https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2059-6473
Figures
Abstract
Objectives
To assess the management of requests for information about a prescription only medicine (simvastatin for treatment of dyslipidemia) by pharmacy staff in community settings and explore the factors influencing the information content.
Methods
A cross sectional study conducted using the stimulated patient (SP) method between November 2018 and May 2019. The SP conveyed the request at the beginning of the encounter in a standardized way based on predetermined plots and was instructed to ask the pharmacy staff directly if information was not discussed spontaneously. After the visit, the SP provided written feedback including information about the scenario and a copy of individualized feedback. The study was reported according to the checklist for reporting research using simulated patient methodology (CRiSP). Factors influencing information content with or without information demand were investigated.
Results
A total of 55 visits were analyzed. The average content score for the information discussed spontaneously was 16.2% with the standard deviation (SD) equal to15.6. The score improved significantly after information was demanded by the SP; the average total information content score became 34.4% (SD = 16) with p < 0.001. The score of information discussed spontaneously was higher for male pharmacy staff, older age, more experience, and a Pharm D degree. When the SP prompted or demanded for information, older pharmacy staff with more experience and with a college degree scored higher. Independent pharmacies, longer visit durations, and less distraction were associated significantly with higher information scores Pharmacy staff aged 35–39 and those with 6–10 years of experience were significant contributors to spontaneous discussion of information with p values = 0.003 and 0.013, respectively. After the SP demanded information, pharmacy staff with less than 5 years of experience and greater confidence as well as longer visits were positively predicting higher information scores with p values of 0.049, 0.04, and 0.04, respectively.
Conclusions
Information provided by community pharmacists responding to information requests about prescription only medications was found to be suboptimal. Patient requests for information were found to be a positive driver for better information content. Further research of mixed methodologies is required to clarify the factors and motivators enabling information exchange in community settings and to outline true training needs.
Citation: Hammad EA, Al-Aqeel S, Elayah E, Jaber D (2022) Assessing content and factors influencing responses to information requests in community pharmacies in Jordan: A simulated patients study. PLoS ONE 17(2): e0264224. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264224
Editor: Vijayaprakash Suppiah, University of South Australia, AUSTRALIA
Received: September 2, 2021; Accepted: February 6, 2022; Published: February 18, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Hammad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the Deanship of Acedemic Research, The University of Jordan.[grant numbers 1637, 2014]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: All authors of the manuscript declare no completing or conflict of interests. They have no direct or indirect financial relationship with any official or non-official body.
Introduction
Community pharmacies are the most accessible health care venue for patient counseling. With increased access to medications and information, the key roles for community pharmacists in rationalizing medication use are growing [1]. Therefore, gathering and sharing essential information with the patient or caregiver is vital to ensure patient safety and optimize therapy outcomes [2, 3].
Preventable diseases, delayed diagnosis, and limited accessibility to screening programs are placing huge burdens across countries [4, 5]. Therefore, there are growing needs to outline effective strategies that can reach out to the patient successfully [4]. Community pharmacists are well-positioned for patient-centered roles due to their convenient location and extended hours of operation [1, 4]. Hence, it is important to outline ways to support community pharmacists in their roles of changing patients’ life styles, reinforcing medication adherence, simplifying dosage regimens, and communicating with patients to establish the desired therapeutic outcomes [3, 6]. The simulated patient (SP) approach is widely used to assess practice assessment since it captures a spontaneous observation without individuals being aware of being evaluated [7]. It is also useful in enforcing improvements by guiding focused and tailored feedback in natural practice settings [8, 9].
Community pharmacies are abundant and highly accessible in Jordan [10, 11]. According to the Jordan Pharmacists Association (JPA) records, there are 3,780 community pharmacies (either pharmacist-owned or within pharmacy chains) staffed with 7,200 pharmacists. Additionally, there is a total of 8,000 medications in Jordan of which 3,000 are classified as over the counter (OTC) drugs. Nevertheless, there is limited control on drug supply and many prescription only medicines (POM) are supplied without prescriptions except for controlled drugs such as sedatives and tranquilizers [12–14]. There is no practice framework for delivering patient-centered pharmaceutical care and the main role of community pharmacists is to focus on product supply [15]. Patient counseling is not provided routinely or systematically to patients attending independent or chain pharmacies [10, 11].
Counseling content and practice were investigated previously in Jordan using the SP approach, namely in responding to symptom scenarios such as headache, insomnia, and proper inhaler techniques. The practice and content of information were found suboptimal with respect to OTC supply and inhaler counseling [12, 13, 16–18]. The need to enhance practice and underline reasons for insufficiencies have been urged. Additionally, factors that influence the content and practice were left unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the management of a request for information about a POM (simvastatin for treatment of dyslipidemia) by pharmacy staff and to explore the factors affecting the content of information.
Methods
Study design
A cross sectional study was conducted using the SP method between November 2018 and May 2019. Prior to visits, an independent research assistant approached a senior representative from a convenient sample of community pharmacies in the capital city of Amman. The sample was selected to reflect different socioeconomic areas of the city and different pharmacy types (independent versus chain). The convenient sampling technique was used because it is cheap, efficient, and simple to implement. An independent research assistant informed a representative from the pharmacy about the study and invited them to take part in the study. Informed written consent was obtained from all participating pharmacies.
Pharmacy staff who did not wish to participate in the study were given a sticker and requested to wear it for the upcoming six months. No information was given about the date and time of the visits, the SP identity, or any details of the scenarios.
The visits were conducted by four trained SPs (two females and two males) who were pharmacy students in their fourth year of study. SPs were trained via a one-day program using mixed approaches including role plays, discussions, and peer reflection. The training was delivered by a senior clinical researcher (EH) and focused on how to enact the scenario, collect data, and complete the study forms. The scenario was piloted in eight pharmacies to enhance authenticity and standardization [19]. The visits were audiotaped to improve the reliability of the data record and report duration of the visits. The audiotaped recordings were checked by the principle investigator to ensure the adherence of the SP to the protocol and validity of the visit assessments. Each pharmacy was visited once by one of the SPs. The study was reported according to the checklist for reporting research using simulated patient methodology, known as CRiSP [20].
Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Jordan Hospital (Ref number: 235/2014-30/09/2014).
Scenarios and visits
The study scenario was adapted with modifications based on previous research and presented in Table 1 [21–23]. The SP conveyed the request at the beginning of the encounter in a standardized way based on predetermined plots and was instructed to ask the pharmacy staff directly if information was not discussed spontaneously.
Assessments of SP visits
The assessment forms were adapted with modifications based on previous research and face validated with two independent senior researchers and a community pharmacist [7, 8, 13, 16, 18, 21–23]. The study forms were completed immediately outside the pharmacy. Forms are available upon request.
These forms assessed content of information and communication skills. Information about pharmacy type (independent or chain), number of waiting customers, day and time of visit, and gender of pharmacy staff were collected. Privacy of the conversation and distracting factors were assessed by the SP on an ordinal scale: 1 indicating poor to 5 indicating very good [23, 24].
Content of information.
The SP recorded whether the pharmacy staff discussed the following provision of information: who the medicine was for, indication/benefit, the drug name, strength, dose, and time for administration. Additionally, the SP recorded if medical history, known allergies and side effects, and precautions were discussed. Each provision of information was scored 1 point if the pharmacy staff provided in any format. A score of 100% (12 out of 12) represented that the pharmacy staff discussed all relevant information and provided appropriate responses to SP enquiries. The SP recorded whether the information was provided spontaneously or after prompt or demand by the SP. The SP also recorded if written information and non-pharmacological advice were provided.
Communication skills.
To assess communication skills, the SP recorded if the pharmacy staff introduced himself/herself, welcomed the patient, explained the need to ask the SP questions, maintained eye contact, checked for questions of concern, used open body language, used lay term language, and offered contact number or access back to the pharmacy.
The SP assessed the confidence of the pharmacy staff that was demonstrated in making recommendations on an ordinal scale: 1 indicating poor to 5 indicating very good. The effectiveness of communication was based on previous literature [23, 24].
Post visit feedback
After completing the assessment form outside the pharmacy, the SP re-entered the pharmacy and disclosed his/her identity with a thank you package including a souvenir mug with written feedback including information about the scenario and a copy of individualized feedback. The SP discussed the feedback in a non-confrontational way with focus on areas for improvement. The SP collected the following information for pharmacy staff: age, professional status (pharmacist with BSC. Pharm. or Pharm D degree or pharmacy technician) and years of experience in community settings.
Before leaving the pharmacy, the SP supplied the pharmacy staff with a form assessing pharmacy staff views on the SP visits and asked for their perception of whether patients are open for information or in a hurry in real practice, whether the pharmacy staff are too busy to provide information, and whether the pharmacy staff needs training and service reimbursement. The responses were Y/N and on an ordinal scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree.
Statistical analysis
Data were coded and entered into the SPSS © database Version 23 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were reported as mean (± SD), median (range) and frequency n (%). Factors influencing information content with or without information demand or prompt by the SP were investigated using independent or paired sample T test and ANOVA when assumptions for parametric testing were fulfilled. When assumptions were violated, nonparametric tests were performed, namely the Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Wilcoxon signed rank sum test. A p value > 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Checking for normality was carried out using the Shapiro-Wilk test, with P-value > 0.05 indicating normally distributed continuous variables.
Factors were dissected into pharmacy staff related factors and those related to the SP visit. Factors relating to the pharmacy staff were gender, age, years of experience, pharmacy degree, and pharmacist’s confidence. Those related to the visit were day of the visit, time of the visit, busyness (number of waiting customers), visit duration (min), SP’s gender, privacy, and distraction. Dependent variables were the score for information obtained spontaneously (without SP demand or prompt) and the total score for the information content during the visit. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and all tests were two-tailed.
General linear models (GLM) were used to build exploratory models of factors predicting information discussed by the pharmacy staff spontaneously (without SP demand) and a total score for information content during the visit. Assumptions for independence of the covariate and homogeneity of the regression slopes were checked.
Results
A total of 72 community pharmacies were approached and 63 agreed to participate. The study was piloted in 8 pharmacies and consequently 55 visits were analyzed in this study. Fifty percentage of the pharmacy staff approached were females and mostly aged below 30 years with less than five years of experience in community settings. The majority hold a BSc in Pharmacy. Characteristics of the visited pharmacists are presented in Table 2. The average duration of visits was 1.55 minutes with a range 39 seconds to 5.5 minutes.
Content and frequency of information provided spontaneously and after prompt or demand by the SP as well as communication skills are presented in Table 3. The mean (SD) content score of information discussed spontaneously was 16.2% (SD = 15.6). A Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test indicated that after prompting and demanding information from the pharmacist who did not provide information spontaneously, scores were statistically significantly higher at 34.4% (SD = 16) with p < 0.001.
With respect to communication skills, the pharmacy staff often maintained eye contact, welcomed the SP, used appropriate language, and used appropriate listening skills. However, they often did not introduce himself/herself, asked questions about the SP’s needs, checked the SP’s understanding, or if he/she had questions or concerns. In only one visit, the SP offered contact information for further follow up if needed. Furthermore, non-pharmaceutical advice was provided in 22 (37%) visits while written information was provided in 12 (21%) using manufacturer recommendations or leaflets.
Median (IQR) for privacy of conversations was good to very good 4 (3), and privacy was rated good to very good in 50 (90.9%) visits. Distraction was rated good to very good in 47 (85.5%) visits. Median (IQR) for confidence was 4 (3), and the SP rated confidence good to very good in 51 (92.7%) visits.
Factors contributing to content of information
Table 4 summarizes the factors influencing the information content with and without the SP’s demand for information.
The factors related to the pharmacy staff that scored significantly higher for information discussed spontaneously were male pharmacy staff, older age with more experience, and a Pharm D degree. When the SP prompted or demanded information, older pharmacy staff with more experience and with a college degree (i.e., pharmacy technicians) scored higher. A higher confidence in the visit was associated with better information content, particularly after the SP prompted for information. There was no significant association between confidence and other factors.
None of the factors related to the pharmacy visit were significantly associated with better information content except for the SP’s gender. However, this was not statistically significant for the total score. The SP’s gender was not statistically associated with any of the other factors.
The factors that demonstrated a significant association with the content of information discussed by the pharmacy staff spontaneously (without the SP’s demand) and the total information score (Table 4; p > 0.05) were entered into a GLM analysis. The pharmacy staff’s gender, age, years of experience degree, and the SP’s gender were entered into a spontaneous information (without the SP’s demand) score model. Similarly, for the total information score, the pharmacy staff’s age, years of experience, confidence, pharmacy type, duration of visit, and distraction were investigated via GLM. Table 5 presents the summaries of the models for the factors predicting the content of information discussed by the pharmacy staff spontaneously (without the SP’s demand) and the total information score. Levene’s tests for both models were significant (p ≤ 0.05). The homogeneity of variance was thus doubled checked via Hartley’s F max (variance ratio). The ratio of the variances between the biggest and smallest variances across groups were found below 3 (Hartley critical value). Thus, the assumption of homogeneity was deemed tenable. Homogeneity of regression slopes were checked visually and via customized modelling and showed all p values > 0.05.
It can be seen that pharmacy staff with older age and more years of experience were more likely to discuss information spontaneously. However, this was shown to be only significant for pharmacy staff aged 35–39 and those with 6–10 years of experience, with df 35, F = 2.24, P value = 0.032, and R squared = 0.81. After the SP demanded information, the pharmacy staff with experience less than 5 years and greater confidence as well as longer visits were positively predicting higher information scores with df 29, F = 2.96, P value = 0.007, and R squared = 0.76.
Pharmacist views on simulated patient visits
The post visit form was not returned by one pharmacy. None of the pharmacy staff reported that they suspected the SP. All of them believed the SP acted in a natural manner (100%, n = 54), his/her appearance fit the role (94.4%, n = 51). Most that and reported the SP responded in a natural manner (96.3%, n = 52).
A majority of the pharmacy staff reported that the feedback was not confrontational (98.5%, N = 53) and was conducted in a professional manner (96.5%, N = 52). All of the pharmacy staff reported that it was easy to understand the SP and were comfortable when discussing with the SP (98.5%, N = 53).
The Median (IQR) to which the pharmacy staff agreed (1 to 5) regarding the patients’ openness to information and needs for training or reimbursement are shown in Fig 1. The pharmacy staff agreed mostly with the need for training and reimbursement.
Discussion
This study is the first to assess community pharmacists’ management of information requests in relation to POM and contributing factors to the content of information in Jordan via the SP method. The SP approach captured a real observation of the information provisions discussed by the pharmacy staff and investigated how demand for information affected subsequent counseling content. Before the SP demanded information, only 45% of pharmacy staff discussed the indications or benefits and scientific name of the medication. For only 23% of the visits, the pharmacy staff confirmed who the medicine was for. For one third of the visits, the pharmacy staff discussed how to take it. This suboptimal practice might carry considerable risks to patient safety and health outcomes [2]. Therefore, investigating driving factors for better counseling behavior in community settings is vital to outline effective strategies to enhance practice.
Demanding or probing for information was an enabling factor for better counseling behavior. This is in line with previous studies investigating factors influencing patient participation in medication counseling at the community pharmacy [21, 25, 26]. In fact, patients not requesting information about medications have been identified as a priority medication safety problem in another setting [27].
Strategies that enhance patient involvement and promote a pharmacist-patient sharing agenda by pharmacists asking questions about the SP’s needs, checking for patient concerns or questions, and offering contact information are critical. These enhance information exchange and enable more information sharing. Skills to engage patients were only fulfilled by 10% of the visits. These deficiencies should be outlined to educators and authorities responsible for the continuous professional development of pharmacy staff especially since our findings indicate that pharmacy staff showed the highest extent of agreement with the need for training and reimbursement.
Of note, none of the pharmacy staff discussed side effects or known allergies. Even after the SP asked for information, this information was not discussed except in one visit. Reluctant to discuss such information has been reported for both OTC and POM medication [13, 21, 26]. Understanding the reasons or perspectives for such an observation is essential. This could be explored in depth via qualitative research.
Non-pharmacological advice and written communication was not common too. Previous research has shown that life style modifications can be considered a significant contributor to better disease control and progression with respect to outcomes, safety, and costs [28]. Pharmacy led services targeted to non-pharmacological advice carry professional opportunities for community pharmacists [4]. Comprehensive programs to promote and train pharmacists on these aspects are demanded [5, 29].
A key aspect of the current study is examining the relationship between the content of counseling and a number of pharmacy staff and visit characteristics. Older aged pharmacy staff with more years of experience were more likely to discuss information without patient demands. After patients demanded information, pharmacy staff with experience less than 5 years and with greater rated confidence were more likely to respond to the demand for information. Possibly, older pharmacy staff with more years of experience are more comfortable and experienced to initiate patient counseling or share information. For those who have experience less than 5 years and are potentially younger (age and year of experience are significantly associated, chi-squared test p ≤ 0.05.), they were enabled for better information sharing after the patient requested it [25]. This is an important observation to determine training needs for freshly graduated pharmacy staff and inform skill based teaching in pharmacy curriculum. Further research is needed to clarify age and experience effects and to better understand the perspectives or motivations underlining this observation.
Duration of the visit was a significant contributor to better counseling. Potentially, longer interaction time between the pharmacist and the patient would enable a better discussion of information and encourage both sides to participate in the conversation. Nevertheless, studies have shown that pharmacists have often perceived that patient counseling was time consuming and highlighted their workload as a main barrier [25, 30–32]. There is no clear cut-off time to exchange information in community settings. However, WHO outlined that three minutes are needed at least per a patient for complete counseling and orientation by the pharmacist [33]. This study demonstrates limited counseling practice in community settings regardless of the busyness or number of customers waiting. Pharmacy staff also agreed modestly that they are too busy to provide information. On the other hand, they agreed that patients are in a hurry and not willing to give time. Therefore, there might be a mismatch between the perspectives and expectations on both sides. In-depth analysis is demanded to reveal the true barriers on both sides to help form effective corrective strategies [34].
One of the strengths of this study is the use of the CRiSP checklist to improve the quality of the study methodology reporting an area that is often inadequately reported by pharmacy researchers [20]. The SPs received formal training and were evaluated before the visits to enhance authenticity and standardization. Visits were also audiotaped to minimize recall bias and human error. None of the pharmacy staff reported that they suspected the SP which confirms our confidence in the SP training. However, the study has a key limitation. The data collection included a convenient small sample of community pharmacies in Amman, the capital of Jordan. Due to the exploratory purpose of the study, a minimum sample size of 30–60 was considered tenable to support the depth of the visit-oriented analysis and the structured feedback. Future larger studies across various cities are recommended to enhance the generalizability and to enable investigation of predictive links across various levels of covariates and post hoc contrasting analysis of group effects.
Conclusions
Community pharmacists responding to information about medications needs to be improved. A number of factors related to the pharmacy staff and the visits were found to be associated with better information exchange. The SP’s request for information facilitated more informative interaction with the patient. In-depth understanding of these factors is crucial to develop future strategies that address communication barriers, reduce passive patient encounters, and eventually contribute to patient empowerment and responsive patient-pharmacist consultations.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank the anonymized reviewers for their valuable comments and help to improve the quality of the manuscript. We are grateful to all pharmacies who agreed to take part in the study. We wish to thank Batool Khawldeh, Ibrahim and Haneen Abu-Mustafa, and Malek Hijawi for their help in data collection. We would also like to thank Dr. Mohammed Alhadab for his statistical advice.
References
- 1. Okumura LM, Rotta I, Correr CJ. Assessment of pharmacist-led patient counseling in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pharm.2014;36: 882–891. pmid:25052621
- 2. Puspitasari HP, Aslani P, Krass I. A review of counseling practices on prescription medicines in community pharmacies. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2009;5: 197–210. pmid:19733821
- 3. Kaae S, Traulsen JM, Nørgaard LS. Challenges to counseling customers at the pharmacy counter—Why do they exist?. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2012;8: 253–257. pmid:21955809
- 4. San-Juan-Rodriguez A, Newman TV, Hernandez I, Swart ECS, Klein-Fedyshin M, et al. Impact of community pharmacist-provided preventive services on clinical, utilization, and economic outcomes: An umbrella review. Prev Medi. 2018;115: 145–155.
- 5. George J, McNamara K, Stewart K. The roles of community pharmacists in cardiovascular disease prevention and management. Australas Med J. 2011;4: 266–272. pmid:23393519
- 6. Hoppe D, Ristevski E, Khalil H. The attitudes and practice strategies of community pharmacists towards drug misuse management: A scoping review. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2020;45: 430–452. pmid:31873962
- 7. Watson MC, Skelton JR, Bond CM, Croft P, Wiskin CM, et al. Simulated patients in the community pharmacy setting–Using simulated patients to measure practice in the community pharmacy setting. Pharm World Sci. 2004;26: 32–37. pmid:15018257
- 8. Watson MC, Cleland JA, Bond CM. Simulated patient visits with immediate feedback to improve the supply of over-the-counter medicines: a feasibility study. Fam Pract. 2009;26: 532–542. pmid:19828574
- 9. Collins JC, Schneider CR, Naughtin CL, Wilson F, de Almeida Neto AC, et al. Mystery shopping and coaching as a form of audit and feedback to improve community pharmacy management of non-prescription medicine requests: an intervention study. BMJ open.2017; 7: e019462. pmid:29247115
- 10. Elayeh E, Akour A, Almadaeen S, AlQhewii T. Basheti IA. Practice of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies in Jordan. Trop J Pharm Res. 2017;16: 463–470.
- 11. El-Dahiyat F, Curley LE, Babar Z-U-D. A survey study to measure the practice of patient counselling and other community pharmacy services in Jordan. J Pharm Health Serv Res. 2019; 10: 133–139.
- 12. Gogazeh E. Dispensing errors and self-medication practice observed by community pharmacists in Jordan. Saudi Pharm J. 2020; 28: 233–237. pmid:32194323
- 13. Hammad EA, Elayeh E, Tubeileh R, Watson M, Wazaify M. A simulated patient study assessing over the counter supply and counseling in Jordan: responding to headache complaints. I Int J Clin Pharm. 2018; 40: 982–986. pmid:29967966
- 14. Almaaytah A, Mukattash TL, Hajaj J. Dispensing of non-prescribed antibiotics in Jordan. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2015; 9: 1389. pmid:26491267
- 15. Nazer LH, Tuffaha H. Health Care and Pharmacy Practice in Jordan. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2017; 70: 150–155. pmid:28487583
- 16. Wazaify M, Elayeh E, Tubeileh R, Hammad EA. Assessing insomnia management in community pharmacy setting in Jordan: A simulated patient approach. PloS one 2019; 14: e0226076. pmid:31834888
- 17. Abdel-Qader DH, Al Meslamani AZ, Lewis PJ, Hamadi S. Incidence, nature, severity, and causes of dispensing errors in community pharmacies in Jordan. Int J Clin Pharm. 2021; 43: 165–173. pmid:32803560
- 18. Elayeh ER, Hammad EA, Tubeileh RH, Basheti IA. Use of secret simulated patient followed by workshop based education to assess and improve inhaler counseling in community pharmacy in Jordan. Pharm Pract (Granada).2019;17:1661. pmid:31897263
- 19. Resende KA, Cavaco AM, Luna-Leite MD, Acacio BR, Pinto NN, et al. Training and standardization of simulated patients for multicentre studies in clinical pharmacy education. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020; 18: Epub. pmid:33224323
- 20. Amaratunge S, Harrison M, Clifford R, Seubert L, Page A, et al. Developing a checklist for reporting research using simulated patient methodology (CRiSP): a consensus study. Int J Pharm Pract. 2021;29: 218–227. pmid:33792718
- 21. Alaqeel S, Abanmy NO. Counselling practices in community pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15: 1–9. pmid:25603697
- 22. DeLucenay A, Conn K, Corigliano A. An evaluation of the impact of immediate compared to delayed feedback on the development of counselling skills in pharmacy students. Pharm Educ. 2017;17: 322.
- 23. Berger K, Eickhoff C, Schulz M. Counselling quality in community pharmacies: implementation of the pseudo customer methodology in Germany. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2005; 30: 45–57. pmid:15659003
- 24. Lahrman R, Johnson A, Heaton PC, Frede SM, Schwartz R. Assessment of community pharmacists’ confidence, foundational knowledge, and coordination of care activities in patients with cancer as a chronic condition. Science and Practice Advances in Pharmacy Practice. 2019;59: S106–S111.
- 25. Qudah B, Thakur T, Chewning B. Factors influencing patient participation in medication counseling at the community pharmacy: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021; 17(11):1863–1876 pmid:33766505
- 26. Al Qarni H, Alrahbini T, AlQarni AM, Alqarni A. Community pharmacist counselling practices in the Bisha health directorate, Saudi Arabia–simulated patient visits. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020; 20: 1–7. pmid:32791962
- 27. Al Juffali LA, Knapp P, Al-Aqeel S, Watson MC. Medication safety problems priorities in community pharmacy in Saudi Arabia: a multi-stakeholder Delphi study using the human factors framework. BMJ Open. 2019; 9: e032419. pmid:31694852
- 28. Mahmood L. Nonpharmacological cholesterol-lowering approach: Managing cholesterol naturally. CHRISMED J Health Res. 2015; 2: 193–198.
- 29. Milosavljevic A, Aspden T, Harrison J. Community pharmacist-led interventions and their impact on patients’ medication adherence and other health outcomes: a systematic review. Int J Pharm Pract. 2018; 26: 387–397. pmid:29927005
- 30. Berbatis CG, Sunderland VB, Joyce A, Bulsara M, Mills C. Enhanced pharmacy services, barriers and facilitators in Australia’s community pharmacies: Australia’s National Pharmacy Database Project. Int J Pharm Pract. 2007; 15: 185–191.
- 31. Watson MC, Bond CM. The evidence‐based supply of non‐prescription medicines: barriers and beliefs. Int J Pharm Pract. 2004; 12: 65–72.
- 32. Abraham O, Alexander DS, Schleiden LJ, Carpenter DM. Identifying barriers and facilitators at affect community pharmacists’ ability to engage children in medication counseling: a pilot study. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2017; 22: 412–422. pmid:29290741
- 33.
World Health Organization. Guidelines for the regulatory assessment of medicinal products for use in self-medication. World Health Organization. Geneva; 2000. p. 16–32. Avalaible at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66154. Acessed 14th Jan 2022.
- 34. Sabater-Galindo M, de Maya SR, Benrimoj SI, Gastelurrutia MA, Martínez-Martínez F, et al. Patients’ expectations of the role of the community pharmacist: Development and testing of a conceptual model. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2017;13: 313–320. pmid:27185270