necrophorum, which is known to cause Lemierre`s syndrome, and F. nucleatum are the two most common species reported [11–13]. However, only a few studies have described the overall characteristics of Fusobacterium infection and the differences among species. Accordingly, we conducted a retrospective study to investigate the clinical features of patients with Fusobacterium infections and the differences between the infection caused by F. necrophorum, F. nucleatum, and F. varium. We also sought to identify the risk factors for Fusobacterium infection-related mortality.
Materials and methods
Study design and patient population
This retrospective study included all patients with Fusobacterium infections admitted to Severance Hospital, a large tertiary care teaching hospital in South Korea, from January 2006 to April 2021. Fusobacterium infection was defined as isolation of Fusobacterium species from any patient exhibiting signs of infection. All isolates were identified using either conventional methods [14], Vitek Anaerobe and Corynebacterium identification cards (bioMérieux), or a VITEK MS (bioMérieux) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) system. Infections were divided into three groups: F. nucleatum, F. necrophorum, and F. varium, which were the most common organisms involved. Other Fusobacterium species such as F. mortiferum, F. ulcerans, F. necrogenes, and F. naviforme were also identified, but they were excluded from this study because of the small number of cases involved. All relevant clinical and laboratory data were collected via electronic medical records to investigate the clinical characteristics of infections.
Variables
The primary outcome examined was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit (ICU) admission, readmission within 30 days, length of hospital stay, hemodynamic instability, respiratory failure, acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy, duration of antibiotics treatment, cases requiring intervention or surgery, and thrombophlebitis.
The Charlson Comorbidity Index was calculated at admission to classify patients according to their overall comorbidity level [15]. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores were used to measure patients’ severity of illness.
Definitions
Community-acquired infection was defined as when the infection occurred prior to admission or within 48 h of hospitalization. Polymicrobial infection was defined as when one or more additional bacterial species were isolated from the same individual. Hemodynamic instability was defined by either mean arterial pressure <65 mmHg or requiring vasopressors to maintain a mean arterial pressure >65 mmHg. Patients with ventilator care for hypoxemic or hypercapnic respiratory failure were defined as those experiencing respiratory failure. AKI was defined according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria [16].
Statistical analyses
Patient characteristics and outcomes were assessed between the three species using one-way ANOVA or the Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and the chi-squared test for categorical variables. Continuous variables were checked for normality via the Shapiro–Wilk test. The chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test were used to find differences in categorical variables between those with Fusobacterium infections who survived and those who died. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between APACHE II score and other variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis with backward stepwise selection was performed to assess the risk factors for in-hospital mortality of F. nucleatum and F. varium infections. F. necrophorum was not included for analyzing the risk factors of in-hospital mortality as infections by F. necrophorum are not associated with significant mortality [11,12]. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using R V.4.0.5 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
The institutional review board of the Yonsei University Health System Clinical Trial Center approved this study and the need for informed consent was waived by the institutional review board because of the study design.
Results
Patient characteristics
We identified a total of 272 patients with Fusobacterium infections during the study period. Among the 272 patients, there were 86, 71, and 56 cases of F. nucleatum, F. necrophorum, and F. varium infections, respectively. Table 1 presents a comparison of patient characteristics of each group. Patient characteristics were also compared between the groups as follows: F. varium with F. nucleatum and F. varium with F. necrophorum. The differences between the three groups are shown in Table 1. Patients with F. necrophorum infections were younger than those in other groups and most cases were less severe community-acquired infections with fewer comorbidities. In contrast, patients in the F. varium group were older and had a higher proportion of nosocomial infections than those in other groups. There were also differences in infection sites. The majority of F. necrophorum infections were upper respiratory tract infections, whereas most cases of F. varium infections were intra-abdominal. Unlike the other two species, F. nucleatum showed similar rates of upper respiratory infection, intra-abdominal infection, and primary bacteremia.
Year-wise distribution of cases
The number of Fusobacterium infection cases was increased in recent years (Fig 1). F. varium infections markedly increased and made up a significant proportion of Fusobacterium infections from 2016 onwards. Cases of F. nucleatum and F. necrophorum infections remained steady throughout the study period.
Outcomes measured
The F. nucleatum and F. varium groups showed markedly higher in-hospital mortality than the F. necrophorum group (Table 2). Other outcome variables like ICU admission, hemodynamic instability, and respiratory failure also showed similar results. Furthermore, AKI requiring renal replacement therapy occurred more frequently in the F. varium group. The F. varium group also had a longer hospital stay and duration of antibiotic therapy than the other groups.
Risk factors for in-hospital mortality in the F. nucleatum and F. varium groups
We performed a univariate analysis of the risk factors for in-hospital mortality in the F. nucleatum and F. varium groups. As the F. necrophorum group showed almost no cases of mortality, it was excluded from this analysis (Table 3). Age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, lymphocyte count, platelet count, red cell distribution width (RDW), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum albumin, serum total bilirubin, APACHE II score, and SOFA score were significant. When included in logistic regression analysis, Charlson Comorbidity Index and APACHE II scores could be considered as risk factors for in-hospital mortality (Table 4).
Correlation between APACHE II score and other variables
The correlation coefficient analysis revealed that age, RDW, and serum BUN were positively associated with the APACHE II score (r = 0.46, 0.4, 0.52, respectively; all p < 0.001). Serum albumin level was negatively correlated with the APACHE II score (r = -0.48, p < 0.001). More details are shown in Fig 2. Multivariate linear regression analysis also identified significant correlations of age, RDW, serum BUN, and serum albumin with APACHE II score.
Discussion
In this study, we presented the clinical characteristics and outcomes of the three most common species of Fusobacterium infection. One of the important findings of our study is that F. varium infection is serious and as common as infections by the two other known species. F. varium has gained attention for its potential association with ulcerative colitis; however, infection caused by this species has not been thoroughly investigated and has only been reported in case reports and small series [17–20]. To our knowledge, there has been no study describing the varied clinical characteristics of F. varium infection. Despite the lack of awareness about this species, surprisingly, F. varium was found to cause more severe infections than F. nucleatum and F. necrophorum. The group of patients with F. varium showed a high rate of in-hospital mortality (12.5%) as well as a high rate of ICU admission (26.8%) and AKI (14.3%). This is probably because a large proportion of these cases were postoperative nosocomial infections, and these patients had more comorbidities. In addition, the complicated nature of F. varium infection may be due to the longer resultant hospitalization period and antibiotic treatment when compared with infections caused by the other two species.
Another characteristic of F. varium infection is a high rate of polymicrobial infections. Consistent with the characteristics of anaerobic infections, polymicrobial infection rates were also high in other groups [21]. Still, the rate of polymicrobial infection was significantly higher in the F. varium group, and the majority of co-infected pathogens were Bacteroides species and Escherichia coli, different from the other groups. This might be related to the high rate of intra-abdominal infection in the F. varium group. Nevertheless, whether this is a unique characteristic of this emerging pathogen requires further research.
As shown in Fig 1, cases with Fusobacterium infection have been increasing annually. Among them, the number of F. varium infections has increased significantly since 2016; however, the reason for this finding is unclear. Most infection sites in the F. varium group were intra-abdominal, and half of the group had received surgery due to malignant neoplasms like gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether the increase of infection by F. varium is associated with an increased incidence of gastric and colorectal cancer or an increased complication rate after abdominal surgery. Improved diagnostic capability and awareness of this microorganism also can be a reason.
Risk factors for mortality due to Fusobacterium infections have not yet been clearly identified. In one study by Su et al., shock, lack of fever at presentation, and underlying diseases (heart failure, renal insufficiency, or malignancy) were presented as independent risk factors for the mortality due to Fusobacterium bacteremia [22]. In another study, Yang et al. reported Pitt bacteremia score, nosocomial infection, anemia, ICU stay, renal insufficiency, and hypothermia as risk factors for 30-day mortality in F. nucleatum bacteremia [23]. Even though the patient population in this study was not equal to that of the previous studies, different results were derived in our study. APACHE II score and serum albumin were identified as risk factors for in-hospital mortality of F. nucleatum and F. varium infection. Our results are consistent with previous knowledge considering that APACHE II score is a general marker of critical illness and hypoalbuminemia has a highly significant correlation with mortality [24]. APACHE II score is certainly a useful tool for assessing the severity and prognosis of patients, but it might be cumbersome for routine clinical use. In our study, RDW, serum BUN, and serum albumin level were significantly correlated with APACHE II score. Although these associations with in-hospital mortality were not significant in logistic regression analysis, patients with high RDW or high serum BUN could be considered as severely ill in F. nucleatum and F. varium infection.
This study has some limitations. First, the majority of cases in this study were polymicrobial infections, thus the results might not be solely caused by Fusobacterium species, but by the accompanying bacteria. However, considering F. nucleatum serves a structurally supportive role as a bridge organism in dental plaque biofilm, connecting primary colonizers in the oral cavity to anaerobic colonizers, polymicrobial infection might be fundamental to the nature of Fusobacterium species [25]. Furthermore, interactions with other microorganisms via adhesion like Aid1, CmpA, RadD, Fap2, and FomA support this assumption. Additionally, we could not collect antimicrobial susceptibility data about isolated Fusobacterium species as our institute does not routinely perform antimicrobial susceptibility tests for anaerobes. A more detailed conclusion could be drawn if the results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests and the administered antibiotics were analyzed. Lastly, we cannot exclude that our study was influenced by unknown confounding variables because of the retrospective nature of the study design.
Conclusion
Fusobacterium infections are increasing. A significant proportion of infections is caused by F. varium, which has not received much attention to date. We found that F. varium infection is as common as infection by the two other known species, and it is serious. Therefore, further study about F. varium infection is warranted.
References
- 1. Mima K, Sukawa Y, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Yamauchi M, Inamura K, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum and T Cells in Colorectal Carcinoma. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(5):653–61. Epub 2015/07/17. pmid:26181352.
- 2. Nosho K, Sukawa Y, Adachi Y, Ito M, Mitsuhashi K, Kurihara H, et al. Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with immunity and molecular alterations in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(2):557–66. Epub 2016/01/27. pmid:26811607.
- 3. Han YW. Fusobacterium nucleatum: a commensal-turned pathogen. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2015;23:141–7. Epub 2015/01/13. pmid:25576662.
- 4. Ohkusa T, Yoshida T, Sato N, Watanabe S, Tajiri H, Okayasu I. Commensal bacteria can enter colonic epithelial cells and induce proinflammatory cytokine secretion: a possible pathogenic mechanism of ulcerative colitis. J Med Microbiol. 2009;58(Pt 5):535–45. Epub 2009/04/17. pmid:19369513.
- 5. Ohkusa T, Kato K, Terao S, Chiba T, Mabe K, Murakami K, et al. Newly developed antibiotic combination therapy for ulcerative colitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(8):1820–9. Epub 2010/03/11. pmid:20216533.
- 6. Lee WS, Jean SS, Chen FL, Hsieh SM, Hsueh PR. Lemierre’s syndrome: A forgotten and re-emerging infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(4):513–7. Epub 2020/04/19. pmid:32303484.
- 7. Pett E, Saeed K, Dryden M. Fusobacterium species infections: clinical spectrum and outcomes at a district general hospital. Infection. 2014;42(2):363–70. Epub 2013/12/12. pmid:24326987.
- 8. Lassmann B, Gustafson DR, Wood CM, Rosenblatt JE. Reemergence of anaerobic bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(7):895–900. Epub 2007/03/08. pmid:17342637.
- 9. Denes E, Barraud O. Fusobacterium nucleatum infections: clinical spectrum and bacteriological features of 78 cases. Infection. 2016;44(4):475–81. Epub 2016/01/20. pmid:26783023.
- 10. Nygren D, Holm K. Invasive infections with Fusobacterium necrophorum including Lemierre’s syndrome: an 8-year Swedish nationwide retrospective study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(8):1089.e7–.e12. Epub 2019/12/18. pmid:31843654.
- 11. Huggan PJ, Murdoch DR. Fusobacterial infections: clinical spectrum and incidence of invasive disease. J Infect. 2008;57(4):283–9. Epub 2008/09/23. pmid:18805588.
- 12. Afra K, Laupland K, Leal J, Lloyd T, Gregson D. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of Fusobacterium species bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:264. Epub 2013/06/06. pmid:23734900.
- 13. Yusuf E, Halewyck S, Wybo I, Piérard D, Gordts F. Fusobacterium necrophorum and other Fusobacterium spp. isolated from head and neck infections: A 10-year epidemiology study in an academic hospital. Anaerobe. 2015;34:120–4. Epub 2015/05/20. pmid:25988544.
- 14.
Summanen P BE, Citron DM, Strong CA, Wexler HM F S. Wadsworth anaerobic bacteriology manual. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Star Publishing Co; 1993.
- 15. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–83. Epub 1987/01/01. pmid:3558716.
- 16. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Workgroup KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;(2):1–138.
- 17. K R, Biswas R, Bhat P, Sistla S, Kumari S, Kate V. Rare isolation of Fusobacterium varium from a case of Fournier’s gangrene. Anaerobe. 2019;57:82–5. Epub 2019/04/06. pmid:30951829.
- 18. Legaria MC, Lumelsky G, Rodriguez V, Rosetti S. Clindamycin-resistant Fusobacterium varium bacteremia and decubitus ulcer infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(8):4293–5. Epub 2005/08/06. pmid:16082005.
- 19. Stransky O, Blum R, Brown W, Kruse D, Stone P. Bumble Foot: A Rare Presentation of a Fusobacterium varium Infection of the Heel Pad in a Healthy Female. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55(5):1087–90. Epub 2015/10/13. pmid:26456575.
- 20. Bourgault AM, Lamothe F, Dolcé P, Saint-Jean L, Saint-Antoine P. Fusobacterium bacteremia: clinical experience with 40 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25 Suppl 2:S181–3. Epub 1997/10/06. pmid:9310671.
- 21. Brook I. Antimicrobial treatment of anaerobic infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12(11):1691–707. Epub 20110421. pmid:21506900.
- 22. Su CP, Huang PY, Yang CC, Lee MH. Fusobacterium bacteremia: clinical significance and outcomes. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2009;42(4):336–42. Epub 2009/12/02. pmid:19949758.
- 23. Yang CC, Ye JJ, Hsu PC, Chang HJ, Cheng CW, Leu HS, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteremia—a 6-year experience at a tertiary care hospital in northern Taiwan. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;70(2):167–74. Epub 2011/05/21. pmid:21596220.
- 24. Soeters PB, Wolfe RR, Shenkin A. Hypoalbuminemia: Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2019;43(2):181–93. Epub 2018/10/06. pmid:30288759.
- 25. Brennan CA, Garrett WS. Fusobacterium nucleatum—symbiont, opportunist and oncobacterium. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(3):156–66. Epub 2018/12/14. pmid:30546113.