https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7304-8759
Figures
Abstract
We describe a new species of the Dendropsophus decipiens Group, morphologically most resembling D. haddadi but genetically more closely related to D. oliveirai and likely endemic from the Atlantic Forest biome, northeastern Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from all species of the D. decipiens Group based on the combination of morphological features, advertisement call and phylogenetic position based on mitochondrial DNA gene sequences. The new species emits simple calls in series of 3–9 notes, each with 9–29 pulses, and dominant frequency varying from 5578–6422 Hz, and exhibit a minimum of 8% genetic distance (16S mitochondrial gene) in comparison to its congeners. The new taxa represent the sixth species of the D. decipiens Group, which likely harbors more undescribed taxa, corroborating the view that Neotropical species richness is fairly underestimated.
Citation: Oliveira RFd, Magalhães FdM, Teixeira BFdV, Moura GJBd, Porto CR, Guimarães FPBB, et al. (2021) A new species of the Dendropsophus decipiens Group (Anura: Hylidae) from Northeastern Brazil. PLoS ONE 16(7): e0248112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248112
Editor: Feng Zhang, Nanjing Agricultural University, CHINA
Received: March 27, 2020; Accepted: February 20, 2021; Published: July 14, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Oliveira et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript, its Supporting Information, and uploaded to the GenBank repository with accession number MW026635.
Funding: This study was financed in part by the Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (FACEPE), grant no. IBPG-0074 2.05/18 to RFO. Funding was provided to FMM by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) grant no. 140649/2015-8, and to BFVT by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) grant no. 001. AAG financial support by CNPq (#300903/2015-4 and #446935/2014-0). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The genus Dendropsophus Fitzinger, 1843 currently comprise 109 species broadly distributed across Neotropical rainforests and open areas from southern Mexico to northern Argentina and Uruguay, east of Andes [1]. Based on the recently published total evidence analysis of [2], combining phenomic and molecular datasets, nine species groups are currently recognized within this genus: D. ruschii, D. decipiens, D. parviceps, D. molitor, D. columbianus, D. marmoratus, D. minutus, D. leucophyllatus, and D. microcephalus. These authors made many substantial changes to the systematics of this genus with respect to that of [3], including the first molecular assessment for species in the D. decipiens Group. Additionally, they also uncovered the existence of eight divergent genetic lineages indicated as D. decipiens (I–VIII), which are paraphyletic relative to samples of D. haddadi and D. oliveirai. Moreover, they placed D. bromeliaceus within the D. decipiens Group, which was originally not assigned to any of the previously recognized Groups at that time [3,4].
The D. decipiens Group currently comprises five species (sensu [2]): D. berthalutzae (Bokermann, 1962), D. bromeliaceus Ferreira et al., 2015, D. decipiens (Lutz, 1925), D. haddadi (Bastos and Pombal, 1996) and D. oliveirai (Bokermann, 1963), which exhibits as synapomorphies 11 phenomic characters, small SVL (combined SVLs range from 13.0–21.4 mm for males and 18.0–24.0 mm for females) and a brownish or pale yellow dorsum coloration with a frame-like pattern [2]. Species of the D. decipiens Group are distributed along eastern Brazil and mostly associated with the Atlantic Forest [1], except for D. oliveirai which is also found in ecotonal areas of Caatinga (a seasonally dry tropical forest) and Atlantic Forest in northeastern Brazil from Bahia to Rio Grande do Norte States [1,5,6]. More specifically, D. berthalutzae occurs along a narrow Atlantic Forest zone in southeastern Brazil from Paraná to Espírito Santo States, terminals assigned to D. decipiens occur across Bahia, Ceará, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo States, D. haddadi occurs from the Espírito Santo to Pernambuco States, and D. bromeliaceus is currently only known from rocky outcrops in the municipality of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil [1,2,4].
During field work in Atlantic Forest remnants of Pernambuco State, we collected individuals of the Dendropsophus decipiens Group that could not be assigned to any of the five currently recognized species, and genetically matches the clade D. decipiens V, highlighted as a candidate new species by [2]. The high levels of morphological similarity and intraspecific variation hinders the advance of taxonomic resolutions among Dendropsophus species [2,7,8], making the use of multiple lines of evidence highly desirable to elucidate patterns of cryptic diversity within the genus. In this sense, we combine morphological, acoustic and molecular data to describe the clade D. decipiens V of [2] as a new species, representing the sixth species of D. decipiens Group likely associated to the Atlantic Forest, and the first with the type locality within the Pernambuco Endemism Center, which represents one of the most endangered Atlantic Forest remnants in Brazil [9,10].
Material and methods
Study area and reference material
We conducted field work on July 2018 at two conservation units: the Buchada Forest (100 ha) (8°2’26.13"S, 35°12’0.43"W; 122 m above sea level [a.s.l.], DATUM WGS84) and the Camocim Forest (200 ha) (8°1’59.75"S, 35°12’3.79"W; 131 m a.s.l., DATUM WGS84). These two conservation units compose the Tapacurá Ecological Station, a protection unit administered by the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, located at São Lourenço da Mata municipality, Pernambuco State, Brazil (Fig 1). The area is characterized by semi deciduous seasonal Atlantic Forest fragments [11], the climate is monsoon type (Am) according to classification by [12], and the rainy season occurs from February to September with average annual precipitation of 1.900 mm [13].
We also provide the geographic distribution of all clades labelled as Dendropsophus decipiens [2] and literature-based records of D. haddadi in the states of Alagoas [14,15], Bahia [16–20], Espírito Santo [17,21], Pernambuco [22,23] and Sergipe [24]. Municipalities: São Paulo State: (1) Cananéia; Rio de Janeiro State: (2) Seropédica; Minas Gerais State: (3) Santos Dumont, (4) Juiz de Fora, (5) Nanuque; Espírito Santo State: (6) Dores do Rio Preto, (7) Ibitirama, (8) Vitória, (9) Santa Teresa, (10) Aracruz, (11) Linhares, (12) Conceição da Barra (D. haddadi type locality); Bahia State: (13) Prado, (14) Camacan, (15) Ilhéus, (16) Aurelino Leal, (17) Itacaré, (18) Igrapiúna, (19) Jequié, (20) Mata de São João; Sergipe State: (21) Areia Branca; Alagoas State: (22) Maceió, (23) Maceió (Catolé and Ferrão Velho); Pernambuco State: (24) Lagoa dos Gatos, (25) São Lourenço da Mata (D. tapacurensis type locality), (26) Igarassu; Ceará State: (27) Guaramiranga.
We collected a total of 21 adult specimens in the studied area (permit IBAMA/RAN 087/07). Specimens were euthanized with 5% lidocaine, fixed in 10% formaldehyde, preserved in 70% ethanol and deposited at Coleção Herpetológica e Paleoherpetológica of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil (CHP-UFRPE 5697–5717). Locality data is given in Fig 1. For comparisons, we evaluated specimens of D. berthalutzae from Paranapiacaba, São Paulo State (topotypes), D. decipiens from Duas Barras (distant 125 km from type locality), Rio de Janeiro State, D. haddadi from Santa Teresa (paratopotypes) and Sooretama (distant 65 km from type locality), Espírito Santo State, and D. oliveirai from Maracás, Bahia State (topotypes), all of which are housed at Collection of frogs (AAG-UFU) at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia municipality, Minas Gerais State (S1 Appendix). Other specimens examined by us are listed in S1 Appendix. Institutional abbreviations followed [25]. Tissue samples were made available by the tissue sample collection of the Laboratório de Anfíbios e Répteis da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (CLAR–UFRN, AAGARDA) Amphibian collection of Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (CAUFJF), and Herpetological collection of Museu de História Natural, Universidade Federal de Alagoas (MUFAL).
Morphometry
We measured specimens using a Digimess digital caliper (to the nearest 0.1mm). Eight measurements followed [26] terminology: snout-vent length (SVL), head length (HL), head width (HW), eye diameter (ED), tympanum diameter (TD), eye-nostril distance (END), foot length (FL), and shank length (SL). For the other two characters, we followed [27]: hand length (HAL) and thigh length (THL). Webbing formula followed [28].
Acoustics
We recorded advertisement calls with a TASCAM DR40 digital recorder set at 44.1 kHz and resolution of 16 bits, coupled to a Yoga HT81 directional microphone. Measurements were analyzed using Raven Pro v1.5 for Windows from The Cornell Lab of Ornitology [29]; spectrogram settings were Hann, window size = 1024 samples, 3 dB bandwidth = 270 Hz, Overlap = 85%, hop size = 0.792, DFT size = 1024 samples, and grid spacing = 46.9 Hz. All other settings followed the ‘default’ of Raven. Sound figures were obtained in the Seewave package v1.5.9 [30], on the R platform v3.6.1 [31]; Seewave settings were Hanning window, 256 points resolution (FFT), and 85% of overlap. Call terminology follows [32], using a note-centered approach. The recording files were deposited at the Sonoteca Coaxar of the Coleção Herpetológica e Paleoherpetológica of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil (SCLEHP 18–28; see S2 Appendix).
Molecular analysis
We assembled a total of 18 tissue samples from representatives of the Dendropsophus decipiens Group (e.g., D. berthalutzae, D. decipiens, D. haddadi and D. oliveirai), including five paratopotypes of the new species. We extracted genomic DNA from liver tissues and amplified the mitochondrial H-strand transcription unit 1 (H1; which include segments of the 12S and 16S ribosomal genes, and the intervening valine-tRNA) using primers and Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs) protocols provided by [3]. Total DNA was extracted from tissue samples using Kasvi’s Mini Spin DNA Extraction Kit following the protocols described in the kit manual, except for the addition of QIAGEN’s Tissue Lysis Buffer in the first DNA extraction step. PCR products were then purified using Invitrogen’s PureLink ™ Genomic DNA Mini Kit following the protocol described in the kit without any modification. Purified PCR products were sequenced using the BigDye Terminator v.3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit. We assembled a complete H1 segment (~2400 base pairs [bp]) for two samples, while the remaining 19 samples had at least the final 16S segment (ca. 550pb; primers 16Sar–br) from [33] sequenced. We checked sequencing quality and edited chromatograms in the program Geneious v1.8.7 [34].
To infer the phylogenetic relationships of the new species, we created a final alignment dataset for 233 terminals including our 18 sequenced individuals plus 193 GenBank sequences of Dendropsophus species that had the complete H1 segment available or are members of the D. decipiens Group, encompassing individuals from all species groups or phenetic clades proposed for the genus [2,3,35,36]. As outgroups, we selected 22 terminals including species of genus Lysapsus, Phyllodytes, Pseudis, Scarthyla, Scinax, Sphaenorhynchus, and Xenohyla. We aligned sequences using the E-INS-I strategy of MAFFT algorithm [37] also implemented in Geneious v1.8.7 [32], and used the resulting alignment with 2608 bp (gaps included) as input for phylogenetic analyses. We generated hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships among species of Dendropsophus using maximum likelihood in RAxML v8.2.12 [38] and Bayesian inference in MrBayes v3.2.7 [39], implementing the GTR+I+G substitution model as suggested by the Akaike Information Criterion [40] in jModeltest version 2.1.6 [41]. We obtained maximum likelihood tree estimates with nodal support assessed via 1000 rapid bootstrap replicates. For Bayesian inference, we ran MrBayes analysis for 20x106 generations, with two parallel runs and eight chains each, sampling every 2000 steps. We assessed runs convergence by examining the average standard deviation of the split frequency between runs (< 0.01) and effective sample size (> 200) with Tracer v1.7 after discarding the initial 20% generations as burn-in, and drew phylogenetic trees using FigTree v1.4.2 [42]. We ran both analyses using the resources provided by CIPRES Science Gateway platform [43]. Finally, we computed between-group mean distances between the new species and species/lineages in the D. decipiens Group using Tamura & Nei [44] corrected p-distances with MEGA v7.0 [45]. Prior to this analysis, we trimmed our alignment to fit the shortest sequence available, resulting in a 400 bp alignment (comprising the final 16S segment) employed to calculate distances. GenBank accession numbers for all sequences used by us are given in S3 Appendix.
Nomenclatural acts.
The electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that Code from the electronic edition of this article. This published work and the nomenclatural acts contained have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix "http://zoobank.org/". The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4117F1FC-D5BD-439F-B210-6127A5AA07D9. The electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an ISSN has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories: PubMed Central and LOCKSS.
Results
Dendropsophus tapacurensis sp. nov. (Figs 2–5) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A3171D2B-5A34-4EE1-ABE9-732FD8F01BC9.
(A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of body.
(A) Dorsal and (B) profile views of head. Views of (C) hand and (D) foot. View of female CHP-UFRPE 5703 (E) hand and (F) foot, evidencing the presence of pointed discs.
Females (A) CHP-UFRPE 5712 and (B) CHP-UFRPE 5703; and males (C) CHP-UFRPE 5702 and (D) CHP-UFRPE 5713.
(A) adult male; (B) adult female; (C) amplectant pair; (D) egg mass deposited on leaves overhanging at standing water.
Holotype
Adult Male (CHP-UFRPE5709), collected on 13 July 2018 at the Estação Ecológica do Tapacurá, Municipality of São Lourenço da Mata, Pernambuco State, Brazil (8°2’26.13"S, 35°12’0.43"W; 122 m a.s.l., DATUM WGS84) by Rogério F. de Oliveira and Felipe de M. Magalhães.
Paratopotypes
Eighteen adult males CHP-UFRPE 5697–5702, CHP-UFRPE 5704–08, CHP-UFRPE 5710–11, CHP-UFRPE 5713–17 and two egg-bearing females CHP-UFRPE 5703 and CHP-UFRPE 5712, collected along with the holotype.
Referred material
Two genetic vouchers (CFBHT 11304, 11322) from Guaramiranga municipality, Ceará State (Fig 1), originally assigned as Dendropsophus decipiens “V” by [2].
Diagnosis
We assigned the new species to the genus Dendropsophus and specifically to the D. decipiens Group based on our phylogenetic analysis results (see below). In addition, the new species morphologically resembles other species of the D. decipiens Group (especially D. haddadi) exhibiting a frame-like coloration pattern (with interorbital and dorsolateral bands) and lay eggs on leaves overhanging temporary ponds (Fig 5D), features common among species of this Group [3].
Dendropsophus tapacurensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from congeners by the combination of the following features: (1) small size, adult males 15.5–17.6 mm SVL (mean 16.4 mm) and adult females 19.5–20.7 mm SVL (mean 20.1 mm); (2) head wider than long; (3) vocal sac single, subgular, and light yellow (in life); (4) the presence of transversal bars on shanks; (5) dorsolateral region delimited by an irregular light brown strip that extends from the posterior region of the eye towards the inguinal area; (6) presence of a triangular-shaped mark in the loreal region with the same coloration of the dorsolateral strip; (7) advertisement call with only one type of note, emitted in sequences of three to nine notes; (8) notes with 9 to 29 pulses; (9) pulse repetition rate ranging from 143 to 368 pulses/s; and (10) dominant frequency ranging from 5578–6422 Hz.
Holotype description
Adult male. Proportions of body parts in relation to SVL (16.5 mm): head length 0.31; head width 0.36, eye diameter 0.17, tympanum diameter 0.06, hand 0.32, foot 0.4, femur 0.45, tibia 0.51. Head wider than long; snout truncated, discretely mucronate in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view; snout tip (mucronate condition) perceivable in lateral view at the level of nostrils; canthus rostralis rounded, slightly curved; loreal region slightly concave; nostrils slightly protuberant, directed dorsolaterally; interorbital area flat; eyes large and protuberant; pupil horizontally elliptical; lower eyelid mostly transparent, its free border pigmented as the upper eyelid; supratympanic fold barely visible, not extending beyond tympanum; tympanum distinct, circular, annulus barely defined dorsally; choanae oval; vomerine teeth small, only perceptible when probed; tongue cordiform, notched behind, posterior ¼ free from mouth floor; vocal slits well defined; vocal sac developed, single, subgular, extending over chest; forearm slender than arm; axillary membrane reaching half arm; out margin of forearm smooth; fingers bearing circular discs, albeit disc of finger IV slightly pointed; relative length of fingers I < II <IV < III; second subarticular tubercles well-defined, shallow, round on fingers I, II III and cordiform on IV; inner metacarpal tubercle flat, shallow, fused to the adjacent subarticular; outer metacarpal tubercle indistinct; nuptial pads covering the prepolical area, perceived as discrete asperities; webbing formula ItraceII2–3III21/2–2+IV; hind limb long and slender; no tarsal fold; no calcar ornament; toe discs I, II, III and V circular, IV discretely pointed; relative lengths of toes I < II < IV < III < V; subarticular tubercles round and shallow; inner metatarsal tubercle shallow, flat, elliptical, fused to the adjacent subarticular; outer metatarsal tubercle indistinct; foot webbing formula I2–2 1/2II1 1/2–2 3/4III1 1/2–2 1/3IV2 1/3–1 V; skin on dorsum, head, dorsal surfaces of forearms and thighs, flanks and groin smooth; skin on belly and ventral surfaces of thighs granular; cloacal opening directed posteriorly, covered by a dorsal sheath (vellum) from above; cloacal ornamentation absent.
Measurements of holotype (in mm)
SVL: 16.5; head length: 5.1; head width: 6.0; eye diameter: 2.8; tympanum diameter: 1.0; eye-nostril distance: 1.4; hand length: 5.3; foot length: 6.6; thigh length: 7.5; shank length: 8.5.
Holotype coloration in preservative
The general body coloration is pale yellow. Dorsal region dark brown colored, extending from the interorbital region towards the inguinal region. The dorsal colored area is irregular, with a narrowed area at shoulder girdle region, followed by an enlargement in the mid region of the body and an abrupt narrowing towards sacral area. The dorsolateral region is delimited by an irregular lighter brown (ocher) strip that extends from the posterior region of the eye to the inguinal area. The narrowing and enlargement of dorsal coloration is a reflex of the enlargement and narrowing of the dorsolateral strip, which is superiorly delimited by the dorsal colored area and inferiorly by a non-homogeneous dark brown line. The loreal region has the same color of dorsolateral strip and exhibit a triangular shaped mark delimited by a dark brown of dorsum in the interorbital region and by a darker brown line in the canthus rostralis. Arm, forearm, thigh and feet pale yellow. Dorsal surfaces of tibia with three dark brown bars. Ventral region homogeneously light cream colored.
Variation in morphology and coloration
Measurements of the type series in Table 1. Finger disc of toe IV can be circular in some males. Alternative webbing formulae includes: I 2–2 II 11/2–21/2 III 2+–2+ IV and I 2–2+ II 11/2–21/3 III 11/2–21/3 IV 2+– 11/2 V. Females are larger than males (Fig 4). Morphology and color pattern are most of times concordant with the holotype, however, the degree of dorsal pigmentation varies greatly (Fig 4) from mostly dark brown to pale yellow with scattered dark spots (individual melanophores). The lighter dorsolateral strip almost always discernible (usually not homogeneously pigmented). The dorsolateral strip may be regular, without any enlargement or narrowing (as depicted in Fig 5B). Dorsum and limbs coloration varying from light brown to dark brown. The transversal bars on tibia posterior surface vary in size and thickness being more (Fig 5B) or less evident (Fig 5A and 5C); this feature may disappear in preserved specimens. Some specimens exhibit light colored spots below eyes (Fig 5A–5C). In living specimens, a light brown line outlines the eyes superiorly. Both females have better-defined pointed digit discs than males (Fig 3E and 3F).
Etymology
The specific epithet “tapacurensis” is to be treated as a noun in apposition and a direct reference to new species type locality, the Tapacurá Ecological Station. In Tupi-guarani (an indigenous South American linguistic family), the word "tapacura" (originally "Itapacurá") means: I = river; ita = rock; pa = spaciousness; cura = cover; meaning rock that covers the river or capped rock river. The suffix "ensis" is Latin and means "pertaining to" or "originating in".
Comparisons with other species
The new species most resembles species of the Dendropsophus decipiens Group (as defined in [2]) in general morphology, call traits and color pattern. Morphometric comparisons in the D. decipiens Group are shown in Table 2.
Dendropsophus tapacurensis males (SVL = 15.5–17.6 mm) differs from those of D. berthalutzae (SVL = 20.0–21.2 mm) by being smaller, by the absence of a X-shaped mark on dorsum (present in D. berthalutzae), by the presence of the dorsolateral strip that extends from the posterior region of the eye to the inguinal region, and colored loreal region (absent in D. berthalutzae). From D. decipiens males (16.7–18.4 mm) by being slightly smaller (although values overlap), and by its slender body shape. From D. haddadi males (16.8–18.4 mm) by being slightly smaller (although values overlap) and by its slender body shape (also see acoustic comparisons and phylogenetic relationships). From D. oliveirai (white dorsolateral stripe), by the presence of light brown dorsolateral stripe. In general, specimens of D. oliveirai exhibit a darker brown coloration on dorsum; male specimens of D. tapacurensis are larger than those of D. oliveirai (13.6–15.5 mm). Dendropsophus tapacurensis males (ED = 2.4–2.8 mm) differs from those of D. bromeliaceus (ED = 1.7–2.1 mm) by a smaller eye, the absence of a cream mid-dorsal stripe from mid dorsum to cloaca, and by not using bromeliads for reproduction (D. bromeliaceus is the only bromeligenous species of the genus [4]).
Which respect to the calls (see advertisement call section), Dendropsophus tapacurensis differs from D. haddadi by its higher dominant frequency (5578–6422 Hz vs. 4312–4875 Hz in D. haddadi [16]), higher number of notes per series (3–9 notes in D. tapacurensis vs. 1–3 notes in D. haddadi), and longer note duration (39–110 ms in D. tapacurensis vs. 4–59 ms in D. haddadi). From D. oliveirai (56–161 pulses/s [46]) by its higher pulse rate (143–368 pulses/s) and pulses per note (5–14 in D. oliveirai vs. 9–29 in D. tapacurensis). From D. decipiens (4770–5230 Hz [47]) by its higher dominant frequency (5578–6422 Hz). From D. berthalutzae and D. bromeliaceus (complex call with two distinct notes; but see [48]) by emitting calls with one note type. In summary, the higher dominant frequency and notes with up to 29 pulses promptly distinguishes D. tapacurensis from its congeners of the D. decipiens Group (see Table 3 for a summary of advertisement calls parameters).
From other small species of Dendropsophus, formerly D. microcephalus Group (sensu [3]), D. tapacurensis differs from D. anataliasiasi (Bokermann, 1972), D. araguaya (Napoli and Caramaschi, 1998), D. cachimbo (Napoli and Caramaschi, 1999), D. cerradensis (Napoli and Caramaschi, 1998), D. cruzi (Pombal and Bastos, 1998), D. elianeae (Napoli and Caramaschi, 2000), D. jimi (Napoli and Caramaschi, 1999), D. juliani (Moravec et al. 2006), D. rhea (Napoli and Caramaschi, 1999), D. rubicundulus (Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862), D. tritaeniatus (Bokermann, 1965), D. rozenmani Jansen, Santana, Teixeira, and Köhler, 2019, D. microcephalus (Cope, 1886), D. minusculus (Rivero, 1971), D. sanborni (Schmidt, 1944), D. walfordi (Bokermann, 1962), D. meridianus (Lutz, 1954), D. ozzyi (Orrico et al., 2014), D. shiwiarum Ortega-Andrade and Ron 2013, D. robertmertensi (Taylor, 1937), D. bipuncatus (Spix, 1824), D. studerae (Carvalho-e-Silva et al., 2003), D. branneri (Cochran, 1948), D. werneri (Cochran, 1952), D. reichlei (Moravec et al., 2008), D. gaucheri (Lescure and Martin, 2000), D. joannae (Köhler and Lötters, 2001), D. julianae (Moravec et al., 2006), D. coffeus (Köhler et al., 2005), D. mathiassoni (Cochran and Goin, 1970), D. sartori (Smith, 1951), D. phlebodes (Stejneger, 1906), D. rhodopelus (Günther, 1858), D. nanus (Boulenger, 1889), D. pseudomeridianus (Cruz et al., 2000) and D. riveroi (Cochran and Goin, 1970) by the presence of dorsolateral stripes that extends from the posterior region of the eye to the inguinal region and colored loreal region (frame-like pattern, absent in all these species), except D. gryllatus (Duellman, 1973), currently not assigned to any species group [2], and D. tintinnabulum (Melin, 1941). However, Dendropsophus tapacurensis males differs from those of D. gryllatus (SVL = 22.6–25.5 mm) by its smaller SVL (15.5–17.6 mm in D. tapacurensis), and from D. tintinnabulum (note duration 10–21 ms with 2–4 pulses each [50]) by its longer note duration and greater pulse number per note (note lasting 39–110 ms with 9–29 pulses in D. tapacurensis).
Advertisement call
The advertisement call of D. tapacurensis sp. nov. (Fig 6) is composed of one type of pulsed note emitted in series of 3–9 notes, or rarely isolated (n = 6 males; Table 3). The first note of a series may have between-pulse interval (Fig 6B), and the last pulse of each note is longer than the preceding ones. Notes lasting from 39–110 ms (mean: 62 ms; SD = 6.4; n = 83). Notes with 9–29 pulses (mean: 18.0; SD = 1.2; n = 83), pulse duration varies from 2 to 7 ms (mean 3.4 ms; SD = 0.3; n = 96), and pulse repetition rate from 143–368 pulses per second (mean 291; SD = 19.9; n = 83). Call group rate varies from 2.9 to 5.0 notes per second (mean 3.8; SD = 0.4; n = 29). Internote interval in the series varies from 146–364 ms (mean 201 ms; SD = 26.5; n = 67). Dominant frequency varies from 5578–6422 Hz (mean 5876 Hz; SD = 222.4; n = 83).
(A) waveform of a call series with five notes (two seconds section), the note outlined is detailed in the (B, spectrogram) and (C, waveform; sound file: SCLEHP22) Air temperature 24.5°C and humidity 72%.
Phylogenetics relationships
Both Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches yielded similar topologies, with major differences related to node support (Fig 7). The genus Dendropsophus was recovered as monophyletic and sister to Xenohyla with high/moderate node support (posterior probability [pp] = 0.97; bootstrap score [bs] = 73). The D. decipiens Group (sensu [2]) is strongly supported as monophyletic (pp = 1.0; bs = 100) with D. bromeliaceus appearing as the earlier divergent species within this Group. Subsequently, two deeply divergent lineages assigned to D. berthalutzae were recovered as the sister to all remaining species in the D. decipiens Group (pp = 0.74; bs = 57). The phylogenetic placement of D. tapacurensis sp. nov. within the D. decipiens Group as the sister taxon of D. oliveirai was recovered with high node support (pp = 1.0; bs = 87). Despite being morphologically more similar to D. tapacurensis sp. nov., terminals of D. haddadi (including topotypes) were recovered embedded among several genetically structured lineages of D. decipiens with high/moderate node support (pp = 0.93; bs = 77), remaining paraphyletic with respect to D. haddadi. In addition to eight D. decipiens clades uncovered by [2], we also highlight two other genetically structured D. decipiens clades from Santos Dumont, Minas Gerais State (CAUFJF1423–24) and from Cananéia, São Paulo State (GenBank sequence KU495203; voucher CFBHT07254), referred herein as lineages IX and X, respectively. It is noteworthy to mention that the paraphyly and lack of taxonomic resolutions of the D. decipiens-D. haddadi complex does not invalidate the hypothesis of our new species, considering its phylogenetic position within the D. decipiens Group as sister of D. oliveirai.
(A) Bayesian and (B) maximum likelihood inferences. Numbers below nodes indicate posterior probability (Bayesian) and bootstrap scores (maximum likelihood). Asterisk indicate posterior probability/bootstrap scores = 1.0/100. Scale indicates rate of base substitutions per site.
The average pairwise genetic distances for a 400 bp 16S segment among species in the D. decipiens Group is very high (Table 4), especially if compared to the interspecific threshold of 3% proposed for Neotropical anurans [51]. For instance, if compared to all congeners in the D. decipiens Group, D. tapacurensis sp. nov. exhibit at least 8% of genetic distance (e.g., D. oliveirai; Table 4), while within-group distances do not exceed 3% (e.g., between D. tapacurensis populations from Ceará and Pernambuco States). Interestingly, lineages assigned to D. decipiens (I–X) exhibited higher levels of genetic diversity varying from 2% to up 11% for the 16S gene. Such higher distances were also observed in sympatric lineages occurring at Aurelino Leal, Bahia State (e.g., III and IV; Fig 1), exhibiting 6% of genetic distance (Table 4). Accordingly, the newly uncovered lineage of D. berthalutzae from Rio de Janeiro State exhibited 9% of genetic distance in comparison with topotypical sequences from São Paulo State.
Geographic distribution
Dendropsophus tapacurensis sp. nov. is only known from two areas along in Northeastern Brazil: (1) the type locality, municipality of São Lourenço da Mata, Pernambuco State, and (2) the municipality of Guaramiranga, Ceará State (Fig 1), a region characterized by relictual forest enclaves in high altitudinal areas (also known as Brejo de altitude or “wet islands”, reaching up to ~1100 m a.s.l. [52]) within the Baturité mountain range, located approximately 590 km northwest from the type locality.
Natural history
We found specimens of Dendropsophus tapacurensis sp. nov. in calling activity on shrubs and marginal vegetation of temporary sandy bottomed ponds 15 to 100 cm deep (Fig 8). Males were commonly observed perched on leaves and branches at 10 to 150 cm from the ground. The species exhibits a prolonged breeding activity as calling males were heard during the entire rainy season (from April to August). Males usually start to call around 18:00 h and remain active until 23:00 h. The new species was found sympatrically with Boana albomarginata, B. raniceps, Agalychnis granulosa, Scinax eurydice, S. auratus, S. pachycrus, Sphaenorhynchus prasinus, Leptodactylus natalensis, L. macrosternum, L. vastus, Physalaemus cuvieri and Dermatonotus mulleri. Moreover, D. tapacurensis sp. nov. occurs syntopically with five other species of the genus Dendropsophus: D. branneri, D. elegans, D. soaresi, D. minutus and D. oliveirai.
(A) temporary pond within an Atlantic Forest strictly protected area; (B) temporary pond outside protected area amidst a sugar cane landscape.
Remarks
Although Dendropsophus tapacurensis sp. nov. was only recorded at two sites along northeastern Brazil, there are several records attributed to D. haddadi in areas close to its type locality (Fig 1). Because D. tapacurensis sp. nov. and D. haddadi are considered morphologically cryptic species, it is plausible that records assigned to D. haddadi from Pernambuco and Alagoas might actually represent D. tapacurensis sp. nov., considering that the identification of these populations was based solely on external morphology. Therefore, the identity of these populations should be further investigated including acoustic and molecular evidence to better evaluate the distribution range and conservation status of D. tapacurensis sp. nov. Accordingly, considering that the Ceará population was attributed to D. tapacurensis based on DNA sequences, it is also important to confirm its taxonomic identity by relying on morphological and acoustic data in future contributions.
Discussion
Within the Dendropsophus decipiens Group, D. tapacurensis sp. nov., most resembles D. decipiens, D. haddadi and D. oliveirai. The intraspecific variation of coloration patterns and body shape hampers discriminating these three species based solely on external morphology, specially based on a series of few individuals and/or long-time preserved ones. Apart from the D. decipiens Group, the presence of dorsolateral stripes that extends from the posterior region of the eye to the inguinal region and colored loreal region distinguishes D. tapacurensis sp. nov. from all species of D. microcephalus Group except D. tintinnabulum (Fig 1B of [50]), that may exhibit such pattern. The presence of discreetly pointed discs on finger (as in D. tapacurensis sp. nov.) was only reported for D. shiwiarum and D. ozzyi [53,54], which belongs to the D. microcephalus and D. ruschii Groups, respectively [2].
All species of the D. decipiens group have had its advertisement call described [4,16,46–49]. It is worth of note that D. berthelutzae has two separate calls descriptions. The description from [48] describes the species’ call based on males of five different populations (including topotypes) as being composed of one type of pulsed note, while [49] described the call from the municipality of Fervedouro, Minas Gerais State, as being composed of two pulsed notes named type “A” and “B”, suggesting a complex vocal repertoire. Because populations outside São Paulo State might correspond to undescribed taxa, a more detailed and standardized characterization of its calls are needed to understand call patterns within this Group. Three species of the D. decipiens Group have calls described from outside the type locality: D. decipiens, D.oliveirai and D. haddadi [16,46,47]. Considering the difficulty of identifying species of the D. decipiens Group based solely on external morphology and that some genetically structured lineages assigned to D. decipiens might correspond to new species, an acoustic review is of utmost importance to improve taxonomic resolutions within the D. decipiens Group.
In agreement to previous DNA-based and total-evidence phylogenetic analyses [2,3,55–58], we recovered the genus Dendropsophus as monophyletic with Xenohyla as its sister clade. Phylogenetic relationships within the D. decipiens Group overall agreed with that proposed by [2] based on phenomic and multilocus genetic datasets, except that D. berthalutzae was recovered as the earlier divergent species in this Group, and D. bromeliaceus the sister taxa to the remaining species (e.g., D. decipiens, D. haddadi, D. oliveirai). Such incongruences are likely related to differences in methodological approaches and datasets (e.g., we only used the mitochondrial H1 segment). Nevertheless, the phylogenetic placement of D. tapacurensis sp. nov. as sister to D. oliveirai was congruent to that of ([2] labelled as “D. decipiens V”) and recovered with strong support in both Bayesian and likelihood inferences performed in our study. With the description of D. tapacurensis sp. nov., D. decipiens is no longer paraphyletic with respect to D. oliveirai, but remains paraphyletic to D. haddadi, as previously reported [2]. Moreover, we uncovered the existence of a deeply divergent genetic lineage assigned as D. berthalutzae and two additional lineages that clustered within the D. decipiens-D. haddadi complex, reinforcing that comprehensive morphological and acoustic data will be crucial to determine how many species exist in this Dendropsophus clade.
The new species displays a disjoint distribution along northeastern Brazil, with occurrence records at the type locality (coastal Atlantic Forest) and from Baturité mountain range (high-altitude relictual forest enclave). Both sites are typically composed by moist forests but with elevation difference ranging from 100 m (type locality) to approximately 1100 m (Baturité mountain range), being the last embedded within a semi-arid landscape. Nevertheless, the Baturité region harbors several relictual species/populations more related to Amazonian and Atlantic Forest species, including the frogs Adelophryne baturitensis, Proceratophys renalis, Rhinella casconi, and R. gildae, and Scinax tropicalia [59–61]. Such disjoint distribution and occurrence of forest-adapted species within this wet island environment is likely explained by historical connections between the Amazon and Atlantic rainforests that have crossed the interior of present-day Caatinga during Pleistocene (see [59,62]).
Most species of the Dendropsophus decipiens Group are strictly associated with the Atlantic Forest, which represents an important biogeographic region for studies focusing on the effects of Pleistocene climate changes on anuran genetic diversification [63–65]. More specifically, D. haddadi and D. tapacurensis sp. nov. are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, occurring along refuge areas that are well-known to harbor high levels of endemic species, such as the Central Corridor in Bahia State and the Pernambuco Endemism Center, from Alagoas to southern Paraiba States [63,66]. Although there are records for D. haddadi along Bahia and Pernambuco refuge zones (Fig 1), there are no studies that evaluated the genetic diversity and/or acoustic patterns of these populations, which were identified based solely on external morphology. Accordingly, we stress that some of these records might correspond to D. tapacurensis sp. nov., and showed that sequences identified as D. haddadi from Alagoas are genetically more related to the D. decipiens lineage VII of [2] than topotypical sequences of D. haddadi. We highly encourage future studies aiming to obtain additional data (especially covering along the Bahia Central Corridor) in order to elucidate the specific limits of other northeastern populations previously identified as D. haddadi, and to address whether the genetic structure and diversification of these populations/species agrees to the spatiotemporal expectations of Carnaval and Moritz model [63] for Atlantic Forest associated taxa, as previously reported for another Dendropsophus species [64].
Because of high rates of endemism and alarming levels of habitat loss in the Atlantic Forest (with approximately 11 to 16% of the original cover remaining [67]), this biodiversity hotspot is among the world`s top priorities for conservation [9]. Although the process of habitat loss occurred along the entire coastal region, it was more striking along northeastern Brazilian coast [10]. We emphasize the importance of Conservation Units, highlighting those along the Pernambuco Endemism Center, which shelters a high level of species diversity and endemism, and the potential for the discovery of additional unnamed species [68–70]. In addition, it should be noted as aggravating that this endemism center consists of small and highly fragmented Atlantic Forest remnants and therefore considered as the most threatened in Brazil [9,10,67].
Supporting information
S1 Appendix. Additional material examined for comparisons.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248112.s001
(DOCX)
S2 Appendix. Sound recordings and associated information.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248112.s002
(PDF)
S3 Appendix. GenBank accession number.
Bold numbers are new sequences produced for this study.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248112.s003
(XLSX)
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Alcina G.M.M. da F. Santos, Esdras de F. Ferreira, Felipe S. de Andrade, Lucas B. Martins, Thiago R. de Carvalho and Ubiratã F. Souza for helping during field work. Adrian A. Garda for providing logistical support and access to tissue collection under his care (CLAR-UFRN; AAGARDA). We also thank Tami Motti and Marcos Dubeux for making available mitochondrial sequences of Dendropsophus from Alagoas State. We are indebted with the staff of Estação Ecológica do Tapacurá for logistical support.
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