https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2919-1280
Figures
Abstract
Background
E-cigarette (EC) use is increasing worldwide. Understanding the practices and perceptions of e-cigarette users and profiling the symptoms they experience is essential for regulating the use of such products. This study aims to investigate the practices and perceptions of e-cigarette users in Jordan and examine the symptoms (e.g. respiratory) they associate with e-cigarette use.
Methods
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted to assess EC use and tobacco smoking behaviors and the corresponding health symptoms among EC users in Jordan. EC use expectancies were also assessed using the Short Form Vaping Consequences Questionnaire, which was first translated into Arabic and tested for validity and reliability.
Results
Out of the 400 EC users surveyed, 95.5% were male, 76.2% used nicotine-containing juice, and 56.8% were concurrent tobacco smokers. Further, the participants had a mean age of 28.9 years (±10.2). Among dual EC/cigarette users, 88.6% reported that they tried to quit cigarette smoking, with e-cigarette use being the most commonly tried method of smoking cessation. The smoking-related symptoms reported by regular cigarette smokers mainly included sputum production (77.5%). The participants reported that using e-cigarettes instead of tobacco cigarettes had led to improvements in their sputum production (60.8%), breathing (59%), and general wellbeing (52%). Pleasant taste, enjoyable taste sensation, and flavor were significantly stronger (P-value < 0.05) among e-cigarette users compared to dual users. Dual EC/cigarette users reported stronger perceptions in the negative consequences scale, particularly with regards to the hazardous effects of smoking on health (P-value < 0.05).
Citation: Karasneh R, Al-Azzam S, Nusair M, Hawamdeh S (2021) Perceptions, symptoms, and practices of electronic cigarette users: Descriptive analysis and validation of Arabic short form vaping consequences questionnaire. PLoS ONE 16(1): e0245443. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245443
Editor: Stanton A. Glantz, University of Calfornia San Francisco, UNITED STATES
Received: February 15, 2020; Accepted: December 31, 2020; Published: January 22, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Karasneh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the Figshare repository at DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13526270.
Funding: Funding for this study was provided to RK by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Yarmouk University (grant number 6/2019). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in e-cigarette (EC) use globally. The e-cigarette market has witnessed notable growth over the past few years, reaching a value of around $2.5 billion, a number which is yet expected to rise [1,2]. In light of this rapid growth, many controversies have emerged concerning the safety and health issues associated with e-cigarette use.
An e-cigarette is an electronic nicotine delivery system where, unlike conventional cigarettes, no tobacco combustion takes place. Rather, a special solution that may or may not contain nicotine, in addition to flavorings and other ingredients such as propylene glycol and glycerine, is heated to form an aerosol or 'vapor' that is inhaled by the user. The product is designed to mimic the psychological experience of conventional cigarette smoking and is claimed to cause less harm and exposure to toxic constituents [3]. However, there is no conclusive evidence to strongly support these claims [4]. Although many of the harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke are not present in significant amounts in EC solutions, the Food and Drug Association (FDA) argues that detectable levels of certain carcinogens have been measured [5]. The toxic constituents in EC solutions reported by the FDA include nitrosamines and diethylene glycol, among many others. Moreover, with the emergence of EC-associated acute lipoid pneumonia case reports, the possible deleterious effects of EC use have recently received public attention [6,7]. Furthermore, EC use has been suggested to impact cardiovascular health, as users of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes have been observed to experience an increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate for about 45 minutes following EC use [8].
With tobacco smoking being a major risk factor for a myriad of diseases and a leading cause of preventable death worldwide, the use of e-cigarettes as a tool for reducing the harm associated with tobacco smoking is often perceived to be justifiable [9]. This calls for a clear understanding of the practices, benefits, and risks associated with EC use. Further, the issue of EC safety is not confined to the presence or lack of toxic constituents, as it can be argued that tobacco morbidity and mortality do not justify the replacement of one method of nicotine delivery with another. Rather, efforts should be focused on nicotine abstinence altogether [10].
Several studies have shown the majority of EC users to be former or current tobacco smokers [11–13]. In these studies, the reported motives behind engaging in EC use have varied, including the desire to reduce the harmful effects of cigarette smoking, decrease cigarette consumption, or quit smoking. Other reasons have included the reduced environmental harm and second-hand smoking effects caused by EC use as compared to conventional cigarette smoking.
There has also been a considerable spread of EC use among never-smokers, a trend particularly prominent among youth [14]. In a study by Sutfin et al., 216 out of 4444 surveyed college students reported being current or former EC users, and whilst EC use was more common among former cigarette smokers, 12% of EC users were never-smokers. Users may also find e-cigarettes to be convenient in allowing them to smoke in smoke-free areas [15]. Other motivations for EC use include the belief that they are healthier and cheaper than cigarettes [16].
It is important to understand EC users’ perceptions and patterns of EC use in order to address the health impacts associated with EC use and guide EC sale regulations. Studies in the literature have mainly been based on online surveys targeted at EC website visitors, and little is known about the population of EC users in the Middle East. A very recent study in Lebanon investigated EC-related knowledge and attitudes among a cross-sectional sample [17]. However, despite the high prevalence of EC use in the region, no studies have assessed the practices of EC users in the Middle East. Recent studies have reported that in Jordan, where the current study was conducted, the prevalence of EC use ranges between 11.7%-18% [18,19]. Further, in a study conducted among college students in Saudi Arabia, an EC use prevalence of 27.7% was reported [20]. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the demographic characteristics, usage patterns, and EC-related health perceptions among EC users in Jordan. The findings of this study can be used to guide future research related to EC use in the Middle East, as well as ultimately guiding EC regulation in the region.
Methods
Study design
A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from February to May 2019 among adult EC users in Jordan. An online self‐administered questionnaire was adapted from the Short Form Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (S-SCQ) [21]. The S-SCQ was reworded to S-VCQ to reflect EC expectancies [22]. Ethical approval for conducting this study was obtained from the Institutional review boards of King Abdullah University Hospital (reference number 35/120/2019). All performed procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Electronic informed consent for participation in this study was obtained from the participants, whilst no personally identifiable information was obtained.
Survey instrument
The online survey consisted of four sections. The first section comprised six items related to the demographic characteristics of the respondents, while the second section comprised 11 questions aimed at identifying the respondents’ EC and tobacco smoking behaviors. The third section was aimed at identifying the symptoms that the respondents experienced as a result of smoking regular cigarettes and whether these symptoms had improved after they had started using e-cigarettes. Finally, the fourth section included the S-VCQ, which comprises 21 items aimed at assessing EC use outcome expectancies and which has been evidenced to be valid and reliable for use among adults and adolescents [21,22]. In order for it to be usable among adults in Jordan, the S-VCQ was translated into Arabic following ISPOR’s Principles of Good Practice for Translation and Cultural Adaptation [23]. In the cognitive debriefing phase of the translation, the Arabic S-VCQ was tested on a sample of 18 adults, an essential step for ensuring the understandability, interpretation, and cultural relevance of the translated survey. During this stage, the participants reported that some questions were similar in meaning and thus needed to be eliminated to avoid confusion. Therefore, in the cognitive debriefing review, the authors removed four items, resulting in a total of 17 questions in the final version of the Arabic S-VCQ. A review of the final version of the S-VCQ was then conducted by a professor specialized in the Arabic language in order to check for any typographical or grammatical mistakes (S1 File).
Data collection
To this date, e-cigarettes are not legally allowed to be sold in Jordan, and the majority of EC and EC accessory sales are thus conducted through social media networks. Therefore, participants were invited to take part in this study through social media EC groups and pages. The survey was administered using Survey Monkey, an online survey collection tool, and had a required completion time of approximately 10 minutes. In order to ensure that there were no missing data, all of the survey items were “required”. At the beginning of the survey, all respondents were informed about the study purposes and assured that their participation was completely voluntary and anonymous, and that all data would be treated as confidential. The anonymous survey model was implemented to ensure confidentiality and to remedy the potential effect of social desirability bias.
Data analysis
The survey responses were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess the construct validity of the adapted Arabic S-VCQ. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess the reliability of the adapted survey, with an alpha value of ≥ 0.7 considered satisfactory [24]. Furthermore, descriptive statistical analyses were used to compare between the results of the tobacco smoker and nonsmoker groups. Statistical significance was tested using the Chi-square test for the categorical variables and unpaired t-test for the continuous variables.
Results
A total of 400 EC users participated in this study, with a median age of 28 years (range 18–47 years) among the participants. The majority of the participants (95.5%) were male (Table 1), and all participants were former tobacco cigarette smokers. Most of the participants did not suffer from any chronic medical conditions (92.2%, n = 369).
Regular cigarette smoking
Of the participating EC users, 56.8% (n = 227) were dual cigarette smokers (i.e., tobacco and EC). Most dual smokers reported smoking regular cigarettes on a daily basis, with the majority smoking one or more packs per day (Table 2). Further, most of the participants (87.3%) had previously attempted to quit cigarette smoking, with 62% having tried to quit more than once. The reported methods adopted for quitting regular cigarettes included EC use (66.8%), nicotine gums (2.6%), nicotine patches (2.6%), prescription medications (e.g., bupropion) (0.9%), and going cold turkey (27.1%). The overwhelming majority of the participants reported that they planned to quit smoking at the time of the survey (89.4%, n = 203).
E-cigarette use patterns
The participants’ EC use patterns were assessed (Table 3). Most of the participants (77.8%) reported using e-cigarettes on a regular basis, whilst 22.2% reported using e-cigarettes occasionally or socially. Further, 67% reported having used e-cigarettes for six months or less. The results showed that on a typical day, EC-only users had significantly more puffs than did dual cigarette users (P = 0.049). Moreover, EC-only users used nicotine free juices significantly more often than did dual cigarette users (P<0.001; Table 3).
The most common type of juice used among the participants was nicotine-containing juice (76.2%). However, only 15% of EC users reported using both nicotine-containing and nicotine-free juices. A considerable percentage of the participating EC users (21.5%) reported taking their first EC puff as soon as they woke up, although 43.8% reported that they waited at least an hour after waking up. The most commonly used type of EC among the participating EC users was the mini EC (59%), with customizable EC mods being significantly (P<0.001) more preferable to EC-only users (48.6%, n = 84).
Symptoms
The smoking-related symptoms experienced by the participants were assessed (Table 4). Sputum production was the symptom that was most commonly reported to be experienced by the participants when they smoked regular cigarettes. Interestingly, 12% of the participants who smoked tobacco cigarettes reported experiencing no cigarette-associated symptoms, such as coughing. Further, participants who had transitioned from smoking tobacco cigarettes to using e-cigarettes reported that they had experienced improvements in sputum production (60.8%), breathing (59%), and general wellbeing (52%).
Validity and reliability
In order to ensure that the Arabic S-VCQ would yield constructs similar to the original S-VCQ, the construct validity of the Arabic S-VCQ was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis [25]. Four factors emerged from the factor analysis: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, appetite/weight control, and negative consequences (Table 5). The cumulative variance of the four-factor solution was 68.34%. The Kaiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were used to verify the adequacy of the sampling and examine the appropriateness of the factor analysis. The Arabic S-VCQ obtained a good KMO measure (0.842), with a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity result (P <0.001) [26]. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the four factors ranged from 0.718 to 0.909, indicating that the Arabic S-VCQ had acceptable to excellent internal reliability [27].
Perceptions
The validated Arabic S-VCQ was used to assess dual cigarette users and EC-only users’ perceptions towards EC use (Table 5). In the positive reinforcement scale, perceptions regarding good taste, enjoyable taste sensation, and EC flavor were significantly stronger (p-value < 0.05) among EC-only users. On the other hand, dual cigarette users reported stronger perceptions in the negative consequences scale than did EC-only users, particularly regarding the hazardous effects of EC use on health (P = 0.025). Meanwhile, no differences were identified between dual cigarette users and EC-only users in the negative reinforcement and appetite/weight control scales.
Discussion
The majority of the EC users in the current study were also tobacco smokers who smoked both regular cigarettes and e-cigarettes on a daily basis. This finding is similar to the findings reported in other studies conducted among EC users, although the percentage of dual users was higher in our study [11–13, 29, 30]. Whilst 56.8% of the EC users in our study were also cigarette smokers, two similar studies reported percentages of 11.5% and 18% [28,29]. Considering that many of the participants reported having previously used e-cigarettes to aid tobacco cessation, dual use may have resulted from failed cessation attempts. Other researchers have proposed that reduction in costs and the ability to use e-cigarettes in smoke-free areas may be motives for the dual use of regular cigarettes and e-cigarettes [30]. In addition, dual users may desire to achieve a balance between the 'real' experience of tobacco smoking and the reduced harm of EC use [30]. However, we believe that this is not the case among our sample, as dual use was associated with a stronger perception that EC use is hazardous to health. Further, we found that dual use had detrimental effects on the participants, whereby dual users reported experiencing chest wheezing, sputum production, and cough more often than did EC-only users. Similarly, a study among 7505 males found dual users to be more nicotine-dependent as compared to cigarette-only smokers [31].
In terms of EC juice preference, most of our study participants reported using nicotine-containing EC juices. However, EC-only users used nicotine-free juices significantly more often than did dual users, which supports the idea that dual use is not always a temporary phase that leads to the ultimate goal of quitting tobacco cigarettes. Rather, dual use may often end up being a long-term practice. The majority of EC users in similar studies have also been reported to prefer nicotine-containing solutions [11,12,32], with tobacco smokers and heavy EC users preferring medium to high nicotine concentrations [33,34]. This preference of nicotinic juices raises concerns regarding the safety of EC use. According to the American Heart Association, the harmful effects of nicotine addiction may include "hemodynamic effects, endothelial dysfunction, thrombogenesis, systemic inflammation, and other metabolic effects" [35].
Flavor was also found to be an important factor impacting the participants’ choice of EC juice, as certain flavors may encourage usage or be associated with increased or reduced harm perception [32]. A study by Kroemer et al. also showed sweet-flavored e-cigarette juices to be associated with increased brain cue-reactivity and the potentiation of the reinforcing effects of nicotine, thus increasing appeal [36]. Our findings indicate that good taste and flavor have strong positive reinforcement effects among EC users, particularly EC-only users. Flavor plays a role in creating the sensory effect of EC use, which may increase appeal for EC use among never-smokers [37]. In fact, the fact that EC juices come in different flavors was reported as being a main reason for EC use by 81% of youth in a study conducted between 2013 and 2014 [38]. Therefore, it is important to consider flavor when regulating the sales and availability of EC products and accessories in the market.
The participants in our study reported improvement in health outcomes as a result of switching from regular cigarettes to e-cigarettes, particularly with regards to sputum production, breathing, coughing, and general wellbeing. Similarly, respondents to a previous internet survey listed better health outcomes as an advantage of switching from tobacco smoking to EC use [39] This improvement in general health may have an impact on EC users' health perceptions. Our findings are consistent with the findings of several studies that reported improvement in health perceptions among smokers who had switched from conventional cigarettes to e-cigarettes or who were using e-cigarettes for smoking reduction. In a study by Van et al., which targeted online EC shop customers, 84% of EC users reported that they had experienced improvements in their general health after switching to EC products [40]. Similarly, another survey among EC users revealed a significant association between switching to EC use and better-perceived health, especially when cigarette use is reduced by more than 2 packets/month [28]. Additionally, EC use was believed to aid weight control among the respondents in our study, and no significant differences were found between dual and single users in the appetite/weight control scale. This is similar to the findings of several studies, including a study in the United Kingdom which reported that e-cigarettes are often used to replace a meal or a snack [41–44].
The present study is one of few studies conducted among EC users in the Middle East, where EC use is on the rise. The study also captures the overlap between tobacco cigarette smoking and EC use and provides useful data on EC use patterns, especially dual use. However, there are a few limitations to the current study. For example, online recruitment may have led to selection bias in favor of younger EC users who regularly use social media platforms. However, considering the fact that most EC sales in Jordan are conducted through social media platforms, this may not have affected our findings. Finally, since this study used a self-reported questionnaire, certain parameters could not be verified, such as the presence of chronic conditions.
Conclusion
With the global rise in EC use and the ambiguity surrounding the safety profiles of such products, it is of paramount importance to explore EC use patterns, perceptions, and attitudes among users. Our findings have revealed that there is a high prevalence of the dual use of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes in Jordan. Further, concerning practices were identified among the participants, such as the daily use of both tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes by most users and the preference for nicotine-containing e-juices. Future studies with extended follow-up periods are required to investigate the transition from regular cigarettes to e-cigarettes or vice versa.
Supporting information
S1 File. Arabic short form vaping consequences questionnaire.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245443.s001
(DOCX)
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