https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3127-6048
Figures
Abstract
Background & aims
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection remains high in China though the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of H. pylori and inflammatory bowel disease.
Methods
Hospitalized IBD patients including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) who had tested H. pylori antibody were enrolled. Controls were chose from age- and sex- matched healthy physical examination people who had H. pylori antibody test in a 1:2 fashion (IBD patients:controls). IBD medical history was recorded. All patients were typed by the Montreal classification. Mayo Clinic score and the Harvey-Bradshaw Severity Index were used to evaluate their disease activity. Patients and controls that had H. pylori eradication therapy before were excluded.
Results
Two hundred and sixty IBD patients including 213 CD patients and 47 UC patients, and 520 controls were involved in this study. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in IBD patients (9.6%, 25/260) and IBD newly diagnosed patients (12.1%, 8/66), as well as CD patients (8.9%, 19/213) including CD newly diagnosed patients (10.6%, 5/47) and UC patients (12.8%, 6/47) was significantly lower than controls (29.8%, 155/520) (p = 2.796*10−10, 0.007, 5.723*10−9, 0.016, 0.014), while there was no statistically difference between UC newly diagnosed patients and the controls, and IBD patients with different disease type, disease activity and treatment history.
Citation: Ding Z-H, Xu X-P, Wang T-R, Liang X, Ran Z-H, Lu H (2021) The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in inflammatory bowel disease in China: A case-control study. PLoS ONE 16(3): e0248427. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248427
Editor: Yoshio Yamaoka, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, JAPAN
Received: September 21, 2020; Accepted: February 25, 2021; Published: March 12, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Ding et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files.
Funding: Hong Lu(HL) was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970497). URL: http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: We have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Hong Lu is a consultant for Takeda and Astrazeneka, proton pump inhibitors in relation to H. pylori infection treatment. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Other authors declare no competing interests.
Introduction
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a common Gram-negative, gastric mucosa colonized microaerobic bacteria, classified as a Class I carcinogen by the World Health Organization, can cause infectious disease and is associated with peptic ulcers, gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma. It has also been reported to be negatively connected to asthma and esophageal adenocarcinoma [1]. In recent years, the prevalence of H. pylori in China has gradually declined, but still at a high level [2, 3]. Meanwhile, with economic development and the westernization of lifestyle, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is climbing [4] including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Some epidemiology studies from Western believed that H. pylori infection was a protective factor for IBD [5] and some animal studies showed the protective effects of H. pylori in colitis [6]. Other researchers such as Bell et al. didn’t identify any Helicobactor species in the colonic biopsies of IBD patients by multiple polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and indicated that it was not related to the occurrence of IBD [7]. However, the data on the relationship between these two diseases in China is still insufficient. Our aim is to study the relationship between H. pylori status and IBD patients in China.
Methods
Subjects
Study population consisted of 260 hospitalized IBD patients, who had H. pylori serology test during their hospitalization in the Department of Gastroenterology of Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, between June 2019 and July 2020. Hospitalized IBD patients included newly diagnosed patients (naïve patients), patients with IBD flare, day hospitalization patients for IV infliximab or adalimumab, and regular reexamination patients. The diagnosis of CD and UC was based on the 2018 Chinese Consensus on diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease [8]. Those who got their diagnosis first time during the hospitalization were defined as naïve patients or newly diagnosed patients. Five hundred and twenty sex- and age-matched (±5 years) controls were selected in a 1:2 fashion (IBD patients:controls) from healthy people who came to have physical examination in the same hospital between the same period. Patients and controls who had H. pylori eradication therapy records before were excluded. Previous medical history including age of onset and IBD treatment (infliximab, adalimumab, 5-aminosalicylic acid, sulfasalazine, glucocorticoids, azathioprine, tacrolimus) was obtained from medical records. CD and UC patients were classified according to The Montreal classification [9] and the disease activity was also evaluated by the Harvey-Bradshaw Severity Index [10] and the Mayo Clinic score [11]. All of the data including H. pylori serology test results were collected from medical records and were fully anonymized before, during and after our access. The Ethics Committee of Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine approved this retrospective study (KY2020-139) and waived the requirement for informed consent.
H. pylori status
Serology test was used as a reference basis for H. pylori infection analysis. Peripheral venous serum samples of patients and controls were tested by H. pylori antibody kit (Latex Immunoturbidimetric method) (Beijing Wan Tai DRD Co., LTD). Reference range: negative: <22 AU/ml; positive: ≥22 AU/ml.
Sample size calculation
According to previous study, the H. pylori prevalence in China is 55.8% [12], and the odds ratio (OR) between IBD and H. pylori infection is 0.43 [13]. The minimum sample sizes are 139 IBD patients and 278 controls, with a significance of 0.005, a power of 90% and an unbalanced sample ratio 1:2 (IBD patients:controls).
Statistical analysis
Categorical variables were analyzed by Chi Square/Fisher’s exact test and continuous variables by T-test/Mann Whitney test. A statistical p value of 0.05 (two sided) was considered significant for all comparisons. Odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for analyzing the association between H. pylori infection and IBD onset. All computations were performed with the SPSS 26.00 statistical software.
Results
Two hundred and sixty seven patients (213 CD and 47 UC) and 520 sex- and age-matched controls were enrolled in this study. The detailed demographic and clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1.
H. pylori status
Overall, only 25 IBD patients (25/260, 9.6%, 19 for CD patients and 6 for UC patients) had positive H. pylori serology, which were significantly lower than controls (155/520, 29.8%) (p = 2.796*10−10). The H. pylori prevalence of CD (19/207, 9.2%) and UC (6/47, 12.8%) patients was also separately lower than their controls (125/426, 29.3%; 20/94, 31.9%) (p = 5.723*10−9; 0.014).
In the subgroups analysis of IBD naive patients, the H. pylori prevalence (8/66, 12.1%) was slightly higher than all IBD patients (25/260, 9.6%) (p = 0.547), but still lower than the control group (39/132, 29.5%) (p = 0.007). And CD naive patients (5/47, 10.6%) were also significantly lower than their controls (27/94, 28.7%, p = 0.016) while the UC ones (3/19, 15.8%) has no statistically difference with their controls (12/38, 31.6%, p = 0.202). (Table 2).
H. pylori status with IBD classification and activity
There is no statistically difference of the H. pylori infection rate in CD and UC patients with different ages, lesion parts, disease behaviors, perianal lesions and activity levels. (S1 and S2 Tables).
H. pylori status with IBD treatment history
There is no significant difference of the prevalence of H. pylori between IBD patients who had treatment history of infliximab or adalimumab, 5-aminosalicylic acid, sulfasalazine, glucocorticoids, azathioprine, tacrolimus, and that of patients who hadn’t used such medication. (S3 and S4 Tables).
Discussion
The etiology and mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease is currently not fully explicit, but some specific factors are found related to IBD, including host genetic factors, environments and diets changing, intestinal immune system, and changes in intestinal microbiota [14]. Over the past two decades, with the economic development and western lifestyle adopted in China, the incidence of IBD is also reported rapidly increasing [4].
Western researchers have conducted a lot of correlation study between H. pylori prevalence and IBD. A meta-analysis, involved 40 literatures, enrolled 80789 patients from 17 countries, found that regardless of race, age, and test method, H. pylori infection was significantly reduced in IBD patients [13]. Teplar et al. used a random effects model and showed that the incidence of IBD, especially CD was significantly reduced in CagA seropositive patients, while the exposure of CagA seronegative H. pylori was not significantly associated with the incidence of IBD [15]. Our study suggests that the prevalence of H. pylori infection in the IBD group, including CD and UC patients, is significantly lower than that in the general health population, which is consistent with most research results.
The low H. pylori infection rate of IBD patients may also be relevant to the improvement of socioeconomic conditions and special host genetic factors such as ATG16L1 [16] and the widespread use of antibacterial drugs. Yang et al. suggested that in IBD patients who have received tetracycline and quinolone antibacterial drugs for more than 7 days, their H. pylori infection rate was significantly lower than that of patients without a history of treatment [17]. Our study did not collect the history of antimicrobial drugs in patients. Though there is no statistical difference, we found that naïve IBD patients have a relatively higher H. pylori prevalence among all the patients, and with the aggravation of CD disease behavior (structuring and penetrating), the infection rate relatively decreased. The reason might be more chance to use antibiotics in the progression and exacerbation of the disease.
In addition, Frost et al. analyzed fecal microbiota in 212 H. pylori positive patients and controls, and found H. pylori related to increased fecal microbes diversity [18]. Other studies [19, 20] including Sonnenberg et al., who studied biopsies from 302,061 upper and lower endoscopy patients (13,943 IBD), found that weakened gastric acid barrier may protect against IBD development [19]. Therefore, H. pylori may regulate lower digestive tract microbiota through the change of gastric acid secretion [21] and relate to the incidence of IBD. Furthermore, H. pylori chromosomal DNA can prevent colitis by inhibiting the production of type I interferon and IL-12 in the mouse model [22], while type I T helper lymphocytes and Th17-related cytokines (include IL-12) are selectively activated in CD [23]. The decrease in H. pylori infection may contribute the pathogeneses of IBD, especially CD.
Conclusions
Our study shows that the prevalence of H. pylori infection in IBD patients, especially CD, is lower than general population. H. pylori infection might be a protective factor for CD, or it might be two outcomes influenced by some common factors, which still need further study.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Disease classification, activity and H. pylori status in CD patients.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248427.s001
(DOCX)
S2 Table. Disease classification, activity and H. pylori status in UC patients.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248427.s002
(DOCX)
S3 Table. H. pylori status with CD treatment history.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248427.s003
(DOCX)
S4 Table. H. pylori status with UC treatment history.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248427.s004
(DOCX)
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