https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3595-1397
Figures
Abstract
Several local studies have examined evidence of blood parasites in different animals in Mosul; however, information about the most prevalent parasite and the seasonality of the infection remains limited. The objective of the study conducted here was to investigate the proportion and seasonality of blood parasites in animals in Mosul using the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Lab data. Laboratory records for a period of 25 months were used for data retrieval. In all included animals, Giemsa-stained blood smears were examined by an attending clinical pathologist for the presence of parasites. Seasons were assigned on a basis of examination date, and the seasonality was quantified by estimating season-to-season ratio. The results indicated that 61.77% of examined animals were tested positive for blood parasites. The most evident parasites were Trypanosoma spp., Theileria spp., Babesia spp., and then Anaplasma spp., with evidence of mixed infection. The odds of the infection did not significantly vary in different age groups. There was a marked linear pattern in the seasonality of the infection with Trypanosoma spp. and Anaplasma spp. An increase of the infection during spring and autumn with Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. was also evident. In conclusion, infection with blood parasites in different animals in Mosul is common with substantial burden, the effect of age-related infection is negligible, and the seasonality of the infection is evident.
Citation: Alimam HMS, Moosa DA, Ajaj EA, Dahl MO, Al-Robaiee IA, Allah SFH, et al. (2022) Proportion and seasonality of blood parasites in animals in Mosul using the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Lab data. PLoS ONE 17(2): e0264121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264121
Editor: Simon Clegg, University of Lincoln, UNITED KINGDOM
Received: December 17, 2021; Accepted: February 4, 2022; Published: February 22, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Alimam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Blood parasites are frequently diagnosed in different animals examined at the University of Mosul’s Veterinary Teaching Hospital lab. A recent analysis of the records of this hospital indicated that blood parasitic infections constituted the second most frequent cases diagnosed at the hospital, and the most frequent cases in cattle [1]. In a study conducted on 220 cattle from various areas in Mosul, Theileria spp., Babesia spp., Anaplasma spp., Mycoplasma wenyonii, Trypanosoma spp., tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii, Microfilaria of Setaria spp., and Ehrlichia spp. were identified in blood smears [2]. Previous studies diagnosed Anaplasma marginale in cows [3], Theileria hirci in local sheep [4], Theileria hirci and Anaplasma ovis in local goats [5], Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in horses [6], and Babesia caballi in camels [7].
Seasonality of blood parasite infection in animals is evident as a function of the seasonal prevalence of the vectors [8]. A recent local epidemiological study indicated that the lowest odds of blood parasites infection were observed in winter, and appeared to be the highest during autumn [1]. Indeed, the prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. is increased three months after the peak of the dry season when the tsetse fly abundance is peaked [9]. During the dry season, adult tsetse flies rely on the blood from the host to adapt to the dry environment [10]. On the other hand, Theileria spp., Babesia spp., and Anaplasma spp. infections are increased with the increase of tick infestation during the rainy season, then summer, and at the lowest rate during winter [11–13].
Information about the proportion and seasonality of blood parasites infection in animals in Mosul is needed. Despite the several studies concerning this type of infection accomplished locally, information about the most prevalent parasite and the seasonality of the infection remains limited. That is, most previous studies such as those by Al-Obaidi and Alsaad [4], Al-Saad and AL-Mola [6], Alsaad et al. [14], and Al-Badrani [15] have focused on studying the clinical and hematological effects of blood parasites on affected animals rather than epidemiological evidence of the infection. Although the study by Al-Abadi and Al-Badrani [2] quantified the proportion of the infection for several parasites, the seasonality was overlooked. In contrast, the study by Dahl et al. [1] calculated the odds of the infection among different seasons without details for each type of parasite. Therefore, the objective of the study conducted here was to investigate the proportion and seasonality of blood parasites in animals in Mosul using the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Lab data. This hospital is one of the main veterinary clinics in Mosul city and receives animals raised in Nineveh governorate, Iraq, particularly Mosul city and its countryside. Records of this hospital have been identified as a source for studying some epidemiological factors of diseases in animals [1].
Materials and methods
Study animals
Animals examined at the University of Mosul Veterinary Teaching Hospital clinical pathology laboratory for evidence of blood parasites in blood smears were considered for inclusion in this study. These animals included cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, horses, and dogs. Laboratory records for a period of 25 months (October 30, 2017, to November 30, 2019) were used for data retrieval. Included animals were firstly examined clinically at the hospital’s internal medicine section. Animals that exhibited icteric mucous membranes, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, hemoglobinuria, tick infestations, and/or prolonged illness were usually considered for further examination via blood smear.
Laboratory examination
Giemsa-stained blood smears were examined under an oil immersion lens by an attending clinical pathologist for the presence of parasites. In this work, different blood parasites were identified as the following (i) Trypanosoma spp. were intercellular elongated and flagellated trypomastigotes, (ii) Theileria spp. were intraerythrocytic round to oval with a nucleus or elongate with bipolar chromatin bodies trophozoites, (iii) Babesia spp. were intraerythrocytic round, ovoid, elongate, or amoeboid trophozoites or pyriform paired merozoites, and (iv) Anaplasma spp. were tiny intraerythrocytic spheres [16].
Data collection
Collected data included: examination date, animal species and age, in addition to results of blood smears. Seasons were assigned on a basis of the examination date. In this study, variables for season and age were identified as previously defined by Dahl et al. [1] as the following: season included winter (1st Dec to 28th Feb); spring (1st March to 31st May); summer (1st Jun to 30th Sept); and autumn (1st Oct to 30th Nov), whereas age included young (< 1-year-old) and adult (≥ 1-year-old). Finally, results of blood smears were identified as positive or negative for Trypanosoma spp., Theileria spp., Babesia spp., and Anaplasma spp., and either single or mixed infection.
Statistical analysis
In this study, the proportion of a particular blood parasite constituted the number of smears tested positive for that parasite to the total number of smears tested positive. The association between the infection and age of the animal was examined via the conditional logistic regression, where the data was matched according to the type of the animal, the odds ratio (OR) was considered to measure the magnitude of the association, and value of P ≤ 0.05 (two-tailed) was considered significant [17]. On the other hand, the seasonality was measured via a direct comparison between the proportions of a particular parasite infection among different seasons [18]. In addition, the seasonality was quantified by estimating season-to-season ratio taking into consideration differences in the length of each season using an equation adapted from Ferreira et al. [19] as the following: S1-to-S2 ratio = (P1/S1length)/(P2/S2length), where;
- S1 = season one (e.g., spring),
- S2 = season two (e.g., summer),
- P1 = proportion of a particular parasite detected during season one,
- P2 = proportion of a particular parasite detected during season two,
- S1length = length of the season one in days,
- S2length = length of the season two in days,
Results
Among 552 blood smears were examined, 341 (61.77%) were tested positive for blood parasites from different animals. Generally, Trypanosoma spp. was the most reported blood parasite, followed by Theileria spp., Babesia spp., and then Anaplasma spp. (Fig 1). In this data, Trypanosoma spp. was the most evident blood parasite in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, and buffalo), Theileria spp. was frequently reported in all tested animals except dogs, Babesia spp. constituted the most blood parasite diagnosed in blood smears from dogs, and Anaplasma spp. was detected in cattle only (Table 1). Mixed infection with at least two types was reported in only 4.5% of the positive cases (Fig 2). Additionally, although the differences in the proportion of the infection by Trypanosoma spp. was more than 10% greater in young compared to adult animals (44.87%– 34.39% = 10.48%), the odds did not reach the assigned statistical significance (P-value = 0.09; Table 2). On the other hand, the differences in the proportion of infection by Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. among young and adult animals were not significant (P-values > 0.05; Table 2).
The results revealed that there was an evident pattern in the seasonality of the infection (Fig 3, Table 3). In Trypanosoma spp. infection, there was linear increase in the percentage of the infection from spring to autumn to be declined in winter. On the other hand, infections with Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. slightly increased in spring and autumn compared to summer, while markedly decreased during winter. Finally, there was linear decrease in the percentage of the infection with Anaplasma spp. during the year from spring to winter.
Discussion
The study conducted here revealed that Trypanosoma spp. was the most evident blood parasite diagnosed in the animals in Mosul, followed by Theileria spp. In addition, Trypanosoma spp. was mostly reported during autumn, whereas both Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. were mostly reported during spring and autumn. The current study is considered the first study in Mosul city that examined the seasonality of blood parasites in animals. Our data for two successive years enabled us to better examine the seasonality of the reported blood parasites.
In this study, 61.77% of blood smears tested positive for blood parasite. This percentage is considered relatively high and indicates that the infection rate of blood parasites in animals in Mosul is substantial. The most prevalent parasite reported here was Trypanosoma spp. For the first time in Mosul, Trypanosoma vivax was diagnosed by Rhaymah and AL-Badrani [20] in blood smears from imported calves, Trypanosoma congolense was identified by Hasan [21] in cattle and sheep, Trypanosoma brucei was detected by Al-Badrani [15] in cattle. Subsequently, Trypanosoma spp. was diagnosed in 6.5% of positive blood smears of cattle in Mosul, as the fourth most frequent blood parasite [2]. It seems that this infection has emerged to the city around 2011 as a result of uncontrolled importation [15, 20, 21], and then widely spread between local animals to become the most frequent blood parasite infection diagnosed in blood smears in the current investigation. More epidemiological research is important to identify its vectors, sources of infection, and risk factors in the city.
The study reported here revealed that Theileria spp. is a common blood parasite in local animals. The parasite has been diagnosed in several previous local studies in different animals. For instance, Theileria hirci was identified by Al-Obaidi and Alsaad [4] and Al-Obaidi [5] in local sheep and goats, respectively. In addition, Theileria camelensis was detected by Al-Saad et al. [22] in camels, and Theileria annulata was revealed by Alsaad et al. [14] in blood smears from newborn calves. Therefore, Theileria spp. is considered an endemic parasite in the area, and a percentage of about 35% among positive blood smears is considered high. Studies about the prevalence of Theileria spp. in animals in Mosul are very limited. The only available percentage of Theileria spp. infection among other blood parasites in cattle is 15.78% [2], which is lower than that reported in our study here, reflecting poor or ineffective control measures against the parasite and its vector.
In this study, Babesia spp. was reported at 8.4% among other blood parasites. This parasite has been identified in several previous studies, such as Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in horses [6, 23], Babesia motasi, Babesia ovis, B. motasi, B. foliate, and B. taylori in goats [14, 24], Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens in cattle [2, 25], and Babesia caballi in camels [7]. Studies about the prevalence of Babesia spp. in animals in Mosul are also very limited. The only available percentage of Babesia spp. infection among other blood parasites in cattle is 10% [2], which is higher than that reported in our study here. It is difficult to consider that the prevalence of Babesia spp. in animals in Mosul city has decreased because the available prevalence by Al-Abadi and Al-Badrani [2] was for cattle only. More epidemiological surveys are required to confirm this finding.
The study conducted here revealed that Anaplasma spp. was diagnosed in blood smears from cattle only. In Mosul, however, Anaplasma marginale has been identified in buffalo [26], camel [27], while Anaplasma ovis was detected in goats [5, 14], in addition to that reported in cattle [3, 28]. Nevertheless, no previous study has reported the percentage of infection among other blood parasites except that for Al-Abadi and Al-Badrani [2] in cattle at 4.4%, which is lower than that reported in the study conducted here. An increase in the percentage of the infection is probably due to the absence of an effective control program against the parasite and its vector. Additionally, careful examination to blood smears from animals other than cattle is important as it was previously reported in goats, buffalo, and camels.
Results of the current data revealed that mixed infection is evident. This result is in line with the study of Al-Abadi and Al-Badrani [2] who reported mixed infection of blood parasites in cattle in Mosul. The presence of mixed infection with blood parasites is not unusual and is reported by other studies [29, 30]. On the other hand, our result showed no difference in the odds of the infection in adult animals compared to young. The current study cited eighteen local studies examined blood parasites in different animals [2–7, 14, 15, 20–28], however; none of them have reported the difference in the percentage of the infection among adults compared to young. Vieira et al. [30] did not show a difference in the percentage of the animals infected with Babesia spp. between different age groups, in contrast to that for Anaplasma marginale. It seems that the vector can infect adults as same as young animals; therefore, the odds of the infection are potentially not different.
The study reported here indicated seasonal differences in the infection. Our study is considered the first local study that examined the seasonality of the infection with blood parasites among animals. The seasonality of blood parasite infection in animals is evident as a function of the seasonal prevalence of the vectors [8]. Our results are in line with the study of Nnko et al. [9] who indicated that the infection with Trypanosoma spp. increases after the peak of the dry season by about three months. On the other hand, our study showed that the infection with Theileria spp., Babesia spp. increased during spring and autumn, which is in line with studies of, Asmaa et al. [11], Ayadi et al. [12], and Lempereur et al. [13]. Moreover, season-to-season ratio that took into account the difference in the length of the season confirmed the pattern of the seasonality observed by the percentage. Finally, additional studies are required to confirm these findings in local animals.
Conclusions
The study concluded that the infection with blood parasites in different animals in Mosul is common with relatively high infection rate, the effect of age-related infection is negligible, and the seasonality of the infection is evident. Missing season-related investigations in the previous years could contribute to the endemic situation of the infection in the city. More epidemiological studies are required in order to outline control strategies against such infections.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, for supporting this work.
References
- 1. Dahl MO, Hamdoon O Kh, Abdulmonem ON. Epidemiological Analysis for Medical Records of Veterinary Teaching Hospital-University of Mosul during 2017 to 2019. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 35(3):541–548.
- 2. Al-Abadi B H, Al-Badrani BA. Cattle blood analyses for parasitic infestation in Mosul, Iraq. Res Opin Anim Vet Sci. 2012; 2(11):535–543.
- 3.
Alsaad KM. Clinical, haematological and biochemical studies on Anaplasmosis in local cattle breed [MSc Thesis]. Mosul, Iraq: University of Mosul; 1990.
- 4. Al-Obaidi QT, Alsaad KM. Clinical, haematological and pathological studies of naturally infected sheep with Theileria hirci. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2004; 18(2):165–175.
- 5. Al-Obaidi Q T. Clinical, haematological studies of single infection with some blood protozoa, endo and ecto-parasite in native goats in Mosul. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2006; 20(2):284–298.
- 6. Al-Saad KM, AL-Mola GM. Clinical and pathological study of equine babesiosis in draught horses in Mosul. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2006; 20(1):89–101.
- 7. Al-Obaidi QT, Hasan SD, Alsaad KM. Clinical, haematological and blood biochemical parameters in Arabian one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) with Babesia caballi infection. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2021; 24(3):422–433.
- 8.
Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Done SH, Gruenberg W. Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats. Eleventh Edition. St. Louis, MO.; Elsevier. 2017.
- 9. Nnko HJ, Ngonyoka A, Salekwa L, Estes AB, Hudson PJ, Gwakisa PS, et al. Seasonal variation of tsetse fly species abundance and prevalence of trypanosomes in the Maasai Steppe, Tanzania. J Vector Ecol. 2017; 42(1), 24–33. pmid:28504437
- 10. Hargrove JW. Tsetse population dynamics. The trypanosomiases, 2004: 139–180.
- 11. Asmaa NM, ElBably MA, Shokier KhA. Studies on prevalence, risk indicators and control options for tick infestation in ruminants. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2014; 3(1):68–73.
- 12. Ayadi O, Rjeibi MR, Benchikh Elfegoun MC, Gharbi M. Prevalence and risk factors of tropical theileriosis, and sequencing of Theileria annulata, the causative pathogen, in Setif region (Algeria) before and after tick season. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 2016; 69 (4): 161–166.
- 13. Lempereur L, Lebrun M, Cuvelier P, Sépult G, Caron Y, Saegerman C, et al. Longitudinal field study on bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections during a grazing season in Belgium. Parasitology research. 2012; 110(4), 1525–1530. pmid:21947341
- 14. Alsaad KM, Al-Obaidi QT, Esmaeel SA. Hematological and biochemical study on the effect some common blood parasites in native goats in Mosul area. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2009; 20(Supplement I):101–106.
- 15. Al-Badrani BA. Clinical and hematological study of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in cattle in Mosul City, Iraq. Res Opin Anim Vet Sci. 2012; 2(2):92–97.
- 16.
Gardiner CH, Fayer R, Dubey JP. An atlas of protozoan parasites in animal tissues. 2nd ed. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, American Registry of Pathology, Washington, DC. 1998.
- 17.
Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. 2000.
- 18. Christiansen CF, Pedersen L, Sørensen HT, Rothman KJ. Methods to assess seasonal effects in epidemiological studies of infectious diseases-exemplified by application to the occurrence of meningococcal disease. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2012; 8: 963–969. pmid:22817396
- 19. Ferreira FC, Clay JS, De Vries A. Distribution of seasonality of calving patterns and milk production in dairy herds across the United States. J. Dairy Sci., 2020; 103(9):8161–8173. pmid:32684464
- 20. Rhaymah MSh, AL-Badrani BA. Clinical and diagnostic study of trypanosomiasis of cattle in Mosul, Iraq. Res Opin Anim Vet Sci. 2012; 2(1):23–26.
- 21. Hasan MH. Diagnosis of some blood parasites in cattle and sheep in Mosul, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2012; 26(Supplement II):57–61.
- 22. Al-Saad KM, Al-Obaidi QT, Al-Obaidi WA. Clinical, hematological and biochemical study of theileriosis in Arabian one–humped camels (Camelus dromedaries). Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2006; 20(2):211–218.
- 23. Alsaad KM, Mussa DhA. Evaluation of hemogram and biochemical analysis of equine clinically infected with babesiosis. Assiut Vet Med J. 2012; 58(134):1–7.
- 24. Sulaiman EG, Arslan SH, Al-Obaidi QT, Daham E. Clinical, haematological and biochemical studies of babesiosis in native goats in Mosul. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2010; 24(1): 31–35.
- 25. Mohammed HA, Hasan SD, Fathi NG, Al-Obaidi QT. Seroprevalence of babesiosis in cattle in Mosul city, Iraq. Bas J Vet Res. 2020; 19(2):288–299.
- 26. Alsaad KM. Clinical, haematological and biochemical studies on Anaplasmosis in local buffaloes in Mosul area. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 1997; 21(1): 143–158.
- 27. Alsaad KM. Clinical, hematological and biochemical studies of Anaplasmosis in Arabian one-humped camels (Camelus dromedaries). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advance. 2009; 8(11):2106–2109.
- 28. Alsaad KM, Alimam HMS. Concomitant of Anaplasmosis with acid-base balance, blood gas analysis, acute phase response and hemogram in cattle. Bas J Vet Res. 2013; 12(2):25–34.
- 29. Canever MF, Vieira LL, Reck C, Richter L, Miletti LC. First evaluation of an outbreak of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in Southern Brazil using multiplex PCR. The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2014; 52(5): 507–511. pmid:25352699
- 30. Vieira LL, Canever MF, Cardozo LL, Cardoso CP, Herkenhoff ME, Neto AT, et al. Prevalence of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis, and Babesia bigemina in cattle in the Campos de Lages region, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, estimated by multiplex-PCR. Parasite Epidemiology and Control. 2019; 6: e00114. pmid:31528739