https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-4363
Figures
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is over-expressed in various human cancer. The over-expression of EGFR in tumors is an excellent target for the development of cancer imaging agents. In the present study, we developed Tc-99m SYPIPDT-GHEG-ECG-K-tetramethylrhodamine (SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA) as a molecular imaging agent targeting wild-type EFGR (wtEGFR)-positive tumor cells, and verified its feasibility as molecular imaging agent. SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA was synthesized using Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. The radiolabeling of SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA with Tc-99m was accomplished using ligand exchange via tartrate. Cellular uptake and binding affinity studies were performed. In vivo gamma camera imaging, ex vivo imaging and biodistribution studies were performed using NCI-H460 and SW620 tumor-bearing murine models. After radiolabeling procedures with Tc-99m, Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA complexes were prepared at high yield (> 95%). The binding affinity value (Kd) of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA for NCI-H460 cells was estimated to be 76.5 ± 15.8 nM. In gamma camera imaging, the tumor to normal muscle uptake ratios of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA increased with time (2.7 ± 0.6, 4.0 ± 0.9, and 6.2 ± 1.0 at 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively). The percentage injected dose per gram of wet tissue for the NCI-H460 tumor was 1.91 ± 0.11 and 1.70 ± 0.22 at 1 and 3 h, respectively. We developed Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA, which is dual-labeled with both radioisotope and fluorescence. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated specific uptake of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA into wtEGFR-positive NCI-H460 cells and tumors. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA is a potential dual-modality imaging agent targeting wtEGFR.
Citation: Kim MH, Kim S-G, Kim D-W (2022) A novel dual-labeled small peptide as a multimodal imaging agent for targeting wild-type EGFR in tumors. PLoS ONE 17(2): e0263474. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263474
Editor: Alexander Hohn, University of Magdeburg, GERMANY
Received: August 19, 2021; Accepted: January 19, 2022; Published: February 4, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: DW Kim; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2019M2D2A1A01032296 and 2020R1A2C4001475). https://www.nrf.re.kr/index The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is 1 of 4 members of the EGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases [1]. The EGFR is a 1186 amino acid transmembrane glycoprotein, consisting of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain [2]. EGFR is involved in a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [2]. Furthermore, EGFR is over-expressed in various human cancers including lung, breast, head, neck, colon and rectum [3,4]. The EGFR signaling pathway is associated with angiogenesis, progression, metastasis and apoptosis of the tumor [2]. Thus, it is associated with survival, motility and resistance to treatments of patients [5].
Therefore, the over-expression of EGFR is an excellent target for developments of tumor imaging agent. EGFR antibody, Affibody molecule and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor have been evaluated for candidate probes of EGFR imaging [6–8]. Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies conjugated MR contrast, F-18 labeled Affibody protein, C-11 erlotinib, Lu-177 nimotuzumab, or C-11 labeled 4-N-(3-bromoanilino)-6, 7-dimethoxyquinazoline, have been developed to target the EGFR of cancer [6–9]. Monoclonal antibodies that are able to bind specifically to EGFR were widely used for the development of imaging agents. However, a major drawback of these antibodies is their large size (~150 kDa). Large size of antibodies hinders efficient penetration into the targeted tumor and prevents rapid blood clearance. This results in high background activity and low target to non-target uptake ratio on image acquisition [10].
High binding affinity and specificity for targeted receptor is major characteristic of an ideal imaging probe. Also, an ideal imaging probe should be rapidly cleared from the blood in order to ensure adequate target-to-background ratio. In addition, high stability under physiological conditions, low immunogenicity and toxicity as well as easy production are all necessary for clinical translation [11]. Peptides are 2-dimensional, linear chains of amino acids and compared to antibodies, size of peptides is small (∼3–5 kDa). Therefore, peptides are easy to synthesize and modify, have higher cell membrane penetration and less immunogenicity [12]. Thus, EGFR-targeting peptides may be a better candidate for a new cancer imaging agent.
A small peptide, SYPIPDT was identified and tested for affinity and functional effect on wild-type EGFR (wtEGFR) by M Hamzeh-Mivehroud et al. [13]. The identified peptide was able to inhibit the epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of EGFR in a concentration-dependent manner. In the present study, we developed Tc-99m SYPIPDT-GHEG-ECG-K-tetramethylrhodamine (SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA) as a molecular imaging agent targeting wtEGFR-positive tumor cells. Then, we evaluated the tumor imaging characteristics of the newly developed agent to provide proof of principle for the use of the dual-labeled imaging approach in mice with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenografts. This newly developed agent targeting wtEGFR could provide molecular imaging of wtEGFR-positive tumor and fundamental information for quantitative analysis of certain EGFR mutations in future studies.
Materials and methods
Materials
Acetone, 1N-HCl, SnCl2, and sodium tartrate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Korea (Seoul, Korea). Tc-99m pertechnetate was eluted from a commercial technetium generator (EnviroKorea, Daejeon, Korea) at our institution. A Radio-Cap®, capillary columns filled with silica materials (cat. FC-D1012, silica gel size = 38–75 μm; Futurechem, Seoul, Korea) were used for radio-chromatography. NCI-H460 (human non-small-cell lung cancer cell, wtEGFR-positive) and SW620 (human colon cancer cell, wtEGFR-negative) cell lines were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea).
Synthesis and characterization of SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA
SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA with purity greater than 90% was synthesized commercially by Peptron, Inc. (Daejeon, Korea). Briefly, peptides were synthesized using Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The peptide-bound resin was treated with TAMRA-succinimidyl ester and diisopropylethylamine in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The resulting compound was purified using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with a C18 analytical column (C18, 5 μm, 100Å column, 4.6 × 250 mm; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). For elution, a linear gradient from 0 to 70% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was used. Mass of synthesized peptide was analyzed by mass spectrometry (AXIMA-CFR, MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer, Shimadzu).
Radiolabeling with Tc-99m
Radiolabeling of SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA with Tc-99m was done as described previously [14,15]. Briefly, a mixture of SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA (0.005 mg/ml in 300 μl nitrogen-purged water) and sodium tartrate (100 mg/ml in 300 μl nitrogen-purged water) was added in a microcentrifuge tube. This solution was mixed with Tc-99m pertechnetate (1.0 ml, about 1,110 MBq) and SnCl2 (1 mg/ml in 30 μl nitrogen-purged 0.01 M HCl). The solution was heated at 95°C for 15 min and cooled at room temperature. Characterization of radiolabeled Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA was done by a HPLC consisting of Gilson 321 HPLC pumps (Gilson, Inc., Middleton, WI, USA), a Bioscan FC-1000 radiodetector (Bioscan, Inc., Washington D.C., USA), Trilution LC software (Gilson, Inc.), and an YMC-Triart C18 column (4.6 × 100 mm; YMC, Kyoto, Japan). Solvent A and B was 0.1% TFA in water and acetonitrile, respectively. At a flow rate of 1 ml/min, a linear gradient from 0 to 35% solvent B over 35 min was employed. An ultraviolet detector (230 nm) and gamma radiodetector were used for the monitoring.
To evaluate the radiochemical stability of the Tc-99m peptide complex, the labeled complex (0.1 ml) was incubated with 1 ml of saline at room temperature and freshly collected human serum at 37°C. Samples were collected at 30 min and at 1, 3, and 24 h and were analyzed using capillary column with saline (Rf of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA and free pertechnetate = 0.9–1.0; Rf of colloid = 0.0–0.1) and acetone (Rf of free pertechnetate = 0.9–1.0; Rf of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA and colloid = 0.0–0.1) as mobile phases. All experiments were conducted in triplicate (n = 3).
In vitro receptor binding affinity
NCI-H460 and SW620 cells were cultured in a humidified atmosphere with 5% carbon dioxide at 37°C. The cells were maintained in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, streptomycin (100 μg/ml), and penicillin (100 U/ml). The cells were used for experiments and studies once about 80% confluence had been reached.
The binding affinities of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA for NCI-H460 and SW620 cells were evaluated by saturation binding studies as described previously [16]. Briefly, NCI-H460 and SW620 cells were plated into 96-well plates at a density of 1 × 104 cells/well and cultured overnight. Cells were washed twice (5 min each) using ice-cold binding buffer (25 mM HEPES and 1% bovine serum albumin). A concentration gradient (0–2,000 nM) of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA was added to the wells and the cells were maintained at 37°C for 1 h. The total volume of each well was 200 μl. After cells were washed twice using ice-cold binding buffer, the cells of each well were obtained for gamma counting. Radioactivities of collected cells were measured using a 1480 Wizard 3 gamma counter (PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Wallingford, CT, USA). The binding affinity value (Kd) was calculated by non-linear regression models of GraphPad Prism software version 5.03 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). Each data point is the average value of four determinations.
Cellular uptake using confocal microscopy
NCI-H460 and SW620 cells (1 × 105 cells) were cultured on the top of a cover-slip slide for 24 h at 37°C. The medium was replaced with fresh serum free medium (500 μL) containing Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA (200 nM). Cells were then incubated at 37°C for 1 h. These cells were rinsed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The cell were stained with anti-human wtEGFR antibody (cat. 4267S; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) and Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (cat. 111-545-003, 1:100 dilution; Jackson Immuno Research Inc., West Grove, PA, USA). The slides were covered with fluorescent mounting medium (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and closed with cover glasses. The confocal microscopic study was performed with a FV1200 confocal microscope (Olympus, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) with a 100× oil immersion lens.
Murine models with tumors
Six-week-old female homozygous athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice (weighing 16–18 g) were purchased from Damul Science (Daejeon, Korea) and kept in cages. They were provided free access to food and tap water. After one week of adaptation to laboratory conditions, the mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 1 × 107 NCI-H460 (wtEGFR-positive) and SW620 (wtEGFR-negative, as an internal reference) cells (in 0.1 ml PBS) in both sides of the anterior chest region, respectively. The tumors were allowed to grow to about 300 to 400 mm3 in volume. Tumor volume was calculated using the formula: V (mm3) = 0.5 × a × b2, where a and b represent the long and perpendicular short diameters of the tumor by caliper measurements. Approximately 21 days after inoculation, gamma camera imaging and biodistribution studies were performed.
In vivo gamma camera imaging
Intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine (60 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg) was used for anesthesia of tumor-bearing mice. 55.5 MBq (200 nM in 150 μL) of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA was intravenously administered via the tail vein. At 1, 2, and 3 h after injection, in vivo imaging was performed using a gamma camera (Vertex; ADAC Laboratories, Milpitas, CA, USA) equipped with a 3 mm pinhole collimator, a window setting of 140 keV, and a width of 20%. Acquisition times were 120 s and images were digitally stored in a 512 × 512 matrix size. Regions of interest (ROIs, 15 × 15 pixel sized) were drawn at the tumors on chest walls. Additional ROIs were drawn at the left arm muscle for evaluating normal muscle uptake (n = 5). The mean counts per pixel within the ROIs were obtained and target to non-target ratios were calculated.
Ex vivo fluorescent imaging and immunohistochemical staining
Following the in vivo gamma camera imaging study, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg bodyweight ketamine (n = 5). Tumor tissue and several different organs were excised and an ex vivo fluorescent imaging study was performed using a fluorescence imaging system (VISQUE™ InVivo Smart-LF, Vieworks, Anyang, Korea). The emission band of 520 to 675 nm was used for TAMRA (peak absorbance and peak emission wavelength = 565 and 580 nm, respectively). Exposure time was 2.0 s per image. The images were analyzed using the dedicated software.
After the ex vivo imaging study, tumor tissues were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen tumor tissues were cut into slices (10 μm in thickness). After drying at room temperature, slices were fixed with ice-cold acetone for 10 min and then air dried at room temperature for 20 min. Tumor sections were maintained with 5% goat serum for 30 min at room temperature for blocking of nonspecific binding. Then, tumor sections were stained with anti-human wtEGFR antibody (cat. 4267S; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. After being rinsed with PBS buffer, tumor slides were incubated with Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (cat. 111-545-003, 1:100 dilution; Jackson Immuno Research Inc., West Grove, PA, USA). After being washed three times with PBS, tumor slides covered using Prolong® Gold Antifade Reagent with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and closed with cover glasses. Confocal microscopic study was performed using a FV1200 confocal microscope (Olympus) with a 60× oil immersion lens.
Biodistribution studies
Tissues of tumors and selected organs were weighed and collected into pre-weighed gamma counter tubes. The radioactivity of the tissues were counted using a gamma counter (1480 Wizard 3; PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences) and counts per minute were decay-corrected. Results are expressed as a percentage injected dose per gram of wet tissue (%ID/g). Total activities injected per animal were calculated by evaluating the difference between pre-injection syringe counts and remaining syringe counts after injection.
Statistical analysis
SPSS version 18.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for analyzing the data. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). Target to non-target ratios of gamma camera imaging and competition studies were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and appropriate post-hoc tests. For all tests, p-value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.
Results
Synthesis of SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA and radiolabeling with Tc-99m
SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA (C92H121N20O29S1, Mol. Wt.: 2001.11) was successfully synthesized using Fmoc SPPS (Fig 1). After Tc-99m radiolabeling, a single radio-compound was detected by RP-HPLC (retention time = 7.1 min, S1 Fig). The Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA complex was prepared in high yield (> 95%) and showed high stability in saline and serum. The intact percentages of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA incubated in saline as measured by capillary column filled with silica materials were 95.1 ± 0.6, 94.7 ± 1.3, 93.9 ± 1.1, and 92.1 ± 1.4% at 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 24 h, respectively. The intact percentages of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA incubated in serum were 94.7 ± 0.8, 93.5 ± 0.7, 93.1 ± 1.0, and 91.5 ± 1.2% at 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 24 h, respectively.
In vitro receptor binding affinity and cellular uptake
The Kd of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA for NCI-H460 cells was estimated to be 76.5 ± 15.8 nM (Fig 2A), which was a suitable affinity for wtEGFR-targeted imaging, and the Bmax was determined 3652 ± 189 fmol/mg protein. In contrast, the binding of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA for SW620 cells did not become saturated. The Kd value was estimated to be 4775 ± 2269 nM (Fig 2B), which was significantly higher than that for NCI-H460 cells (p < 0.005). These results demonstrate that Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA shows a high affinity for wtEGFR-specific uptake.
Cell binding affinity curves of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA for NCI-H460 (a) and SW620 (b) cells.
Confocal microscopy images of NCI-H460 cells incubated with SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA revealed the strong fluorescence activity of TAMRA (red) on the cell membrane. On the merged image of DAPI (blue), anti-wtEGFR (green) and SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA (red) channels, the activity of SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA could be correlated with anti-wtEGFR signal (Fig 3A). In contrast, the fluorescence activities of SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA and anti-wtEGFR were barely detectable in SW620 cells (Fig 3B).
(a) Confocal microscopy images of wtEGFR-positive NCI-H460 cells incubated with Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA showed strong fluorescence activity (red) on the cell membrane. On the merged image of DAPI (blue), anti-wtEGFR (green) and SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA (red) channels, the TAMRA activity could be correlated with anti-wtEGFR activity. (b) In contrast, the fluorescence activities of SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA (red) and anti-wtEGFR (green) were barely detectable in wtEGFR-negative SW620 cells.
In vivo gamma camera imaging
In mice, the highest activity was observed in the kidneys, suggesting that Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA was mainly excreted through the renal system. Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA accumulated substantially in wtEGFR-positive NCI-H460 tumors (Fig 4A, arrows). The tumor to normal muscle uptake ratio of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA increased with time (2.7 ± 0.6, 4.0 ± 0.9, and 6.2 ± 1.0 at 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively). In contrast, Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA did not significantly accumulate in wtEGFR-negative SW620 tumors (Fig 4A, arrow heads). The SW620 tumor to normal muscle uptake ratios (1.4 ± 0.2, 1.7 ± 0.2, and 1.9 ± 0.6 at 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively) were significantly lower than those of the NCI-H460 tumors (p < 0.05, asterisk, Fig 4B).
(a) After injection of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA, serial gamma camera imaging of tumor-bearing mice revealed substantial uptake in the NCI-H460 tumors (arrows). In contrast, SW620 tumors (arrow heads) showed relatively low uptake of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA. (b) At 1, 2 and 3 h after injection of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA, tumor-to-normal muscle uptake ratios of NCI-H460 tumors were significantly higher than those of SW620 tumors (p < 0.05, asterisks).
Ex vivo fluorescent imaging and immunohistochemical staining
On the ex vivo fluorescent image, high fluorescent activity of TAMRA was detected in the kidney among the healthy organs (Fig 5). NCI-H460 tumor (arrows) showed significantly higher fluorescent activity of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA than SW620 tumor (arrow heads). These observations were strongly correlated with the in vivo gamma camera images.
(Lu, lung; Hr, heart; Lv, liver; Sp, spleen; St, stomach; Co, colon; Kd, kidney; Mu, muscle; Tu1, NCI-H460 tumor; Tu2, SW620 tumor).
Confocal microscopy with immunohistochemical staining detected significant Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA fluorescence within NCI-H460 tumor tissue. The fluorescence was correlated with the fluorescence activity of anti-wtEGFR antibody (Fig 6A). However, the fluorescent activity of TAMRA and anti-wtEGFR antibody was barely detected in SW620 tumor tissue (Fig 6B).
(a) On confocal microscopy with immunohistochemical staining, evident fluorescent TAMRA activities of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA were detected within NCI-H460 tumor tissue, consistent with anti-wtEGFR antibody staining. (b) Fluorescent activity of TAMRA and anti-wtEGFR antibody was barely detected in the SW620 tumor tissue.
Biodistribution studies
The %ID/g biodistribution values at 1 and 3 h after injection of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA are summarized in Table 1. At 1 h, the kidneys showed the highest activity and relatively high activities were observed in the blood, lung and liver. At 3 h, the activities of normal organs except the kidneys and liver decreased substantially, representing the fast washout of unbound Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA. Values of %ID/g for NCI-H460 tumors (1.91 ± 0.11 and 1.70 ± 0.22 at 1 and 3 h, respectively) were significantly higher than those of SW620 tumors (1.27 ± 0.43 and 0.54 ± 0.21 at 1 and 3 h, respectively). In NCI-H460 tumors, the tumor to normal muscle ratios of the %ID/g values were 2.45 ± 0.22 and 7.13 ± 2.00 for Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA at 1 and 3 h, respectively.
Discussion
Molecular imaging is an attractive method for assaying EGFR expression in tumors. It could provide visualization, non-invasive characterization, and quantitative measurement of biologic processes at the cellular or subcellular level [17]. Several imaging modalities including PET, SPECT, and MR have been introduced to evaluate EGFR expression [17]. Non-invasive molecular imaging agents, such as anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies conjugated MR constrast, Tc-99m 8B6 Nanobody, F-18 Affibody protein, C-11 erlotinib, Lu-177 nimotuzumab, and C-11 4-N-(3-bromoanilino)-6, 7-dimethoxyquinazoline, have been developed for evaluating EGFR status of tumor [6–10].
A major drawback of these imaging agents is their large size, which hinders efficient penetration into the targeted tissue and prevents rapid clearance from the non-targeted tissues. Therefore, efforts have been made to reduce the size of the targeting agents. Monoclonal antibody fragments such as Fab′, scFv, Affibody and Nanobody, have been investigated [18]. However, the antibody fragments show reduced binding affinity for their target compared to the parental antibody, and their stability also decreases over time [19]. In the present study, we tried to overcome these drawbacks by utilizing a small peptide, SYPIPDT, as a targeting ligand. M Hamzeh-Mivehroud et al. had identified this peptide ligands for wtEGFR using a 7-mer peptide displaying phage display. The SYPIPDT peptide had diminished the increased EGF-dependent phosphorylation of EGFR by 44%. This inhibition was concentration dependent and the inhibitory effects were specific for EGFR [13]. Likewise, incorporation of ECG peptide and TAMRA could affect the binding affinity of SYPIPDT peptide. However, the rapid clearance of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA from the non-targeted tissues could improve target-to-background ratio and shorten the injection-to-scan time.
Another major drawback of several imaging agents for targeting EGFR is high hepatic uptake. High hepatic radioactivity could reduce overall image quality, disturb assessments of tumors in this region and increase the radiation exposure. A high expression level of hepatic EGFR could be responsible for the significant accumulation of radiolabeled EGF in the liver [20,21]. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of these imaging agents, such as large size and lipophilicity could cause high hepatic uptake [10]. In the present study, Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA showed low hepatic uptake (1.07 ± 0.20%ID/g at 3 h after injection) compared to those of previously investigated EGFR-targeting imaging agents. The overall charge, small size and hydrophilicity of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA might lead to relatively low hepatic uptake.
It has become necessary to develop a noninvasive imaging agent for detecting EGFR mutation status in vivo. EGFR mutation targeted imaging agents could enable selecting patients potentially responsive to EGFR-targeted treatment and monitoring changes in EGFR mutation status during treatment [22]. Thus, optimal clinical treatments could be offered for the patients. EGFR-targeted molecular imaging is an attractive tool for evaluating in-vivo EGFR mutation status because it can non-invasively acquire the molecular and genomic characteristics of the tumor and whole-body [22]. A molecular imaging agent targeting not EGFR mutation but wtEGFR is also important to assess the EGFR mutation status, because wild-type cells are mixed with mutant cells in varying proportions, referring intratumoral heterogeneity [23,24].
We attached GHEG-ECG-K-TAMRA to the SYPIPDT peptide sequence. We inserted a histidine-containing sequence, GHEG, between the SYPIPDT peptide and ECG-K-TAMRA as a linker or spacer. King R et al. reported that the histidine could displace one ligand from another [25]. Thus, additional distance between two ligands is secured and this could reduce the effect or disturbance of chelating ligand on the targeting ability of the SYPIPDT peptide. The ECG sequence, a tripeptide including multiple nitrogen atoms and one sulfur atom, showed strong and stable chelation with Tc-99m. It could be considered as a good candidate for a Tc-99m chelating ligand [14,15]. In addition, the fluorescent dye, TAMRA was incorporated for ex vivo optical imaging and in vitro immunohistochemical studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to develop a wtEGFR-targeting multimodality imaging agent containing both Tc-99m and fluorescent dye.
Conclusions
We developed Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA which is dual-labeled with both radioisotope and fluorescence. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated specific uptake of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA into wtEGFR-positive NCI-H460 cells and tumors. Also, tumor uptake of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA was correlated with ex vivo fluorescent imaging and immunohistochemical staining studies. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that Tc-99m SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA is a potential dual-modality imaging agent targeting wtEGFR.
Supporting information
S1 Fig. Radio high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of Tc-99m SYPIPDT-GHEG-ECG-K-tetramethylrhodamine (SYPIPDT-ECG-TAMRA) for 30 min after labeling.
The retention time of labeled peptide was from 6.5 to 8.0 min and for mixture of Tc-99m pertechnetate and Tc-99m tartrate was 0.5–1 min.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263474.s001
(TIF)
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