https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-022X
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Abstract
Improvement in living standards has led to the development and utilization of forest green foods. The study seeks to examine the foundation and potential of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province. By constructing the industrial competitive advantage model, this paper measured and analyzed the competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province from 2016 to 2020 by using fuzzy evaluation method and AHP. The conclusions were as follows: (1) The competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province was at a medium level with competitiveness index of 83.98. (2) The competitive advantage of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province mainly depended on key factors such as natural endowment and education level. The area is however not having comparative advantage in general factors and important factors. Therefore, there is the need to put in place measures to realise the full potential of forest green food industry in the area by providing players in the sector with requisite skills.
Citation: Li Z, Fu W, Udimal TB, Luo M, Chen J (2021) The measurement of competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province. PLoS ONE 16(12): e0261133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261133
Editor: László Vasa, Szechenyi Istvan University: Szechenyi Istvan Egyetem, HUNGARY
Received: September 15, 2021; Accepted: November 24, 2021; Published: December 10, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This study was supported by Major Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Yunnan Province(Grant no. 174212) from Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Sciences of Yunnan Province (http://www.ynpopss.gov.cn/). The funder had a role in preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Introduction
Serious concerns expressed during the last two decades regarding the use of chemicals in agriculture in terms of their adverse impact on the human health, environment and sustainable agricultural production. These concerns have led to the worldwide promotion of organic food production [1]. The market for organic food products is growing rapidly worldwide, such foods meet certified organic standards for production, handling, processing, and marketing [2]. With increasing awareness on safety consumption, healthy lifestyle and environmental protection, the competition within green organic food industry is becoming increasingly fierce [3]. Developing the green industry is China’s national strategy to achieve a sustainable path and prevent further degradation of the environment [4]. In 2021, the No.1 Central Document has put forward some recommendations for the development of green agricultural products and organic agricultural products through quality certifications of edible agricultural products. As the most important milestone in the industry and green environmental protection industry in the 21st century, forest green food industry has gradually become the mainstream direction of today’s green industry, which provides support for sustainable development of China’s forestry and has become a new economic growth point. Yunnan Province, which contains abundant forest resources in China, has issued a number of relevant policies in recent years to promote the development of forest green food industry and to enhance competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province.
Both in theoretical research and empirical research, it is shown that organic food industries in Europe, America and other countries had quite complete systems [5]. Although there were differences in the degree of development, market operation and market management of organic food industry in developed countries are characterized by standardized operation, strict management and perfect industrial system of organic food market [6]. The theoretical research on organic food was more in-depth and systematic, forming a relatively complete theoretical system in the aspects of organic food consumer behavior, market competition, policy support and so on. International studies have classified forest green food as organic food without independent analysis and certification. However, the research results of organic food theory had a good reference and guidance for the development of forest green food industry. The existing research has mainly carried out from four aspects: concept classification, consumption preference, policy support and industrial competitiveness evaluation.
In terms of concept classification, the research on forest food began in the early 20th century. King [7] published the book "four thousand years of farmers", which pointed out that human and animal manure and straw used in China’s agricultural planting are good organic fertilizers, and the fungal food cultivated with this fertilizer is the earliest organic food. Norikane [8] used "big business" to describe the industrial status of forest food industry in the forest. Forest food was also known as "safe food" in Liberia. Forest food was an emerging multi-functional perennial mixed food production system [9]. By solving the three main components of food security: supply, access and utilization, it is possible to promote food security and alleviate malnutrition in urban and suburban areas [10]. Only forest food that has passed social certification, organic certification, product quality certification and international forest certification has qualified forest food [11]. Forest food had an important contribution to the quality of human diet. According to the research, there were four use modes of forest food: forest food dependence, limited use of forest food, forest food supplement and professional consumers of forest food [12]. Green Food was officially defined to include food grown under the conditions of strict supervision, control and regulation in production, processing, packing, storage and transportation. Forest green foods were a subset of forest foods and refer to as uncultivated foods from forested areas [13]. Forest green food was mostly in wild states, rich in nutrition, delicious tastes, clean and pollution-free features which meet the growing demand for green and organic food. Green food adopted the whole-some quality control from field to table, while it required reasonable applications of inputs, including pesticide, fertilizer, veterinary drug and additive etc. to prevent any pollution of toxic and harmful matters in various stages of food processing so as to ensure environmental and product safety [14]. Forest green food industry referred to as the industry that cultivates, processes, circulates, sells and provides related services for forest green food based on sustainable utilization of forest resources and good ecological environments, which included multiple categories of primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry of national economy [15].
In terms of consumption preference, consumers of organic food were the guide of consumption opinions and should pay attention to the oral effect among consumers. Most consumers believed that organic food has health and environmental benefits, but lack of information, inappropriate marketing practices and high price are some of barriers that hinder the consumption of organic food [16]. Different store business models and different types of families had different price sensitivity of organic food, which would form specific family purchase loyalty and affect each family’s willingness to pay for organic food [17]. Because consumers were more rational when consuming organic food, they are more sensitive to the price of organic food, and were willing to pay more for expensive organic food [18]. In fact, where there were only small visual and sensory differences between organic products and conventional products, consumers could only choose a product based on trust in the producers, so reputation was particularly important in the organic food system [19]. Some organic food consumers have preference for food quality and safety, and sometimes offer suggestions for improvement in supply chains to promote the sales of organic food [20].
From the policy support aspect in recent years, the sustainable development of forest food could drive the sustainable development of forest resources, which is essential in attainment of different sustainable development goals [21]. The introduction of No.1 Central Document has provided a strategic direction for the development of forest green food industry [22]. The development of forest green food industry is still at the primary stage, so there is was the need to seize opportunities at national macro policy level, and establish a forest green food development system with regional characteristics as soon as possible [23]. Nigeria has also put forward many relevant policies aimed at accelerating the sustainable development, management and environmental protection of forests, but the expected results have not been achieved [24]. In 2013, the national food security act of India marked a historic change in food security from a welfare based approach to a rights based approach. However, Bose’s [25] research showed that the public distribution system of the act was not suitable for ensuring the food security of indigenous people and did not promote the development of forest food industry.
In terms of industrial competitiveness evaluation, previous studies usually divided the development level and development potential of forestry industry into four types: "high level—high potential", "high level—low potential", "low level—high potential" and "low level—low potential" [26]. On this basis, the research results showed that the development potential of plantation industry was huge [27], and the production potential of forestry industry in most areas was greater than the sales potential [28]. Industrial development potential was an important index to evaluate the degree of industrial development. It could improve the development potential of forestry industry from three aspects: brand construction, trust maintenance and service [29]. Whether a domestic enterprise could give play to its competitive advantage was greatly affected by the domestic economic environment. Among them, production factors, demand, related industries and supporting industries, as well as its enterprise strategic combination and competition were the most influential and direct factors, in which opportunity and the government played an auxiliary role. With the continuous improvement of product quality standards, high-tech organic food had more advantages in market competition [30]. Song [31] analyzed the actual situation by calculating the index parameters in the diamond industry analysis system, and concluded Heilongjiang has comparative advantage in green organic food industry. Wang et al. [32] established a competitive advantage evaluation model based on diamond system theory to evaluate the competitiveness of forest green food industry in Heilongjiang Province. Liu et al. [33] analyzed the international competitiveness of China’s nut forest food by using international market share rate, trade competition index and revealed symmetric comparative advantage index. Raynolds [34] believed that the competitive advantage of the organic food industry could be achieved through product innovation.
At both domestic and international levels, scholars have made rich contributions on forest green food industry, but there is the need to further explore the topic from territorial perspectives. At present, domestic and foreign scholars have studied the competitiveness of forest green food industry from the national perspective, and studies based on scale of Yunnan Province are still needed. In view of this, the study looks at the connotation and characteristics of forest green food industry constructing competitiveness evaluation index system of forest green food industry from four aspects: production factors, demand conditions, enterprise strategy, structure and horizontal competition, and related and supporting industries, and made empirical analysis by using fuzzy evaluation method and AHP. The study focuses mainly on the competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province by analyzing the competitiveness index of key factor level, general factor level and important factor level criteria factors.
Methods
Firstly, the evaluation index system of forest green food industry competitiveness is first constructed. Fuzzy evaluation method [35] and AHP [36] are used for the empirical analysis of the competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province. Fuzzy evaluation method has the characteristics of clear results and strong systematicness. It can better solve fuzzy and difficult to quantify problems, and is suitable for solving various uncertain problems. AHP can effectively analyze the non sequential relationship between the levels of the objective index system, and effectively measure the judgment and comparison of decision makers. Therefore, these two methods are selected to evaluate the competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province clearly and objectively, and using the two methods at the same time can enhance the authenticity and reliability of the evaluation results.
Study area
The study is carried out in Yunnan province, China. Yunnan is located at 21°8’ - 29°15’ N and 97°31’ - 106°11’ E, and borders Guizhou province, Sichuan province, and Guangxi province. With a total area of 394,100 km2, it contains 16 prefecture-level administrative divisions [37]. The current resident population of Yunnan Province is 48.583 million.
Yunnan is a low latitude region with high terrain in the northwest and low terrain in the southeast. It falls step by step from north to south. It is a mountainous plateau terrain, and the mountainous area accounts for 88.64% of the total area of the province. With gorgeous natural scenery, it is one of the important birthplaces of human civilization. Yunnan Province is extremely rich in forest food resources, with many kinds and wide distribution. According to the records of Yunnan statistical yearbook, in 2020, the forest area of the whole province reached 23.9265 million hm2, the forest coverage rate of the whole province reached 62.4%, and the forestry output value reached 39.554 billion yuan.
Data sources
The competitive advantage evaluation system of forest green food industry includes four primary indicators: production factors, demand conditions, enterprise strategy, structure and horizontal competition, and related and supporting industries, and sixteen secondary indicators such as total area, investment amount and number of employees. The data of secondary indicators directly affect the measurement of the competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province. The data used for the analysis span from 2016 to 2020.
Secondary indicators include "total value", "qualitative value", "ratio value" and "quantitative value". Where, "total value" is the sum of annual data of the indicator; "qualitative value" refers to the score given by experts; "ratio value" is the ratio of indicators; "quantitative value" is the value of the indicator. "total value" indicators such as total area and investment amount and "quantitative value" indicators such as technical status are directly obtained from Yunnan Statistical Yearbook; natural endowment, food safety and other "qualitative value" indicators are obtained from the investigation of relevant experts; "ratio value" indicators such as per capital disposable income and market share are sorted out according to Yunnan statistical yearbook.
Forest green food industry competitiveness model
The index system of forest green food industry competitiveness evaluation is constructed by considering the indexes used in forest green food industry competitiveness and other related industries competitiveness evaluations which are frequently used. Finally, four indexes are selected which include production factors, demand conditions, enterprise strategy, structure and horizontal competition, and related and supporting industries.
The comprehensive evaluation of competitive advantage is divided into general factor layer and specific factor layer. The general factor layer, namely the main criterion layer B, which is referred to as the first level index; the specific factor level which is referred to as sub criteria layer C, is also known as secondary indicators. There are two ways to determine the score of specific factor level. First, if the relevant statistical index value can be obtained directly, the score can be determined by referring to the corresponding score interval. Second, if it is difficult to obtain data through relevant indicators, experts will score them. Based on this the latter, the index system structure model of forest green food industry competitive advantage (Table 1) and identification index (Table 2) are constructed.
Firstly, membership function is established. We use X = (X1, X2, X3, X4) to describe the competitive advantage of forest green food industry, and evaluate the industry’s competitive advantage in each factor. Suppose the evaluation set is Y = {Y1, Y2, Y3}, where Y is the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the industry’s competitive advantage from the perspective of secondary index Xij. The membership functions of the three grades are as follows:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Secondly, the fuzzy evaluation matrix is established. The main criteria layer fuzzy evaluation matrix is established to determine the fuzzy evaluation results of the evaluation object:
(4)
Normalize and use fuzzy distribution method to evaluate industrial competitive advantage, and the final score of fuzzy evaluation of industrial competitive advantage is obtained.
After analyzing the industrial competitive advantage, its strength is further assessed. On the one hand, it can objectively evaluate the competitive advantage of the industry. On the other hand, with more important observations, it can assess both constraints and successes of the industry and improve the competitive advantage through the evaluation of the intensity. Through the attributes of each evaluation index, it can appropriately adjust the business activities to further optimize and improve the competitive advantage of the industry.
Empirical analysis of Yunnan
Taking Yunnan Province as a sample, the reasons for testing and analyzing the competitive advantage model of forest green food industry are: firstly, the forest green food industry in Yunnan Province is developed earlier and the data is relatively abundant; secondly, the forest green food industry in Yunnan Province has developed rapidly and has representative characteristics of the whole country.
Descriptive statistics
The quantitative data classified as "total value" "ratio value" and "quantitative value" in the index system are from the statistical yearbook of Yunnan Province as shown in (Table 3).
The weight of each index of the impact assessment object and the evaluation value of "qualitative value" in the index system are all obtained through questionnaire administering involving forest green food experts in Yunnan Province. Through the questionnaire survey of experts, the relevant evaluation values are obtained, and the survey results sorted out by taking the average value (Table 4).
Using the formulas (1)—(3) to analyze the membership of the secondary factors.
Then the fuzzy evaluation matrix Ri is:
By Ai = Wij×Ri can be calculated as follows:
A1 = (0.13,0.30,0); A2 = (0.13,0.27,0); A3 = (0,0.57,0); A4 = (0.26,0.03,0.05)
Then, the fuzzy relation matrix of evaluation target is constructed by using formula (4):
Based on this result, there is a 35% certainty that Yunnan forest green food industry has strong competitive advantage, 63% certainty that its competitive advantage is average, and 2% certainty that its competitive advantage is weak. According to the principle of maximum membership degree, it can be considered that the competitive advantage of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province is at the general level.
The determination of evaluation index weight directly reflects the role of indicators in the development of enterprises, and directly affects the evaluation results under certain conditions. Therefore, the determination of index weight is the key to scientific identification and evaluation of competitive advantage. AHP is used to determine the weight of each index. The judgment matrix is constructed based on expert opinions, and the sum product method is used to solve the comprehensive judgment matrix. The weight of each index is determined by combining expert experience and mathematical model (Tables 5 and 6). Each matrix passed the consistency test of CR<0.1 fulfilling the condition for calculation of the weight of each index to the target layer.
The index that can specifically measure the competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province is been calculated. A study by Wang et al. [38] measured the competitiveness of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province and obtained 85–100, 70–85 and 60–70 for high level, medium level and low level, respectively (Table 7).
Result analysis
The influence degree of sub criteria factors on industrial competitive advantage is measured by the weight value, which is divided into three categories: key factors (>0.1), important factors (0.03–0.1) and general factors (<0.03) (Table 8). By calculating the product of the influence weight of each factor on the target and the dimensionless value of each factor, the competitiveness index of each factor is obtained, which is the competitiveness of the final evaluation target (Table 9).
The result of AHP shows that the comprehensive competitiveness index of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province is 83.98, which is at the middle level. It is similar to the evaluation result under the principle of maximum membership degree of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and the conclusion that 63% membership degree is used to judge the competitive advantage of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province is same as the result of AHP, all of them are in the medium level.
Conclusion and suggestion
Taking Yunnan Province as the study area, the evaluation index system of forest green food industry competitiveness based on four dimensions which include production factors, demand conditions, enterprise strategy, structure and horizontal competition, and related and supporting industries, and makes recommendations for policy consideration.
Conclusion
The above empirical analysis of the fuzzy evaluation model and the AHP model for the competitive advantage of the forest green food industry in Yunnan Province showed that the industrial competitive advantage model based on the competitive advantage theory has strong pertinence and applicability in analyzing the competitive advantage of the growing forest green food industry. The model evaluation results showed that it is fully in line with the competitive advantage level of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province. After more than 20 years of efforts, the forest green food industry in Yunnan Province developed rapidly and was entering a new period of sustained and accelerated development. However, from the low export rate of forest green food in Yunnan Province, the competitive advantage of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province mainly came from its good ecological environment, large monitoring area and planting area, and extensive management, and these factors would no longer have a significant competitive advantage with the development of other regions, so it was difficult to sustain.
At present, the overall competitiveness index of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province was 83.98, which indication that it has a strong competitive advantage in the country; among the influencing factors, the competitiveness indexes of natural endowment, total area and education level of the key factors were 27.90, 11.68 and 12.32, respectively, an indication of comparative advantage, while the competitiveness indexes of per capita disposable income, investment amount of the important factors and industrial environment of the general factors were 6.12, 5.03 and 0.56, respectively, showing that green food industry has no comparative advantage in those areas.
Industry in Yunnan Province mainly depended on the critical factor, the sub criterion factors of general factors and important factors are at a disadvantage. There was no major inferior item in the sub criterion factors of production factor level. The sub criteria of the demand condition level, which was the second most important level, were not high as a whole, and individual projects had serious disadvantages. The sub criterion factors of the related supporting industries with the third importance level fluctuated greatly. Therefore, it is possible that the most important factor for Yunnan forest green food to gain competitive advantage is the competitiveness of key factors, but the influence of non-key factors could not be ignored. The next step to gain competitive advantages should start with the promotion of all important factors. Most of the important factors could be improved through deliberate policies, which was different from the key factors, which mainly relied on resource monopoly. Although general factors had an impact on competitive advantage, it was difficult to play a decisive role because of its low weight.
Suggestion
Though the forest green food industry in Yunnan Province has a strong competitive advantage, the per capita disposable income, the amount of investment and the competitiveness index of industrial environment in general factors were areas that green food industry has no comparative advantage. Based on this, regulations should be forward for consideration to encourage investments in the sector.
Policy support.
Firstly, there is the need to formulate and implement targeted industrial policies. The competitive advantage of forest green food industry in Yunnan Province mainly comes from the advantages of natural resources, such as variety, yield and location. It is not difficult to maintain these advantages at present; the difficulty is to transform the existing advantages of key factors into long-term advantages and eliminate the instability of short-term advantages. It is necessary to expand the competitive advantage of all the important factors and make these advantages play a positive role in promoting the positive development of relevant competitive factors. These factors mainly depend on the government, system, science and technology. Governments at all levels should adopt targeted industrial policies according to their geographical location and product characteristics, promote the development of industries and enterprises, and improve the comprehensive competitiveness of the industry.
Secondly, there is the need to strengthen the development of relevant supporting industries. The value of related industries and supporting industries lies not only in the ability to provide input for the leading industry with the lowest price, but also the geographical distance with the leading industry, which enables enterprises to transmit product information frequently and quickly, exchange innovation ideas, promote the technological upgrading of enterprises and create a benign and interactive "local economy".
Enterprise development.
Firstly, using marketing strategy to stimulate demands. Because of the lack of general publicity of forest green food and the consumers’ lack of understanding of the value of forest green food, it is unable to form a stable concept of forest green food consumption, which limits the sectors’ growth. The public has a high awareness of the word "green food", but many people do not know about forest green food. Therefore, there is the need to meet the existing needs through objective and practical advertising and marketing strategies, and strengthen the guidance of consumers’ demands, so that the consumption awareness of forest green food is deeply rooted in the whole public.
Secondly, foster the concept of cooperation to promote win-win development. In the process of market internationalization, whether the products enter the international market and continue to expand the market coverage and share are important indicators to test the overall level of industry and competitiveness of enterprises. In this process, it is very important to cultivate the concept of cooperation and competition, and promote the development strategy of win-win scenarios. At present, the low market concentration, small enterprise scale, less well-known brand and weak market competitiveness of China forest green food industry are directly related to the cultivation and development of cooperative competition concept. In order to make China’s forest green food enter the international market, it is necessary to innovate. Through cooperation and competition, optimize product structure and develop domestic and international markets.
Supporting information
S1 File. The database of the Yunnan statistical yearbook (2016–2020).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261133.s001
(Z01)
Acknowledgments
The data in this paper are from the statistical yearbook of Yunnan Province. Thank the statisticians for their work.
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