https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5659-5192
Correction
5 Jul 2022: Kakar MU, Matloob M, Dai R, Deng Y, Ullah K, et al. (2022) Correction: In silico screening and identification of deleterious missense SNPs along with their effects on CD-209 gene: An insight to CD-209 related-diseases. PLOS ONE 17(7): e0271144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271144 View correction
Figures
Abstract
DC-SIGN receptor articulated by macrophages and dendritic cells is encoded by CD209 gene and plays a role to activate and proliferate the T-lymphocytes in response of virus attack. The dysfunctional activity of DC-SIGN receptor because of missense SNPs can lead to cause dengue haemorrhage fever, HIV-1 infection etc. Out of 11 transcripts of CD209, all missense SNPs of canonical transcript were retrieved from Ensembl database and evaluated by their deleteriousness by using Polyphen-2, PMut, SIFT, MutPred, PROVEAN and PhD-SNP together with stimulation of its complete 3D structure. 10 nsSNPs were chosen depending on both the significance value of nsSNP and their prediction among SNPs evaluating servers which are based on different algorithms. Moreover, the position and native role of 10 nsSNPs in wild 3D model has been described which assist to acknowledge their importance. This study urges the researcher’s community to experimentally validate these SNPs and their association in causing the diseases like dengue fever, Tuberculosis etc.
Citation: Kakar MU, Matloob M, Dai R, Deng Y, Ullah K, Kakar IU, et al. (2021) In silico screening and identification of deleterious missense SNPs along with their effects on CD-209 gene: An insight to CD-209 related-diseases. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0247249. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247249
Editor: Srinivas Mummidi, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, UNITED STATES
Received: June 19, 2020; Accepted: February 3, 2021; Published: February 26, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Kakar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
CD209 gene encodes dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) receptor which is articulated by macrophages and dendritic cells [1–3] that participant in innate immune response. DC-SIGN is a soluble transmembrane protein which belongs to C-type lectin protein family and possesses three renown domains; N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, neck region (encompassing octa 23 amino acids repeats) and a C-type lectin domain (C-terminal) [4]. CD209 interacts with the surface mannose or oligosaccharides moieties of extraneous intruders, including HIV-1, Ebola virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Dengue virus, resulting in T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation which in turn activate the immune response cascade [5, 6]. Several studies have described an association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and human diseases. As SNPs are the prevalent form of mutation in the human genome and have been reported in coding, non-coding as well as in intergenic zones [7, 8]. Coding SNPs are either synonymous, having a nucleotide transition that does not bring about the amino acid shift, or non-synonymous (nsSNPs), a nucleotide transition concordant with the amino acid shift. nsSNPs. The latter ones are more effective and can potentially effect protein stability, charge, solubility, structure and function. A small fraction of nsSNPs is deleterious which are always been a great interest for scientific community as being associated to cause various complex diseases in humans [9–11].
Many nsSNPs of non-coding regions of CD209 have been investigated previously, which were implicated to cause different diseases [12–17]; for instance, promoter region SNP -939 G/A was found to trigger tuberculosis in Indonesian and African populations [18, 19]. In addition, one more mutation -336 G/A in promoter region was reported to contribute [20–22] in parental HIV-1 infections in the European-American population, dengue hemorrhagic fever in Thailand and Taiwan population [23] and Kawasaki disease in Chinese population [24]. Despite of promoter region, a few mutations are also reported in 3’UTR regions such as rs2287886 and rs7248637, associated with colorectal cancer [25] and severe form of tick-borne encephalitis in the Russian population [5]
Based on these infectious threats posed by the nsSNPs reported in non-coding regions, the present study is aimed to locate nsSNPs in coding regions of CD209 and to narrow down the list of deleterious nsSNPs by using computational tools. This advantageous study will help to screen future genotypes and identify the notorious variants in CD209 which can exacerbate aforementioned diseases.
Methodology
Dataset used for missense SNPs annotation
A list of missense SNPs of CD209 was retrieved from Ensembl database which includes the reported SNPs of dbSNP and Cosmic database Out of 11 transcripts with different length, transcript having longest length known as the canonical transcript was selected and further dig to retrieve all missense SNPs.
Prediction of damaging SNPs
The functional effect of all missense SNPs was predicted by the enlisted software. Table 1 summarizes all servers used in this study to estimate deleterious impact of missense SNPs and to design CD-209 structure.
Polyphen-2 tool is used to predict the potential effect of the amino acid substitution i.e., damaging or benign by utilizing structural and evolution characteristics. The Polyphen-2 score ranges from 0 to 1. If the score is near to 1, missense SNP comes under probably damaging [26].
PMut predicts the severity (pathological or neutral) of the substituted amino acid in a particular position. PMut relies on sequence alignment and structural factors by using the feed-forward neural network. The output file is comprised of the confidence index and binary prediction of “neutral” versus “pathological” [27].
SIFT (Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant) web tool uses the protein database by PSI-BLAST and collects functionally related protein sequences. Subsequently, by sequence alignment, it finds out the probability of an amino acid at a particular position. The scores <0.05 are considered as in-tolerated whereas scores >0.05 are taken as tolerated [28].
MutPred is used to predict the changes in structural features and functional site due to amino acid substitution. MutPred builds upon the established SIFT method and a gain or loss of 14 different functional and structural properties. In MutPred results, the G-value ranges from 0 to 1. Higher the G-value, greater will be the effect of amino acid substitution on structure and function of protein(s) [29].
PROVEAN uses the primary sequence of target protein and its homologs are searched via sequence alignment by BLAST in NCBI nr-database. The result of PROVEAN is measured as PROVEAN score whereas cut-off value is -2.5. amino acid substitution with PROVEAN scores greater than -2.5 is considered deleterious [30].
PhD-SNP (Predictor of human Deleterious Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) is an SVM-based classifier. The output result is tabulated and mentioning the nature of change either deleterious or neutral [31].
3D structure prediction of CD209 protein
The 3D structure of wild type and mutated proteins was simulated by using I-TASSER based on iterative-threading approach [32]. Since the crystal structure of C-lectin domain of CD209, involved in recognition and binding to sugar moiety present on the surface of pathogens is available in PDB database, however, yet its complete structure in not resolved. So, a complete 3D model is designed by I-TASSER server.
Energy minimization and validation of wild-type and mutant models
Wild-type and all mutated models were refined by ModRefiner which refine the structure to atomic levels and remove worse psi and phi angles [33]. These minimized models were evaluated by RAMPAGE used to form the Ramachandran plot, important to check protein quality.
Predicting the stability change of mutated models
I-MUTANT 3.0 is used to predict protein stability during point mutation. This tool retrieves data from ProTherm, a database providing experimental proved free energy change of protein stability upon point mutation. The input file is comprised of protein sequence along with new residue and position number for obtaining the free energy change [34].
Conservation analysis
Evolutionary conservation of residues features the historical importance in a specific place and any alternation can disturb the normal function of proteins. To calculated the evolutionary conservation of amino acids, the ConSurf server was used which estimate the preservation sequence homology [35]. It shows the conservation score from 1 to 9, where residue with maximum score i.e., 9 is highly conserved. It only requires the FASTA sequence of the gene.
Results and discussion
Missense SNPs retrieval and annotation
Canonical transcript of CD209 encompassed total 693 SNPs, including 27 stop gained, 17 frameshift, 137 synonymous SNPs and 227 missense SNPs. We selected the missense SNPs which were further evaluated by SNPs evaluating online servers. These servers are used to identify and differentiate the deleterious missense SNPs from benign. The Polyphen-2 categorized 135 missense SNPs out of 227 as possibly or probably damaging which counted 60% of total number of SNPs while remaining 40% were represented as benign. According to neural network based PMut, 167 SNPs were neutral, i.e., they will not damage the protein structure and function, and only 60 SNPs met the criteria of being deleterious. Similarly, according to SIFT prediction, 127 damaging missense SNPs weighed 56% of total number of SNPs and 100 candidates were identified as normal. PROVEAN server that uses the alignment-based prediction of substitution represented 68 SNPs (28%) under damaging category whereas 78% (159 SNPs) were shown as neutral. Likewise, 82 and 28 missense SNPs were concluded as deleterious by using algorithm of the PhD-SNP and MutPred respectively. As all these online server uses different models at backend to predict the pathogenicity of SNPs, so varying number of damaging SNPs were predicted by each server S1 Table. At end, there were a total 27 SNPs which were predicted pathogenic by all the servers Table 2.
Because SNPs servers used different scale to generate scores value of SNPs along with prediction, to better utilize the predicted scores, we adopted a way to build a composite quantitative score that objectively combines the scores value into single value that can further be used to rank the various nsSNPs. Two methods were employed for getting composite score, which included; 1) performing a principal component (PC) analysis (PCA) method developed by Wijndaele and colleagues [36]; 2) zero-phase components analysis” (ZCA), developed by Bell and Sejnowski [37]. PCA analysis of Wijndaele and colleagues includes two-step process A) identifying the PCs with eigenvalues greater than 1; and B) summing the varimax rotated PC scores, and the analysis of PCA followed by varimax rotation is known as PC factor analysis (PCFA). We slightly modified the PCs selection stage not only to explain the PCs explaining > 80% the total variance but also on eigenvalues greater than 1. The first, second and third PCs were showing percent variance of 52.1, 20.7 and 11.4, respectively, so under PCFA1, the first two PCs were weighted by their percent variance, while under PCFA2, the first three PCs were selected. ZCA was also used to obtain a composite quantitative score, aiming to whitening the data i.e., decorrelating, and more recently, the ZCA approach has been used quite heavily in bioinformatics and omics analyses, especially in the work of Strimmer and colleagues [38–40]. Out of 5 best known whitening approaches, Kessy et al. (2018) [41] suggested that the ZCA-cor whitening matrix (where “-cor” refers to a ZCA derived from a correlation matrix) had the best properties of decorrelating the data while being maximally similar to the original variables.
From these new composite scores, p-values based on a two-sided hypothesis test using the standard normal distribution (i.e., a two-tailed z-test) was obtained followed by rubric in Benjamini et al. (2001) [42] for controlling the Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) false discovery rate (FDR) at 0.05, which is a current way to account for multiple hypothesis testing but is not nearly as conservative as the Bonferroni procedure of dividing the p-values by the number of tests [43].
Results for the top 20 ranked p-values, where the lowest p-value receives the highest rank of 1, were reported in Table 3. Following the rubric of Benjamini et al. (2001) of starting from the bottom of the list and proceeding upward while comparing the FDR-interval value to the corresponding p-value, we declared significance starting at the first instance where the FDR-interval value is greater than the corresponding p-value. For the PCFA1 and PCFA2 scores, the top 4 SNPs gave rise to significant results on controlling for multiple testing by the BH FDR. Conversely, no SNP for the ZCA-cor scores remained significant. Further, there was very little overlap between the top 20 SNPs for PCFA1 and PCFA2 on the one hand in comparison to those for ZCA-cor on the other.
Lastly, a dichotomous variable called “Consensus”, scored 1 if the SNP was one of the 27 (predicted deleterious), 0 otherwise, was created which followed by logistic regression analysis as the outcome and the PCFA1, PCFA2, and ZCA-cor scores as the predictors. Using the “drop 1” sequential variable selection method [44], a best model with just PCFA2 and ZCA-cor as predictors was finalized. Using this model, a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to compare the relative performance of PCFA2 and ZCA-cor at predicting the Consensus variable (Fig 1; Table 4). The ROC curve analysis merely shows that these composite quantitative scores are good predictors of the dichotomous Consensus variable, so we can use these models to predict the deleterious missense SNPs. The real test, however, regarding their efficacy and utility would be in regard to predicting a dichotomous disease susceptibility or resistance variable. For instance, C256Y mutation is ranked 4th in PCFA1 and PCFA2 but MutPred server predicted it neutral and similarly W258R is ranked 8th in PCFA1 but it was called damaging only by PROVEAN. This statistical analysis helps us to rank the nsSNPs according to their significance scores, but we judged this ranking according to prediction of servers also. Interestingly, out of top 20 ranked nsSNPs by PCFA2, 14 mutations were exactly those present in Table 2. i.e., unanimously selected. We decided to proceed for further biological analysis by selecting those top 10 mutations that secured high rank in PCFA2 (best model in ROC) and also predicted pathogenic by all servers. These mutations were W315R, W343G, W260C, P348L, D320Y, G317E, D366A, L318P, G346R and G346E.
Full model (blue curve): PCFA2 and ZCA-cor composite scores are predictors. PCFA2 Model (red curve). ZCA-cor Model (green curve).
I-TASSER generated five structures having a C-score (confidence score). C-score is based on the significance of threading template alignments and the convergence parameters of the structure assembly simulations. C-score typically ranges from -5 to 2 and 3D models with low C-score were considered as the best model. Out of five predicted models, a model having C-score -2.51 was selected, and its quality was assessed by ERRAT server. Moreover, I-TASSER output also included the ligand binding site, which constituted residues 311, 347, 349, 350, 358, 365, 366, 367 and 373, by using the GQ2 (6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-sulfo-alpha-D-glucopyranose) as a ligand. Interestingly, Cys256 and Cys284 formed a disulfide bridge with Cys267 and Cys377, respectively, in 3D structure and considered important to maintain the 3D globular structure. After the refinement, a total of 350 residues (87.1%) resided in the favored region whereas 48 (11.9%) and only 4 (1%) were in allowed and outlier regions, respectively. 3D structure of CD209 protein is shown in Fig 2 along with the results of Ramachandran plot Fig 3.
Complete CD209 structure is colored according to secondary protein structures. In this structure, red color shows the location of alpha-helixes and turquoise of beta-sheets. The one part with yellows color represents the C-Lectin domain involved in ligand binding.
This model shows the number of residues in the favored, allowed and outlier region. As mostly glycine has two hydrogen atoms attached to its side chain so if it lies in outlier region, it does not affect the overall 3D structure.
Effects of SNPs on protein stability
Protein stability is a net balance of forces which determine whether a protein will be in native folded form or denatured. A ΔΔG prediction by I-Mutant showed that 8 nsSNPs decreased protein stability (ΔΔG < 0), whereas remaining 2 variants can increase protein stability (ΔΔG > 0). In addition, the solubility, charge, and polarity analysis were also carried to check the chemical properties of substituted residues. Out of all, 9 substituted residues had changed the solubility factor by having hydrophilic, hydrophobic and neutral character, showing reverse characteristics of native residue. In case of charge analysis, 6 residues highlighted where replacement to other residue can alter charged-on protein by having positively, negatively or uncharged feature, and 5 residues were mutated to entities having polar or non-polar behavior i.e., inverse of native residue Table 5.
Phylogenetic conservation
Conservation analysis is performed to monitor the conservation of residue at the position than non-conservative site. Amino acids found conserved in proteins are considered essential for protein activity and their mutation can abolish the protein activity completely. Top 10 ranked missense SNPs were highly conserved with a score between 7 and 9 Table 6. Evolutionary conserved residues play an important role either in formation of ligand domain, maintenance of core region or involved in 3D structure formation. Together with it, we also screened the effect of missense SNPs on protein structure by Ramachandran plot analysis. Normally, good quality proteins adjust their psi and phi angles in order to get a compact 3D form and their most residues lie in favourable or allowed regions, having small number of outliers. For all 10 missense SNP, we designed the mutated models and run through the RAMPAGE software which had shown that different number of residues lie in favourable, allowed and outlier regions Table 6.
The C-lectin domain of CD209 is the core site for recognition and binding of carbohydrate moieties of pathogens and our results suggested that mostly deleterious nsSNPs were annotated in C-lectin domain only, where wild type residues can develop interactions with ligands as well as may involve maintaining the conformation. we also assessed the interactions developed by substituted residues with neighbouring amino acids.
D320Y, D366A.
Wild-type aspartic acid is a negatively charged and polar amino acid, so it prefers to be present on protein surface but can also be present in buried area of protein where it involves forming salt-bridges by interacting with positively charged amino acids and creates stabilized hydrogen bonds that can be important for protein stability. Importantly, aspartic acid residues at 320 and 366 position were highly conserved with Consurf score of 9, which indicates that substitution at these positions will results in harmful effect on proteins structure and function. Asp320 was contributing to CD-209 structure stability by forming hydrogen bonds with Asp355, Asn322, Gln323 and Gly325, and its replacement to hydrophobic tyrosine at 320 position results in breakage of hydrogen bond with Gly325 and formation of an electrostatic interaction with Asp366. Missense SNPs that result in change of Asp366 with alanine was also predicted deleterious by our study. Asp366 forms a hydrogen bond with Pro348, and when we replaced Asp366 with alanine, it caused breakage in hydrogen bonds with Pro348 Fig 4.
The substituted amino acids are represented in green color, which form interaction with other surrounding residues colored differently. Moreover, green color is also selected to indicate hydrogen bond, whereas other bond colors represents other hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions.
G265R, G317E, G346E.
Hydrophobicity and small size of Glycine make it unique residue in protein because torsion angles formed by glycine are unusual and can only be formed by glycine. It contains only hydrogen atom on its side chain, thus providing conformational flexibility to CD-209 protein. It mostly resides in loops and tight turns of proteins where other amino acids are forbidden; therefore, wild-type glycine residues showed conservation in CD-209 structure with Consurf score 8 (highly conserved). Gly265 formed two hydrogen bonds with CD-209 residues Phe263 and Ala381. Glycine changing with amino acid larger in size disrupts conformation of protein. Both hydrogen bonds were also established by replaced Arg265, which also developed two extra hydrogen bonds with each Glu260 and Asn266. Two hydrogen bonds constituted by Gly317 with Val292 and Val330 were not only retained by substituted glutamic acid but also it constituted one extra hydrogen bond with Leu291; thereby, glycine replacement to positive charged hydrophilic glutamic acid would disturb the torsion angles. In addition, no hydrogen bond was observed formed by Gly346 Fig 5.
L318P, P348L.
Leucine is hydrophobic residue and found in buried cores of proteins, where it rarely directly involves in protein function because of non-reactive side chain and helps in recognizing substrates molecules. Leucine residue at 318 showed Consurf score of 8, proposing its conservation at these positions. Leu318 was involved in making two hydrogens bonds with Met316 and Ala357 and seven hydrophobic interactions with Trp329, Met316, Leu335, Ala357, Trp327 and Trp364. Although hydrophobic in nature, proline318 substitution resulted in breakage of one hydrogen bond with Met316 and other hydrophobic interactions with Leu335, Trp327 and Trp364 Fig 6.
The proline is the only secondary amine, whose side chain is connected to protein backbone twice. In protein structures, proline introduces Kinks into alpha helix because it is unable to adopt normal helical shape and mostly reside in tight turns in protein structures. Although predicted conserved, Pro348 did not develop any type of interaction in CD-209 model, but three hydrophobic interactions come up with Trp343 and Trp327 by substituted Leu348 Fig 6.
W260C, W315R, W343G.
Tryptone is an aromatic and hydrophobic residue that prefers to be buried in protein hydrophobic core. It generally involves in stacking interactions with other aromatic side chain in protein structure. Total three hydrogen bonds with Pro257 and Trp258 and two hydrophobic interactions with Pro257 and Cys377 are produced by side chain of Trp260. Out of all interactions, only interactions with Pro257 were survived by replaced cysteine that also constituted an additional hydrophobic interaction with Cys256. Trp315 is an important residue at this position because it participated to create seven hydrogens bonds, four hydrophobic and one electrostatic interaction. Out of these hydrogen bonds of Trp315 with Phe374, Arg275, Ile376, Ser280 and Lys373, only four hydrogen bonds with Phe374, Ile376 and Ser280 and one extra bond with Leu371 were originated by side chain of substituted arginine residue. In addition, two hydrophobic interactions of substituted Arg315 with Leu291 and Trp277 also existed, which did not match with interactions formed by Trp315 with Lys373, Cys356 and Glu358. Lastly, Trp343 could only make one hydrogen bond with Lys340 along with five hydrophobic interactions with Trp327, Lys340 and Pro348. Unfortunately, when substituted Trp343, Gly343 only developed one hydrogen bond with Lys340 and broken all other hydrophobic interactions Fig 7.
Conclusion
The role of missense SNPs leading to development of several diseases has always been under discussion demanding their rapid identification to understand the origin of pathologies. In literature, numerous missense SNPs in DC-SIGN receptor involved to capture the external intruders by interacting with their glycan moieties have reported that lead into causing HIV, dengue haemorrhage fever, etc. This research highlights the new missense SNPs snubbed in literature by their identification by using bioinformatics approach. Furthermore, it also exposes the structural position of substituted residues and damage by their replacement in term of energy stabilization and interaction to other residues. The paper can be a great interest for immune diseases specially caused by impairment of DC-SIGN receptor.
Supporting information
S1 Table. List of all 227 missense SNPs retrieved from Ensembl database and their impact by SNPs evaluating servers.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247249.s001
(XLSX)
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