https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8042-6105
Figures
Abstract
Background
Nursing care service is an important part of the healthcare system; however, patients’ favorite type of nursing care remains unknown. This study aims to investigate inpatients’ and nurses’ favorite types of nursing care and identify nurses’ learning needs.
Method
The study selected a province-representative sample of inpatients and nurses using a stratified random sampling method from 18 selected hospitals, including 9 Level Ⅱ hospitals and 9 Level Ⅲ hospitals in 9 cities of Hebei province. All participants were personally interviewed about their favorite type of nursing care. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the potential associations between favorite nursing care and factors about inpatients and nurses.
Results
Data from 3,642 inpatients and 371 nurses were included for the final analysis during this survey. Among inpatients, the proportions who selected good attitude-centered, good nursing skill-centered, good environment-centered and good health education guidance-centered as their favorite types of nursing care were 49.9%, 31.8%, 5.8%, and 12.5%, respectively. Concurrently, among nurses, the proportions were 49.9%, 29.6%, 19.1%, and 1.3%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that most patients selected good attitude-centered nursing care as their favorite type of nursing care. However, patients who did not live with guardians and had more than one hospitalization per year were more likely to select other nursing care types.
Conclusion
Attitude-centered nursing care service was the favorite type of nursing care for most inpatients and nurses. Health education guidance was another main concern of inpatients. The main factors affecting the patients’ choice of favorite nursing care included patients’ living status and the number of hospitalization events per year. Nursing education should focus on nurse attitude as well as on health education guidance.
Citation: Lv H, Cui Y, Li C, Yan X, Yang N, Wang Y, et al. (2022) A multicenter survey of patients’ favorite type of nursing care and associated factors in Hebei Province, China. PLoS ONE 17(3): e0264169. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264169
Editor: Vishnu Renjith, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, IRELAND
Received: March 29, 2021; Accepted: February 5, 2022; Published: March 9, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Lv et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The minimal data has been submitted as Supporting file 3. The data has been uploaded in the website of our hospital following the institutional rules about data availability. Please get access to the data set via the following URL: http://zhlngkykfdzzz.cthhmu.com/docs/AuthorPark/default.aspx?pageindex=2.
Funding: This study was funded by the Key Research and Development Project of Hebei Province (20377780D).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviation: MEWS, Modified Early Warning Score; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; GDP, gross domestic product
Introduction
Nursing care service is an important part of patient care and improves a patient’s satisfaction with received healthcare [1]. Patient satisfaction is an indicator of the quality of healthcare. A high level of patient satisfaction is closely related to nurses’ satisfaction with their work [2–4]. A high satisfaction rate can also help reduce complaints about healthcare providers and avoid potential medical disputes [5].
In recent decades, patients have become increasingly knowledgeable about healthcare and have increasing demands on healthcare services. Patient-centered nursing care has been recommended and conducted in clinics. The key feature of this care model was the identification of patient needs, which could be analyzed following data collection. However, most nursing care research was conducted from nurses’ point of view, rather than from patients’ perspective, such as the standard and content of nursing services and the design of patient satisfaction questionnaires [6–9]. This study investigated patients’ favorite types of nursing care services, identified nurses’ learning needs, and explored the main factors influencing inpatients’ satisfaction with different nursing care services. We hope this study can provide detailed data to improve nursing care services and the quality of nursing training, thereby increasing inpatients’ satisfaction levels.
Methods
Ethical consideration
This study was designed to provide comprehensive information about patients’ favorite types of nursing care services. The Institutional Review Board of The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University approved the study protocol and written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to data collection. This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, number ChiCTR-OOC-1500611.
Sampling method and study area
A pilot phase of the study was undertaken at three secondary and three tertiary hospitals in Hebei Province. In total, 1,437 individuals were recruited to estimate the general proportions of patients preferring different types of nursing care services and to facilitate accurate estimation of the sample size needed for the main study from March 2020 to May 2020. The formal study was conducted using stratified cluster random sampling [10, 11]. The 11 cities of Hebei Province were categorized into three economic levels by gross domestic product (GDP); resulting in two high-economic-level cities (GDP > 500 million), Shijiazhuang and Tangshan; three moderate economic level cities (300 > GDP > 500 million), Cangzhou, Handan and Baoding, and six low-economic level-cities (GDP < 300 million), Qinhuangdao, Xingtai, Hengshui, Langfang, Zhangjiakou and Chengde. All hospitals with an inpatient department in Hebei Province were categorized into three levels (primary, secondary and tertiary). Finally, 18 hospitals, including: The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Jingxing Country Hospital, Hengshui people’s Hospital, Jingxian People’s Hospital, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated TCM-WM, Hejian People’s Hospital, Chengde Central Hospital, Weichang Manchu and Mongolian Autonomous County Hospital, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Lulong County People’s Hospital, The First Central Hospital of Baoding, Dingzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Xingtai Mining Group General Hospital, Xingtai People’s Hospital, General Hospital of Jizhong Energy Fengfeng Group, Weixian People’s Hospital, Zhangjiakou Chinese Medicine Hospital, The First Hospital of Zhangjiakou, were selected by choosing two hospitals at each level (level 2 and 3) from nine cities (Shijiazhuang, Hengshui, Cangzhou, Chengde, Qinhuangdao, Baoding, Xingtai, Handan and Zhangjiakou) (Fig 1).
Study participants
After the hospitals were selected, the patients were first screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were patients with a hospital stay of greater than 3 days, a stable condition, consciousness, and answering questions clearly. For children in junior and senior high schools, their information was provided by themselves. The exclusion criteria included patients with a history of mental illness, non-cooperative patients, patients incapable of communicating, and critically ill patients. Each patient was assigned a random number.
Using a random number table, 220 patients were randomly selected from the inpatient wards in each hospital, with 5 to 50 patients selected from each department. All the selected patients were personally interviewed, and trained research teams at each hospital completed a questionnaire (S1 and S2 Files). For 1–13 years old children, information was provided by their guardians after asking the patient’s opinion or observing the patient’s performance. If a randomly selected patient refused to participate in the survey, another patient was randomly selected from the same department [12, 13]. The nurses in all the inpatient wards of each department were also interviewed.
Design of the questionnaire and research team
The questionnaire (S1 and S2 Files) used in this study was designed by our team using the theory of comfort care. We evaluated nursing care service quality across four elements that nurses could provide for patients: a comfortable environment, physiology, psychology, and social culture. The nurses’ attitude, nursing skills, health education guidance, the ward and hospital environment were important aspects of nursing care services that significantly influenced patients’ satisfaction within the health care system. Four types of nursing care services could then be classified based on these dominant aspects: nurse’ attitude-centered, nursing skill-centered, health education guidance-centered and environment-centered nursing care services. Good attitude-centered care services referred to nurses having a high degree of compassion, caring care, active enthusiasm, friendly expression, speaking softly, patient and meticulous work, answering questions, and not quarreling with the patient. Good nursing skill-centered care referred to the ability to practice, evaluate clinical nursing and first aid, provide scientific nursing, and record accurately to ensure quality care. Good environment-centered nursing care services referred to the nurse’s ability to maintain a hygienic, comfortable, safe and quiet environment in the ward, which was suitable for patients to recover their physical and mental health. Good health education guidance-centered care services referred to the nurses providing the patients with concise information about their disease and treatment algorithm. These included exhaustive and useful information on how to prevent inpatients’ complications such as decubitus, deep vein thrombus and hypostatic pneumonia, how to prevent falls and fall-related fractures, and how to act in concert with treatment, professional advice on pain management, rehabilitative training and diet, and concise information about hospital living facilities.
Delphi method was used to analyze the validity of the questionnaire. The draft questionnaire was reviewed by six clinical and nursing specialists and then was modified. It included two rounds of surveys. The first round was an open questionnaire in which experts answered two questions: (1) What do you think a nurse should do to be your favorite type of nursing care and meet your demands? (2) Please describe a particular experience of receiving nursing care and your evaluation of this care. According to experts’ opinions and the results of the first round of investigation, the second round of questionnaires included the above-mentioned four elements that nurses could provide for patients. The authority rating of experts was 0.87±0.09. The expert positive coefficient of both surveys was 100%.
The research team consisted of two physicians, two nursing directors, two head nurses, one epidemiologist, and twenty-seven investigators (including six postgraduate students and 14 nurses). All the team members undertook a 1-week, centralized training program and then were stratified into six subgroups. A questionnaire was administered by trained staff to obtain information about the inpatients’ demographic characteristics, personal medical status, demand for nursing care services, and basic information about the nurses.
The questionnaire used to interview patients included: age, occupation, gender, residence, living status, education level, inpatient department, times of admission, number of hospitalization per year, working status. All the selected inpatients answered the question above and their favorite type of nursing care. The respondents were classified into two groups: children younger than 14 years old, whose questionnaires were completed following interviews with their parents or other adults after asking the patient’s opinion or observing the patient’s performance; and adults and children over 14 years old were interviewed personally [12]. The inpatients’ medical records were reviewed. The data were extracted included: health insurance, postoperation complication, adverse events in the hospital, nursing classification, preoperative comorbidities, length of hospital stays, hospital level, extra bed ward and Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS). The questionnaire related to nurses included age, gender, education level, nurse-staffing levels, and years of working as a nurse. All selected nurses answered the most important aspect of being a nurse, which was recorded as nurses’ favorite types of nursing care to make the expression consistent with the questionnaire of patients.
Data collection and entry and quality control
Nine quality control teams were established (one per city), and they sampled 10% of all the questionnaires collected in the field to check for omissions or errors. All the data were recorded on a written survey at each household selected and were later entered into the EpiData 3.1 software program using the dual import program. The dually imported data were then compared, and any mismatched information was corrected using the original version.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses used SPSS 13.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between the four types of nursing care and various factors of inpatients, including: age, occupation, gender, residence, living status, education level, inpatient department, times of admission, number of hospitalization per year, health insurance, postoperation complication, adverse events in hospital, nursing classification, preoperative comorbidities, MEWS score, length of hospital stays, working status, hospital level and extra bed ward. The potential correlations between the four types of nursing care and various factors of nurses, including: age, gender, education level, nurse-staffing levels, and years working as a nurse, were also studied by multinomial logistic regression models using the four types of nurses as the reference category. A stepwise strategy was used to select the confounding factors. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for all the models. Pearson’s χ2 test was used to compare the difference between the nurses’ and patients’ opinions about the ‘patients’ favorite nurse’. A P value < 0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.
Results
The pilot phase of the survey showed that 3.7% of the questionnaires were unusable; thus, 5% was added to the total required sample size for the main study. In total, 3,780 patients were selected and invited to participate in the study, among whom 139 (3.7%) were ultimately excluded because of missing items, lack of response, or logical errors in the questionnaire. The remaining 3,641 patients (96.3%), among whom 1,781 (48.9%) were male and 1,860 (51.1%) female, were enrolled for the final analysis (Table 1).
The general characteristics and health status of the 3,641 selected patients are shown in Table 1. The largest groups of patients were those aged between 51 and 70 years old (38.8%) and farmers (46.9%). The number of male and female patients was similar (48.9% and 51.1%). There were more patients from urban areas (65.7%) than rural areas (34.3%). The proportions of the inpatients who selected good attitude-centered nursing care, good nursing skill-centered care, good environment-centered nursing care and good health education guidance-centered nursing care as their favorite types of nursing care were 49.9%, 31.8%, 5.8% and 12.5%, respectively.
The basic characteristics of the surveyed patients’ nurses and departments are shown in Table 2. The average number of beds in each department was 41.5 ± 10.8 (range 4–87), and the average number of inpatients in each department was 37.1 ± 13.0 (range 1–92). The average number of nurses in each department was 12.1 ± 4.3 (range 1–37), and the average number of day-shift nurses was 4.3 ± 2.1 (range 1–16).
In total, 371 nurses participated in the survey, among whom 362 were female (97.6%), and 9 were males (2.4%). Additionally, 11 participants were registered nurses (3.0%), 73 were nurse practitioners (19.7%), 223 were charge nurses (60.1%), 53 were co-chief superintendent nurses (14.3%), and 11 were superintendent nurses (3.0%). The proportions of the nurses who selected good attitude-centered nursing care, good nursing skill-centered care, good environment-centered nursing care and good health education guidance-centered nursing care as patients’ favorite types of nursing care were 49.9%, 29.6%, 19.1% and 1.3%, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between the nurses and inpatients (χ2 = 121.505, P < 0.01).
Multinomial logistic regression was performed, with the characteristics of the patients, nurses and departments as covariates to predict patients’ satisfaction with nursing services (Tables 3–6). Most patients selected good attitude-centered nursing care as their favorite type of nursing care (Table 3). However, patients who were cared for by male nurses (OR: 7.224; 95% CI: 1.125–46.399) and received care in a department with fewer day-shift nurses (OR: 1.112; 95% CI: 1.052–1.177) were more likely to select good nursing technology as their favorite type of nursing care (Table 4). The patients who lived with children (OR: 0.386; 95% CI: 0.192–0.778) or with children and a spouse (OR: 0.392; 95% CI: 0.210–0.732), single patients (OR: 0.462; 95% CI: 0.219–0.971), patients with a spouse (OR: 0.459; 95% CI: 0.247–0.854), and patients with no more than one hospitalization per year (OR: 0.493; 95% CI: 0.336–0.723) were more likely to select good health education guidance-centered nursing care as their favorite type of nursing care (Table 5). The patients who lived with children (OR: 0.256; 95% CI: 0.092–0.716) or who had preoperative comorbidities (OR: 1.696; 95% CI: 1.123–2.562) and those in internal medicine (OR: 0.348; 95% CI: 0.103–1.177), gynecological-obstetric (OR: 0.263; 95% CI: 0.071–0.980) or pediatric wards (OR: 0.128; 95% CI: 0.029–0.557) were more likely to choose good environment-centered nursing care as their favorite type of nursing care (Table 6).
Discussion
Patient satisfaction has been widely used worldwide to assess whether the available healthcare supply can meet patients’ health needs and expectations and was valuable to evaluate medical effectiveness, nursing care service and healthcare staff from the patient’s perspective [8, 14–16]. Improving the quality of nursing care services has become an urgent problem [17–19]. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate patients’ preferences for care services in China. It used a stratified random sampling method to compare inpatients’ and nurses’ opinions about patients’ favorite types of nursing care services across 18 hospitals. The key feature of this study was identifying patients’ needs through the collection of factual data. Our findings suggested that attitude-centered nursing care services were the favorite type of nursing care for most of the inpatients, a finding that was consistent with the results of several other studies [3, 20, 21]. Notably, the proportion of patients who selected good health education guidance-centered as their favorite type of nursing care was 12.5%, while that among nurses was 1.3%. Since the patients lacked professional knowledge, they needed more professional guidance. As such, this was the main difference between the patients and nurses. Nursing education should focus more on health education guidance in addition to nurse attitude.
Previous studies have reported several factors that influence patient satisfaction with nursing care [22–25]. Barber et al. [26] reported that race influenced patient satisfaction. Li et al. [27] argued that self-evaluation of health, education level, being Asian or White, and being prescribed a new medication; all affected satisfaction. A study in France reported that the main factors influencing patients’ satisfaction were patient age, quality of life, physician’s concern, interest in the medical problem, and focus on the symptoms [4]. Balaguer et al. [28] reported that the efficiency of the physicians and clarity of information were two of the most important factors in overall satisfaction. One study found that patient age and health status were important elements influencing satisfaction [29], although another found no relationship among age, education and patient satisfaction [30]. Statistical analysis of the current study showed that nearly half of the patients preferred good attitude-centered nursing care, followed by good nursing skill-centered nursing care, good health education guidance-centered nursing care, and good environment-centered nursing care. From the nurses’ perspective, the patients’ favorite type of nursing care was good attitude-centered care, followed by good nursing skill-centered care, good environment-centered nursing care, and good health education guidance-centered nursing care. The multinomial logistic regression showed that patients who chose good attitude-centered care as the favorite type of nursing care were more likely to have stayed in a level 2 hospital, had less than one hospitalization per year, and were treated in internal medicine, gynecology-obstetric or pediatric wards. The patients without preoperative comorbidities were more likely to choose good environment-centered care as their favorite type of nursing care. Those who were cared for by male nurses or in a department with fewer day-shift nurses tended to choose good health education guidance-centered care as the favorite type of nursing care. Patients in departments with fewer nurses, in level 1 hospitals, with a MEWS score of more than 2 or who stayed in the hospital for 3–7 days preferred good nursing skill-centered care.
Wiechula adopted Umbrella review methodology to screen out 12 reviews (representing over 290 studies) for evaluation and considered the factors influencing the caring relationship between a nurse and patient. He found that communication, environment, knowledge and skills were the main influencing factors [31]. Evidence from 34 literature reviews suggested that nurses’ professional competencies and attitude were important in developing a trusting relationship [32]. These conclusions were consistent with the results of this study. The increasingly complex requirements of today’s nursing practitioners have been accompanied by demands on nurse educators to improve the situation to facilitate learning in the clinical area [33]. The proportion of schools teaching nurses increased from 20.8% in 1999 to 52.8% in 2014 [34]. However, only a small proportion of nurses in practice have formal nursing education beyond senior high school. This problem exists in the United States but is worse in China because nursing education has been offered for a much shorter period [35]. This study has provided comprehensive information about the important aspects of nursing education to improve the quality of nursing care provision.
To our knowledge, this study is the first multicenter study to investigate the patients’ favorite type of nursing care in China but has some limitations. First, for 1–13 years old children, information was provided by their guardians. The opinions of their guardians could not fully reflect their children’s feelings. Second, for 1–13 years old children, information was provided by their guardians after asking the patient’s opinion. But there could be a mix of guardian preference, especially for children between the ages of one and five. Additionally, the data did not provide information about treatment effectiveness. Future research should focus on country-level analysis, considering more factors and evaluating the use of the questionnaire and possible ceiling effect.
Conclusion
Attitude-centered nursing care service was the favorite type of nursing care for most of the inpatients and nurses. Health education guidance was another main concern of inpatients. The main factors affecting patients’ choice of nursing care included patients’ living status and hospitalization events per year. Nursing education should focus more on nurse attitude and health education guidance.
Supporting information
S1 File. The original language questionnaire in multicenter survey of patients’ favorite type of nursing care.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264169.s001
(DOC)
S2 File. The English language questionnaire in multicenter survey of patients’ favorite type of nursing care.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264169.s002
(DOC)
Acknowledgments
The authors thanks team members: Zhang Ning, Li Chao, Chang Wenli, Wei Ning, Pan Chunxiao, Liu Shujuan, Zhang Kaliang, Qie Yunpu, Kang Mengjia, Wu Fengzhao, Wang Yonghong, Zhang Ke, Wang Xiaoqing, Jing Xiao, Tian Lei, Xu Beibei, Zhang Dandan, Bu Jiannan, Yan Suchan, Liu Di, Wang Ru, Cheng Zhiyang.
References
- 1. Andersson AK, Omberg M, Svedlund M. Triage in the emergency department—a qualitative study of the factors which nurses consider when making decisions. Nurs Crit Care. 2006 May-Jun; 11(3):136–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1362-1017.2006.00162.x pmid:16719019.
- 2. Trout A, Magnusson AR, Hedges JR. Patient satisfaction investigations and the emergency department: what does the literature say? Acad Emerg Med. 2000 Jun; 7(6):695–709. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb02050.x pmid:10905652.
- 3. Chen H, Li M, Wang J, Xue C, Ding T, Nong X, et al. Factors influencing inpatients’ satisfaction with hospitalization service in public hospitals in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016 Apr 4; 10:469–77. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S98095 pmid:27110101.
- 4. De Salins CA, Brenaut E, Misery L, Roguedas-Contios AM. Factors influencing patient satisfaction: assessment in outpatients in dermatology department. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016 Oct; 30(10):1823–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13652 pmid:27027584.
- 5. Zimmerman M, Gazarian D, Multach M, Attiullah N, Benoff T, Boerescu DA, et al. A clinically useful self-report measure of psychiatric patients’ satisfaction with the initial evaluation. Psychiatry Res. 2017 Jun; 252:38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.036 pmid:28242516.
- 6. Tayefi B, Sohrabi MR, Kasaeian A. Patients’ Satisfaction with the Diabetes Control and Prevention Program in Tehran, Iran: A Cross Sectional Study. J Res Health Sci. 2015 Fall; 15(4):239–43. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.29278 pmid:26728910.
- 7. Geiballa GH, Abubakr NH, Ibrahim YE. Patients’ satisfaction and maintenance of fixed partial denture. Eur J Dent. 2016 Apr-Jun;10(2):250–3. https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.178313 pmid:27095906.
- 8. Minichsdorfer C, Füreder T, Mähr B, Berghoff AS, Heynar H, Dressler A, et al. A Cross-Sectional Study of Patients’ Satisfaction With Totally Implanted Access Ports. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2016 Apr; 20(2):175–80. https://doi.org/10.1188/16.CJON.175-180 pmid:26991711.
- 9. Twigg MJ, Bhattacharya D, Clark A, Patel R, Rogers H, Whiteside H, et al. What do patients need to know? A study to assess patients’ satisfaction with information about medicines. Int J Pharm Pract. 2016 Aug; 24(4):229–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12252 pmid:26875728.
- 10. Chen W, Lv H, Liu S, Liu B, Zhu Y, Chen X, et al. National incidence of traumatic fractures in China: a retrospective survey of 512 187 individuals. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Aug; 5(8):e807–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30222-X pmid:28666814.
- 11. Zhu Y, Liu S, Chen W, Liu B, Zhang F, Lv H, et al. Epidemiology of low-energy lower extremity fracture in Chinese populations aged 50 years and above. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 14; 14(1):e0209203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209203 pmid:30640907.
- 12. Reich J, Yates W, Woolson R. Kish method for mail survey respondent selection. Am J Public Health. 1986; 76(2):206. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.76.2.206 pmid:3946705
- 13. Kish L. A Procedure for Objective Respondent Selection within the Household. J Am Stat Assoc. 1949; 44: 380–7. http://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1949.10483314.
- 14. Sandler AD, Sutton KA, DeWeese J, Girardi MA, Sheppard V, Bodfish JW. Lack of benefit of a single dose of synthetic human secretin in the treatment of autism and pervasive developmental disorder. N Engl J Med. 1999 Dec 9; 341(24):1801–6. pmid:10588965.
- 15. Lasater KB, Sloane DM, Aiken LH. Hospital employment of supplemental registered nurses and patients’ satisfaction with care. J Nurs Adm. 2015 Mar; 45(3):145–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000174 pmid:25689500.
- 16. Kosa SD, Bhola C, Lok CE. Hemodialysis patients’ satisfaction and perspectives on complications associated with vascular access related interventions: are we listening? J Vasc Access. 2016 Jul 12; 17(4):313–9. https://doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000560 pmid:27312766.
- 17. Sun BC, Adams JG, Burstin HR. Validating a model of patient satisfaction with emergency care. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Nov; 38(5):527–32. https://doi.org/10.1067/mem.2001.119250 pmid:11679864.
- 18. Sahin B, Yilmaz F, Lee KH. Factors affecting inpatient satisfaction: structural equation modeling. J Med Syst. 2007 Feb; 31(1):9–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-006-9038-8 pmid:17283918.
- 19. Zendjidjian XY, Baumstarck K, Auquier P, Loundou A, Lançon C, Boyer L. Satisfaction of hospitalized psychiatry patients: why should clinicians care? Patient Prefer Adherence. 2014 Apr 25; 8:575–83. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S62278 pmid:24812494.
- 20. Khudair IF, Raza SA. Measuring patients’ satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at a public hospital in Qatar. Int J Health Care Qual Assur. 2013; 26(5):398–419. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-03-2011-0025 pmid:23905301.
- 21. Bouleuc C, Bredart A, Dolbeault S, Ganem G, Copel L. How to improve cancer patients’ satisfaction with medical information. Bull Cancer. 2010 Oct; 97(10):1173–81. https://doi.org/10.1684/bdc.2010.1195 pmid:20934952.
- 22. Lazarevik V, Kasapinov B. Predictors of patients’ satisfaction with health care services in three balkan countries (macedonia, bulgaria and serbia): a cross country survey. Acta Inform Med. 2015 Feb; 23(1):53–6. https://doi.org/10.5455/aim.2015.23.53-56 pmid:25870493.
- 23. Ahmed T, Assefa N, Demisie A, Kenay A. Levels of adult patients’ satisfaction with nursing care in selected public hospitals in ethiopia. Int J Health Sci. 2014 Oct; 8(4):371–9. https://doi.org/10.12816/0023994 pmid:25780356.
- 24. A DM, A H, A D, F S, K S. Effective Factors on Patients’ Satisfaction with Emergency Care Services using Factor Analysis: A Cross Sectional Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Nov; 8(11):XC01-4. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/8236.5162 pmid:25584293.
- 25. Rahmqvist M. Patient satisfaction in relation to age, health status and other background factors: a model for comparisons of care units. Int J Qual Health Care. 2001 Oct; 13(5):385–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/13.5.385 pmid:11669566.
- 26. Barber EL, Bensen JT, Snavely AC, Gehrig PA, Doll KM. Who presents satisfied? Non-modifiable factors associated with patient satisfaction among gynecologic oncology clinic patients. Gynecol Oncol. 2016 Aug; 142(2):299–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.06.009 pmid:27287508.
- 27. Li L, Lee NJ, Glicksberg BS, Radbill BD, Dudley JT. Data-Driven Identification of Risk Factors of Patient Satisfaction at a Large Urban Academic Medical Center. PLoS One. 2016 May 26; 11(5):e0156076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156076 pmid:27228056.
- 28. Balaguer-Martí JC, Aloy-Prósper A, Peñarrocha-Oltra A, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Non surgical predicting factors for patient satisfaction after third molar surgery. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2016 Mar 1; 21(2):e201–5. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.20719 pmid:26827054.
- 29. Rahmqvist M, Bara AC. Patient characteristics and quality dimensions related to patient satisfaction. Int J Qual Health Care. 2010 Apr; 22(2):86–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzq009 pmid:20133477.
- 30. Hajifathali A, Ainy E, Jafari H. In-patient satisfaction and its related factors in Taleghani University Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Pak J Med Sci. 2008; 24: 274–7.
- 31. Wiechula R, Conroy T, Kitson AL, Marshall RJ, Whitaker N, Rasmussen P. Umbrella review of the evidence: what factors influence the caring relationship between a nurse and patient? J Adv Nurs. 2016 Apr; 72(4):723–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12862 pmid:26692520.
- 32. Dinç L, Gastmans C. Trust in nurse-patient relationships: a literature review. Nurs Ethics. 2013 Aug; 20(5):501–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733012468463 pmid:23426234.
- 33. Landers MG. The theory-practice gap in nursing: the role of the nurse teacher. J Adv Nurs. 2000 Dec; 32(6):1550–6. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01605.x pmid:11136425.
- 34. Jeon E, Kim J, Park HA, Lee JH, Kim J, Jin M, et al. Current Status of Nursing Informatics Education in Korea. Healthc Inform Res. 2016 Apr; 22(2):142–50. https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2016.22.2.142 pmid:27200224.
- 35. Moss JA, Elias BL. Education in nursing informatics. Informatics Education in Healthcare. 2014; 59–75. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4078-8_5.