https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-4269
Figures
Abstract
Background
Growth monitoring and promotion are the basic malnutrition preventive strategies usually used to assess the growth of children using anthropometric measurements in comparison with world health organization standards. However, the utilization of growth monitoring and promotion services is inadequate in most developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the utilization of growth monitoring and promotion service and associated factors among children aged 0-23-month in Banja District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020.
Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2 to April 1, 2020. A total of 572 children were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using structured and pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data were entered into Epi data version 4.6 and analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25. Both binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses with a 95% confidence level were used to identify the associated factors. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05.
Results
This finding revealed that the proportion of growth monitoring and promotion services utilization was 38.9% [95%CI: 34.8%, 43.0%]. Child age from 0-11 months [AOR = 4.98 (95% CI: 2.75,8.37)], mothers who can read and write Amharic language [AOR = 2.04 (95%CI: 1.02,4.08)], know the benefits of weighing their child monthly [AOR = 2.9 (95%CI: 1.23, 6.94)], presence of growth monitoring service nearby [AOR = 3.2 (95%CI: 1.59,6.31)] and monthly income ≥2000 Ethiopian birr [AOR = 1.75(95% CI = 1.08, 3.02)] were some of the factors significantly associated with utilization of growth monitoring and promotion services.
Conclusion and recommendation
The findings indicate that utilization of growth monitoring and promotion services is mainly affected by child age, mother/caregiver ability to read and write Amharic language, having maternal information on the benefit of the weighing child, presence of service nearby health facility, and mother/caregiver monthly income. Preparation of growth monitoring charts in local language (Awigna) and creating awareness on the proper utilization of growth monitoring and promotion services is strongly recommended.
Citation: Yeshaneh A, Fentahun T, Belachew T, Mohammed A, Adane D (2021) Utilization of growth monitoring and promotion services and associated factors among children aged 0-23 months in Banja District, Northwest Ethiopia 2020: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 16(11): e0259968. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259968
Editor: Rubeena Zakar, University of the Punjab, PAKISTAN
Received: March 24, 2021; Accepted: October 30, 2021; Published: November 15, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Yeshaneh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: EDHS, Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey; EHSTP, Ethiopian Health Sector Transformation Plan; FHC, Family Health Card; GM, Growth Monitoring; GMP, Growth Monitoring and Promotion; HCP, Health Care Provider; HEW, health Extension Worker; HP, Health post; HSTP, Health Sector Transformation Plan; IYCF, Infant and Young Child Feeding; SDG, Sustainable Developmental Goal; SNNPS, Southern Nation and Nationality People State; SPSS, Statistical Package for Social Sciences; UNICEF, United Nations International Children Emergency Fund; UNDP, United Nations Development Program; WHO, World Health Organization
Introduction
Child growth is an insightful display of childhood health, and is used to assess nutritional and health status [1]. Weight is a sensitive indicator used to assess growth [2, 3]. Growth monitoring is a monthly evaluation of the child’s growth in comparison to the world health organization standard using anthropometric measurements to identify growth faltering before the child reaches the status of malnutrition [4, 5].
Growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) is a prevention strategy that monitors measures, interprets and analyzes the possible reasons for adequate or inadequate child growth. It also facilitates communication and interaction, generates adequate action, improves the nutritional status of the child and reduces mortality and morbidity in children [4, 6].
In most countries of the world, the attendance rate, promotion and educational effectiveness towards GMP are very low and the growth chart is poorly understood by mothers. Few studies have addressed the relationship between the implementation of GMP programs and subsequent changes in caring practices [1, 7]. Effective growth-monitoring activities are not easily implemented and local realities are not often considered when making decisions about the inclusion of growth monitoring in national programs [1]. According to different pieces of evidence of poor growth monitoring, mothers’ illiteracy, poor parental intention for GMP, misunderstanding of the chart by health workers and poor intention of mothers for the service users were some of the shortlisted factors for GMP utilization [1, 8, 9].
Many countries have implemented GMP programs, resulting in a decrease in malnutrition. To improve child nutritional status, the Ethiopian government has been applying monthly GMP services at a community level using health extension programs through the implementation of the Sequota declaration and health sector transformation plan which aimed to stress nutritional counseling, early disease detection and treatment [2, 9–13].
Although many efforts have been made to reduce child mortality secondary to poor GMP utilization in Ethiopia, GMP utilization in health facilities is low [9, 10]. There is also a limited study conducted in Ethiopia in the Amhara region on the utilization of GMP services and associated factors among children aged 0-23 months [6]. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the utilization of GMP services and associated factors among children of 0-23 months in Banja District, Northwest Ethiopia.
Method and materials
Study design and setting
A community-based cross-sectional design was conducted from February 2 to April 1, 2020, in the Banja district of Northwest Ethiopia. Banja district is located 452 km from Addis Ababa (capital city of Ethiopia) and 199 km from Bahr Dar (capital city of Amhara regional state). Injibara is the administrative center of the district. The district is bordered Southwest by Ankesha district, West by Guangua, North by Fagita and on the East by Guagusa district and West Gojjam. The district had a total of 27 Kebele, 1 general hospital, 5 health centers, 27 health posts, 27 health officers, 44 nurses, 7 health information technicians and 636 health developmental armies. It also has 25 rural and 2 urban administrative kebeles with a total population of 99962 of which, 5048 were children less than two years of age [14].
Populations
The source populations were all mother-child pairs of 0–23 months in Banja districts whereas all mother-child pairs with 0–23 months at selected Kebele during the study period were the study populations.
Sample size determination
The minimum sample size was determined using a double population proportion formula and it was calculated using Epi Info™ version 7 by considering the assumptions (80% power of the study, 95% confidence level, 1:1 ratio) and proportion of outcome for the variable occupation (41.1% exposed and 53% non-exposed). After adding a 10% none response rate the final sample size for the study was 572 [15] (Table 1).
Independent variables
- ❖ Socio-demographic factors: Age of mothers, sex of the child
Head of household, ethnicity, religion, educational level, marital status, family size
- ❖ Maternal knowledge of GMP and IYCF…
Sampling technique and procedures
All 27 administrative Kebeles from the Banja district were included to obtain the desired sample size. Initially, eight Kebeles (30%) were selected using the lottery method. A sampling frame containing a list of 1736 mother-child pairs less than 2 years old along with their date of birth and house number was obtained from the community health information system and respective Kebele. Then all listed households were coded by numeric code and 572 households were picked by lottery method. If we got two children who were less than 2 years old (0-23 months) within the household, a child with a smaller age should be taken. If we get twins within the households, pick either of the children using the lottery method. After population size to proportional allocation was performed, the sampled populations were selected using a simple random sampling technique.
Operational definitions
The regular weighing of children: was measured when a child has a history of GM services utilization in respect to age such as, at least once for 0 months, two times for 1-3 months, five times for 4-11 months, and four times per year for 12-23 months and the finding should be plotted /recorded on the child GMC [6].
Utilization of GMP services: was measured when the respondents fulfilled the key indicators such as availability of the growth monitoring card, presence of regular weighing, getting nutritional advice from HCP, read GMC graph, and knowing the benefits of regular weighing at the time of data collection whereas those who did not fulfil these key indicators were considered as not properly utilizing GMP [6].
Data collection tools
A pretested, semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was prepared by reviewing relevant works of literature. The tool consisted of socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge-related, health service-related and media-related components. In the data collection process, four experienced clinical nurses and two public health officers were recruited and trained for data collection and supervision respectively.
Data quality control
To ensure quality, the questionnaire was translated into the local language(Amharic and Awigna) by experts. Finally, before data collection, it was re-translated back to English to verify consistency. Before starting the actual data collection, one day of extensive training was given to the data collectors and supervisors. A pre-test for appropriateness and feasibility of the tool was conducted on 5% of the total sample size at Ankesha district, Bekefta Kebele and all necessary modifications and amendments were done accordingly. The reliability test or Cronbach’s alpha correlation coefficient of greater than or equal to 0.7 was used to check the inter-item consistency of the tool. The data collection team was communicated and discussed with principal investigators if they face any challenges during the data collection period daily. After data collection or before analysis, all collected data were checked for completeness.
Data processing and analysis
Data were coded, cleaned, edited and entered into Epi-data version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25.0 for statistical analysis. The presence of an association between explanatory and outcome variables was ascertained using binary logistic regression analysis. The goodness of fit was tested by the log-likelihood ratio (LR). To control all possible confounders all variables with P<0.2 in the binary analysis were included in the final model of multivariable analysis. Variables with a standard error of > 2 were dropped from the multivariable analysis. To see the correlation between independent variables, the multi-collinearity test was carried out by using collinearity statistics. In a multivariable logistic regression model adjusted odds ratio determined with a 95% confidence level was used to assess the strength of association and those variables with a P-value < 0.05 were deemed to declare statistical significance. Then, the finding was presented by using simple frequencies, summary measures, tables, figures and texts.
Ethical clearance and consent to participate
Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the ethical review committee of Wollo University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health. An official letter was sent to the Awi zone health department and Banja district health office. The data collection was begun after obtaining a consent and cooperation letter from the Banja district health office. The study purpose, procedure and duration, rights of the respondents and data safety issues, possible risks and benefits of the study were clearly explained to each participant using the local language. Then before the commencement of the study, all participants gave their informed written consent. Participation in this study was purely voluntary and there was no monetary gain. The mothers/caregivers were expected to be free to withdraw from the study without any penalty. No compensation was offered for participation in the study. All the participants’ response was kept confidential by using the information only for the study and storing the study in a closed file.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents
In this study, a total of 561 respondents have participated with a response rate of 98%. The majority of 460 (82%) of the study participants were rural residents. Nearly half (50.8%) of the study participants were female children and almost all (96.6%) of children were delivered at a health facility. Two hundred forty-four (43.5%) of children were found in the age group of 12-24 months. Three hundred thirty-three (59.4%) of mothers and 72.9% of the husbands have been working in farming. fife hundred forty-six (97.3%) were orthodox Christian religious followers. More than half (54.1%) of mothers and three-fourth (74.5%) of the husbands had attended the primary level of education (Table 2).
Mothers or caregivers knowledge towards IYCF
About 44.6% of respondents got nutritional advice from health care providers. Nine out of ten (87.8%) respondents knew that breastfeeding should start within one hour after birth and nearly three-fourth (74.2%) of respondents knew the recommended age/time of exclusive breastfeeding. Nearly all (99.1%) respondents knew the time when breastfeeding should be terminated. Nearly three-fourths (74.2%) of respondents knew the standard period when complementary feeding has to be started (Table 3).
Mothers/caregivers knowledge towards growth monitoring
Of the total respondents, 95.5% knew about family health cards and only 4.3% of them mention the importance of growth monitoring cards as growth monitoring follow-up. Only 38.9% of children get weighing services regularly based on their age. More than three-fourth (81.1%) of respondents couldn’t read the growth monitoring chart. Among this, the majority (35.5%) of them have mentioned the reason as growth monitoring card is written in Amharic and English language (Table 4).
Utilization of growth monitoring and promotion
The key indicators used to assess utilization of GMP in this study includes the availability of the family health card (whether it had been plotted or not), regular weighing, getting nutritional advice from a health care provider or knowledge on IYCF and GMP and able to understand growth monitoring graph or know the benefits of regular weighing. Based on this, the respondent who fulfills the key indicators were labeled as proper utilization of GMP and those who did not fulfill these were not properly utilizing GMP. Therefore, the finding of this study showed that 38.9% [95% CI = 34.8, 43] of the study participants have properly utilized the GMP service (Table 5).
The characteristic feature of accessible health services
All respondents reported that they have health facilities nearby their homes. Only 7.5% and 2% of respondents went to the health facility for weighing a child and for getting nutritional advice respectively. More than four-fifth (87.9%) of respondents got a growth monitoring service nearby a health facility (Table 6).
Factors affecting growth monitoring and promotion service utilization
In multivariable logistic regression, all significant variables in binary logistic regression were adjusted. The result showed that the age of children in months, the ability of mother/ caregiver to read and write the Amharic language, having information on the benefit of a monthly weighing of the child, mother’s knowledge on the importance of family health card, availability of GMP service and monthly income were significantly associated with utilization of GMP service.
In this study, children less than 12 months were five times more likely to utilize GMP service as compared to children 12-24 age groups [AOR = 4.98(95% CI: 2.75-8.37)]. Those mothers who can read and write Amharic language had 2.04 times more likely to utilize GMP service as compared to their counterparts[AOR = 2.04(95% CI: 1.02, 4.08)]. This study found, those respondents who knew the benefits of monthly weighing their child were 2.9 times more likely to utilize GMP service than who do not[AOR = 2.9(95% CI: 1.23,6.94)]. Those who received GMP service nearby health facility were 3.2 times more likely utilize than their counterparts [AOR = 3.2(95% CI: 1.59, 6.31)]. The monthly income was also another significant factor which contributed for utilization of GMP service. Respondents who had monthly income ≥2000 Ethiopian birr were 1.75 times more likely utilize the GMP service [AOR = 1.75(95% CI = 1.08, 3.02)] (Table 7).
Discussion
This study revealed that utilization of growth monitoring and promotion service was found to be 38.9% with 95% CI [34.8-43.0]. This finding is lower than a study conducted in Accra (64%), Nyamir Kenya (53%), and Lawar (60%) [15–17]. Similarly, this study was lower than studies done in Butajira, South Ethiopia (44%), Areka South Ethiopia (56%) and Gondar Northern Ethiopia (50%) [3, 18, 19]. The difference might be due to the difference in study design, socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and study population. Specifically, GMP in Kenya was implemented for under five populations whereas GMP in Ethiopia was implemented among 0-23-month-old children. The majority of previous studies were also institution-based and the study subjects were those who came for vaccination service and sick children. This leads to a higher chance for utilization of growth monitoring and promotion services.
The utilization of growth monitoring and promotion services can be affected by various factors. Age of child, able to read and write the Amharic language, know the benefit of weighing child, availability of GMP service and monthly income were significantly associated with utilization of GMP service. Mothers with children aged less than 12 months were more likely to utilize GMP services compared to those with children aged 12–23 months. This finding was supported with the study done in Kenya [16], Ghana [20, 21] who found that there was a negative correlation between the age of the child and attendance to child health clinics. This might be due to GMP service is delivered along with an integrated vaccination in most of African countries [20] which allows most mothers to continue utilization of growth monitoring concurrently with immunization service. When most immunization service turnover after first birth day, attendance to child clinic decreases. However, this study contradicted with study done in southern part of Ethiopia in which the age group of 12-23 months found that more likely to utilize the GMP services as compared to infants [6].
Mothers who can read and write the Amharic language were two times more likely to utilize GMP than their counterparts. None of the studies support this finding. This is due to other studies didn’t use language parameters as a factor to determine GMP utilization. Findings of this study revealed that nearly 35% of caregivers could not read the growth monitoring chart because of growth monitoring chart was written in Amharic and English language and the dominant language in the study area is Awigna for 62% of mothers/caregivers. Language variation makes them not to understand the information displayed on the chart in which intern makes them not utilize GMP.
This study also found that the mothers who know the benefits of monthly child weighing were more likely to utilize the GMP service. This finding is comparable with study done in North Gondar [3]. However, study conducted in Ghana found that mothers’ knowledge regarding GMP was reversely associated with the utilization of GMP services in that those who had high level of knowledge were less likely to utilize GMP services [20]. In this finding more than half (55%) of mothers or care givers didn’t utilize the GMP service, even though they know the benefit of weighing child monthly. This implies that acquisition of knowledge may not necessarily enough to practice. Thus, interventions should not only concentrate on educating the mothers but they should also support them to overcome barriers that may be preventing them from utilizing GMP services.
Similarly, the availability of growth monitoring services nearby health facilities was also more likely utilize the GMP service. This finding is supported by the study conducted in Nyamir, Kenya [16], and Indonesia [22] where the availability of growth monitoring service nearby health facility was positively associated with utilization of GMP service. This is similarities might be due to those respondents who had nearby health centers might have better opportunities to access the services and information related to GMP.
Monthly income of mothers/ care-givers has also contribution for the utilization of growth monitoring and promotion service in this study. Respondents who had monthly income ≥2000 Ethiopian birr were more likely utilize the GMP service. This finding is in agreement with study done in southern Ethiopia where medium and high wealth index were more likely utilize GMP service [6]. This could be due to the financial constraint majority of mothers or care givers are engaged in daily works to serve the children rather than utilizing GMP service.
Conclusion
The utilization of growth monitoring and promotion services in the study area was low. Factors like child age, mother/ caregiver ability to read and write Amharic language, the mother who knows the weighing benefit, availability of GMP service nearby health facility and monthly income were significantly associated with utilization of GMP service. To improve the utilization of growth monitoring and promotion services, a growth monitoring chart should be prepared in local languages (Awigna), health care providers should deliver sufficient information to the communities, the service delivery of growth monitoring and promotion should be provided separately from an expanded program of immunization.
Supporting information
S1 File. This S1 file minimal data set of growth monitoring and promotion service.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259968.s001
(SAV)
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Wollo University and all woredas administrative for allowing ethical clearance and giving permission letters to do this research. Our gratitude also goes to data collectors and study participants.
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