Type species.

Hyboma submetallicum Castelnau, 1840 = Deltochilum submetallicum (Castelnau, 1840) by subsequent designation by Lane [32], cited as “Ortótipo”.

Composition.

47 valid species and at least 165 new species to be described.

Diagnosis.

Within Deltochilum the subgenus Deltohyboma can be distinguished by the following combinations of characters: head approximately 1.5x as wide as long (Fig 2C); anterior margin of the clypeus with two teeth; carina of the interstria IX variable in length, from almost reaching the basal third of the elytral (Fig 2A) to slightly surpassing the middle of the elytral length (Fig 2B).

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Fig 2.

Body lateral view (A-B) and head (C-D). (A) guyanense species-group. (B) aequinoctiale species-group, arrow showing tubercle on metaventrite. (C) submetallicum species-group. (D) valgum complex, subgenus Aganhyboma.

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It is possible to identify species belonging to Deltohyboma using the key for American genera of Scarabaeinae [59]. However, after Silva et al. [26] transferred some species of Deltohyboma to D. (Aganhyboma), the species now belonging to acropyge and valgum complexes of the subgenus Aganhyboma (see Silva et al., [26]) would still be identified as if they were Deltohyboma. However, these species can be correctly identified as belonging to D. (Aganhyboma) by the head, which is slightly wider than long (Fig 2D).

Redescription.

Body (Figs 3 and 4). Small to large species, length 6.1–17 mm; humeral width 3.9–9.4 mm. Colour highly variable, but never metallic. Commonly dark brown or black. All punctures umblilicate. Punctures highly variable in sized and density. Head. Approximately 1.5x as wide as long. Dorsally, eyes small to large, inter-ocular distance seven to 20 times width of one eye. Anterior margin of the clypeus with two upturned teeth, each tooth bearing dorsal tuft of setae. Clypeal median emargination narrowly or broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by less than a basal width of a tooth to seven times basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, with the following variations: 1) concave and regular, not expanded posteriorly (Fig 5A); 2) concave and expanded posteriorly, but not into triangular shape (Fig 5B and 5C); 3) concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D) or 4) flat and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5E and 5F).

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Fig 3. Habitus of Deltohyboma.

(A) aequinoctiale species-group. (B) aspericolle species-group. (C) aspericolle species-group. (D) barbipes species-group. (E) barbipes species-group. (F) bidentatum species-group. (G) femorale species-group. (H) genieri species-group. (I) gilli species-group. (J) granulatum species-group. (K) guyanense species-group. (L) irroratum species-group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g003

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Fig 4. Habitus of Deltohyboma.

(A) komareki species-group. (B) lindemannae species-group. (C) morbillosum species-group. (D) parile species-group. (E) parile species-group. (F) plebejum species-group. (G) plebejum species-group. (H) septemstriatum species-group. (I) sextuberculatum species-group. (J) submetallicum species-group. (K) susanae species-group. (L) Deltochilum inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g004

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Fig 5. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth of Deltohyboma.

(A) septemstriatum species-group. (B) aequinoctiale species-group. (C) guyanense species-group. (D) submetallicum species-group. (E) barbipes species-group. (F) barbipes species-group.

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Pronotum.

Anterior angle acute, edge between anterior and medial-lateral angle concave to almost straight. Medial-lateral angle rounded to strongly projected; edge between medial-lateral and posterior angle subrounded. With (Fig 6A, 6C and 6D) or without (Fig 6B) shiny points mixed with the punctures, if present, well defined (Fig 6D and 6G) or irregular (Fig 6A, 6C, 6E and 6F). Irregular shiny points contiguous between them and/or external margin of punctures (Fig 6A, 6C, 6E and 6F). Shiny points variable in size and quantity. Punctures highly variable in size and density, frequently posterior-basal punctures largest and on disc smallest. Hypomera. Hypomeral carina absent. Internal margin with the following variations: 1) regular, not enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7A, arrows), 2) enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7B, arrows) or 3) strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7C, arrows). Anterior punctures largest, medial area almost without punctures and posterior punctures extended and smallest.

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Fig 6.

Pronotum (A-D) and microsculpture of pronotal disc showing the shiny points mixed with the punctures (E-G) of Deltohyboma. (A) pronotum with irregular shiny points, shiny points contiguous between them and/or with external margin of punctures. (B) pronotum without shiny points. (C) pronotum with irregular shiny points, shiny points contiguous between them and/or with external margin of punctures. (D) pronotum with regular shiny points, shiny points separated between them and from external margin of punctures. (E) pronotal disc of (A). (F) Pronotal disc of (C). (G) Pronotal disc of (D).

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Fig 7. Hypomera of Deltohyboma.

arrows showing the internal margin of anterior angle. (A) aequinoctiale species-group. (B) guyanense species-group. (C) submetallicum species-group.

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Metaventrite.

Disc without (Fig 8A) or with posterior excavation (Fig 8B and 8C), less commonly with two posterior excavations. Excavation, or the most basal excavation, occupying metaventral basal fourth (Fig 8B) to basal half (Fig 8C). If with two excavations, with small or large projected tubercle anterior to the most anterior excavation. If with one excavation, occupying metaventral basal fourth, commonly weak (Fig 8B). Disc with conspicuous, or rarely, inconspicuous punctures at 8x magnifications. Metaventral process commonly with anterior-lateral area bearing dense punctures, larger than disc punctures. Lateral lobes of metaventrite with largest punctures, separated by less than one diameter and equidistantly separated (Fig 8A). Mesepimerum commonly with extended punctures not fully closed and equidistantly separated. Metepisternum with slightly smaller punctures than those on lateral lobes of metaventrite and equidistantly separated. Legs. Protibia without tarsus (Fig 9). Protibia with three lateral teeth, in one species male with only two small teeth. Teeth on apical third almost equidistantly separated or proximal tooth more separated than the distal two. External margin with denticles, also between teeth. Internal margin with deep impressed setose punctures. Dorsal surface with two parallel carinae, one almost on the middle, bearing deeply impressed setose punctures, and reaching the apex of protibia; the second most external, curved on proximal tooth and reaching the apex of that tooth. Only in a few species, male internal margin of protibia expanded. Ventral surface of protibia, bearing tubercles (Fig 9F and 9G, arrow), weak carina (Fig 9D, arrow), strong carina (Fig 9H, white arrow), carina and tubercles (Fig 9I, arrows) or none of these (Fig 9A–9C and 9J); sometimes with the carina interrupted by punctures. If without carina or tubercles (Fig 9A), with small (Fig 9C, arrow) or with large (Fig 9J, arrow) punctures where the carina is found. Ventral surface of profemur with dense punctures separated almost equidistantly and before anterior margin, bent downward or not. Anterior margin of profemur with long setae. Mesocoxal axis slightly oblique. Ventral surface of meso- and metafemur with punctures separated almost equidistantly. Posterior edge of metafemur with one dorsal margin (Fig 10A–10F) or two margins (Fig 10G–10I), one ventral continued by a decline of 45° (Fig 10I) to the one other, dorsal one (Fig 10H and 10I). If with one margin with the following variations: 1) ventral surface of metafemur is continuous (Fig 10C) to the posterior-dorsal margin (Fig 10B and 10C) or 2) the ventral surface of metafemur on the posterior ventral edge forming a decline of approximately 45° (Fig 10F) to the posterior-dorsal margin (Fig 10E and 10F). Mesotibia with two spurs, unequal in length. Metatibia with one spur. Meso- and metatarsi flattened, almost identically shaped, however mesotarsi smaller than metatarsi. Metatarsomeres (Fig 11) I and IV subequal in length and shortest. Metatarsomeres III and V subequal in length. Metatarsomere II longest. Metatarsomere V elongated, longer than broad and IV not elongated, almost as long as broad. Metatarsomeres II and III may not be elongated, each almost as long as broad (Fig 11A) or be elongated, each longer than broad (Fig 11B).

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Fig 8.

Body, ventral view (A, C), metaventrite (B) of Deltohyboma. (A) guyanense species-group. (B) submetallicum species-group. (C) irroratum species-group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g008

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Fig 9. Protibia ventral view of Deltohyboma.

White arrow showing tubercles (F, G, I) or carina (E, H), white arrow showing weak carina (D), black bordered white arrow showing punctures where the carina is found (C, J). Black arrow showing spiniform projection (H). (A) male without carina or tubercles. (B) male without carina or tubercles. (C) male without carina or tubercles, but with small punctures on where the carina is found. (D) male with weak carina. (E) male with carina. (F) male with tubercles. (G) male with tubercles only basally. (H) female with carina. (I) female with basal and apical carina, medially with tubercles. (J) female without carina or tubercles, but with large punctures where the carina is found.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g009

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Fig 10. Three types of metafemur of Deltohyboma.

(A-C) posterior edge with one margin, the posterior-dorsal, the ventral surface is continuous up to that posterior-dorsal margin. (D-E) posterior edge with one margin, the posterior-dorsal, the ventral surface on the posterior-ventral edge forming a decline of approximately 45° to that posterior-dorsal margin. (G-H) posterior edge with two margins, one ventral continued by a decline of 45° to the other, posterior-dorsal one. (A, D, G) ventral view hind leg. (B, E, H) caudal view metafemur. (C, F, I) schematic of transverse cut of metafemur.

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Fig 11. Apex of male metatibia and metatarsomeres of Deltohyboma.

(A) irroratum species-group. (B) aequinoctiale species-group.

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Elytra.

With pseudoepipleuron delimited by a sinuate carina present along whole elytral length (Fig 2A and 2B), carina adjacent to “stria” IX+X (Fig 12A). Humeral area with one (Figs 3F and 4C) or two basal tubercles (Figs 3A–3E, 3G–3L, 4A and 4B and 4D–4L), on interstriae VI or VI-VII respectively. Apically with tubercles, highly variable in quantity and development, but at least two tubercles on interstriae VI-VII or maximum six tubercles, on interstriae II-VII. Apical tubercles with following variation: commonly on interstriae 1) II-VII, 2) III-VII, 3) III, V-VII, 4) V-VII, and less commonly 5) VI-VII and 6) IV-VII. In variation “3” with all tubercles well developed or with III or III and V poorly developed; in variation “4” all well developed or with V poorly developed. Ninth interstria with basal carina, variable in length, reaching basal elytral third, almost reaching, reaching or surpassing a little the middle of the elytral length (Fig 2A and 2B). Very rarely not reaching elytral basal third and almost obliterated. With eleventh striae (including the epipleural one), stria IX apically separated from stria X, laterally fused here call “stria” IX+X (Fig 12A). Striae inconspicuous (Fig 12D and 12E) or conspicuous (Fig 12B and 12C), if inconspicuous with the following variations: 1) inconspicuous I-IX+X; 2) inconspicuous I-VII, conspicuous VIII-IX+X; 3) inconspicuous I-VII, conspicuous only apically VIII and IX+X conspicuous or 4) I-VIII inconspicuous, conspicuous IX+X. If conspicuous narrow or broad, all with almost the same width or III-VII consecutively narrower and more effaced. Stria VIII conspicuous apically only or apically and laterally; if conspicuous laterally not reaching, reaching or slightly surpassing the apex the carina of the ninth interstria, rarely reaching the elytral base. Interstriae with punctures variable in size and density and with shiny points mixed with the punctures (Fig 12B–12E); with a few (Fig 12B and 12C) or abundant (Fig 12D and 12E) shiny points; points variable in size, commonly smaller than inner ring of interstrial puncture (Fig 12B–12D), rarely subequal in size to interstrial puncture (Fig 12E). Abdomen. With VI ventrites. Ventrites with sparse punctures, laterally punctures largest and densest than medially. Pygidium almost the shape of a Reuleaux triangle, with one of the angles broader than the other two. Slightly convex. Apical margin wider than lateral ones. Pygidium with subrounded or transversally extended punctures; with or without shiny points mixed with punctures, shiny points few or abundant, minute to small, smaller than inner ring of a pygidial puncture.

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Fig 12.

Elytra (A) and microsculpture of elytra, showing shiny points mixed with the punctures (B-E) of Deltohyboma. (A) lateral view, Roman numerals correspond to interstriae, Roman numerals with arrows correspond to striae. (B) microsculpture of elytra showing small dispersed shiny points. (C) microsculpture of elytra showing small, abundant shiny points, also external and internal margins of punctures. (D) microsculpture of elytra showing large and dispersed shiny points. (E) microsculpture of elytra showings large, abundant shiny points.

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Male genitalia (Figs 13–17).

Paramera symmetrical. Commonly, paramera subtriangular; subequal or shorter than phallobase. Paramera simple or with dorsal sulcus (Fig 14A and 14A’), apical cleft (Fig 13J and 13J’), dorsal-apical notch thin (Figs 14E’, 14H’, 15I and 15I’), ventral-apical denticles (Fig 15D and 15E), ventral-apical setae (Figs 13A–13C, 15A–15C). Membrane between the paramera with dorsal (Figs 13C’, 15A, 15A’, 15B and 15B’, arrows) and/or ventral (Fig 13A’ and 13B’, arrows) sclerotised paired structures, dorsal sclerotised paired structures fused (Fig 15A, 15A’, Fig 15B and 15B’, arrows) or not (Fig 13C’, arrow) with the paramera. Endophallus always with three apical endophallites (Figs 1A, 16 and 17) 1) elongate, 2) basal with circular-shaped and 3) plate-shape. Medial area of endophallus (Figs 16 and 17) with or without one or two endophallites, rarely with three or raspules in that area. Sub-medial area with or without raspules (one or more). Shape of the endophallites as well as raspules and number of raspules highly variable. Female genitalia. Bursa copulatrix simple, pigmented, with horizontal folds or sclerotised. Base of the duct of the spermatheca sclerotised or not. Spermatheca well sclerotised “sickle”-shaped, with two basal spatulate expansions or not.

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Fig 13. Aedeagus lateral view and paramera dorsal and/or ventral view of Deltohyboma.

(A) aequinoctiale species-group, (A’) same, paramera ventral view, arrow showing the sclerotised paired structures. (B) aequinoctiale species-group, (B’) same, paramera ventral view, arrow showing the sclerotised paired structures. (C) aequinoctiale species-group, (C’) same, paramera dorsal view, arrow showing the sclerotised paired structures. (D) aspericolle species-group, (D’) same, paramera dorsal view. (E) aspericolle species-group, (E’) same, paramera dorsal view. (F) barbipes species-group, (F’) same, paramera dorsal view. (G) barbipes species-group, (G) same, paramera dorsal view. (H) barbipes species-group, (H’) same, dorsal view. (I) bidentatum species-group, (I’) same, paramera dorsal view. (J) femorale species-group, (J’) same, paramera dorsal view.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g013

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Fig 14. Aedeagus lateral view and paramera dorsal view of Deltohyboma.

(A) genieri species-group, (A’) same, paramera dorsal view. (B) gilli species-group, (B’) same, paramera dorsal view. (C) granulatum species-group, (C’) same, paramera dorsal view. (D) guyanense species-group, (D’) same, paramera dorsal and ventral view. (E) irroratum species-group lateral view, (E’) same, paramera dorsal view. (F) komareki species-group, (F’) same, paramera dorsal view. (G) lindemannae species-group, (G’) same, paramera dorsal view. (H) lindemannae species-group, (H’) same, paramera dorsal. (I) lindemannae species-group, (I’) same, paramera dorsal view. (J) morbillosum species-group, (J’) same, paramera dorsal.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g014

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Fig 15. Aedeagus lateral view and paramera dorsal view of Deltohyboma.

(A) parile species-group, (A’) same, paramera dorsal view, arrows showing the sclerotised paired structures. (B) parile species-group, (B’) same, paramera dorsal view, arrows showing the sclerotised paired structures. (C) parile species-group, arrow showing the strong basal sinuation, (C’) same, paramera dorsal view. (D) plebejum species-group, (D’) same, paramera dorsal view. (E) plebejum species-group, (E’) same, paramera dorsal view. (F) septemstriatm species-group, (F’) same, paramera dorsal view. (G) sextuberculatum species-group, (G’) same, paramera dorsal view. (H) submetallicum species-group, (H’) same, paramera dorsal view. (I) susanae species-group, (I’) same, paramera dorsal view. (J) Deltochilum inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis), (J’) same, paramera dorsal view.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g015

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Fig 16. Endophallus of Deltohyboma.

(A) aequinoctiale species-group. (B) aequinoctiale species-group. (C) barbipes species-group. (D) barbipes species-group. (E) bidentatum species-group. (F) femorale species-group. (G) genieri species-group. (H) gilli species-group. (I) guyanense species-group. (J) irroratum species-group. (K) komareki species-group. (L) lindemannae species-group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g016

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Fig 17. Endophallus of Deltohyboma.

(A) lindemannae species-group. (B) morbillosum species-group. (C) parile species-group. (D) parile species-group. (E) parile species-group, arrow showing the raspule on medial area. (F) plebejum species-group. (G) plebejum species-group. (H) septemstriatum species-group. (I) sextuberculatum species-group. (J) submetallicum species-group, arrow showing the plate-shape endophallite “boot”-shaped, (J’) same, basal circular shape endophallite. (K) susanae species-group. (L) Deltochilum inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis).

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Secondary sexual dimorphism.

Male. Remarkably variable. In few species distance between clypeal teeth larger in males than females. Protibial spur broad (Fig 9C), broad and foliaceus (Fig 9F) or broad and apically bifid (Fig 9E). Protibia subequal to that of female or with one or some combination of the following characters: curved, broad apically, more flattened, internal margin expanded, with tubercles. Meso- and/or metatrochanters subequal to that of female or with setae, dentiform process or sinuated. Mesofemur subequal to that of female or on posterior edge with one of the following characters: sinuate, bearing setae, with small or large expansion, with small or large tubercle. Mesotibia more curved and apically broader (Fig 18B and 18C) than those of females (Fig 18A) and apex with a small or large (Fig 18C, arrow) spatulate expansion or with a small denticle (Fig 18B, arrow).

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Fig 18. Meso- and metatibiae of Deltohyboma.

(A) mesotibia female. (B) mesotibia male, arrow showing small denticle. (C) mesotibia male, arrow showing large spatulate expansion. (D) metatibia female. (E) metatibia male with basal internal tubercles, arrow showing spur fused. (E) metatibia male with internal carina, arrow showing spur articulated. (G) metatibia male with internal tubercles occupying almost metatibial length. (H) metatibia male with internal tubercles and large setae.

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Metafemur (Figs 19 and 20) subequal to that of females (Fig 19A), more curved than females and/or on posterior edge with one of the following characters: setae (Figs 19D, 19H, 20A and 20B), carina (Fig 19J and 19J’), carina and setae, small or large denticle (Figs 19E, 19K and 20E), with basal steep tapering (Fig 19B, arrow), broad basal sub-quadrate expansion (Fig 19I), broad medial serratulate expansion (Fig 19G), broad medial expansion (Fig 20C). Metatibia more curved and apically broader (Fig 18E–18H) than females (Fig 18D) and/or with one or combination of some of following characters: internal margin with tubercles (Figs 15H and 18G), strong carina (Fig 18F), long and dense setae (Fig 18H), insertion of the spur elongated (Figs 11B and 18E, arrow) or not (Figs 11A and 18F–18H), spur fused (Figs 11B and 18E, arrow) or not to insertion (Figs 11A and 18F, arrow). Metaventrite subequal to that of female (Fig 8A) or with stronger posterior excavation than female (Fig 8B and 8C) and in some species, with small (Fig 2B, arrow) or strong tubercle anterior to excavation or with two basal small tubercles. Abdomen with ventrite I medially expanded (Fig 21B, 21C and 21E–21I) (expansion covering margins of other ventrites) or not (Fig 21D). If expanded, reaching from distal margin of ventrite II to surpassing the distal margin of V; expansion variable in shape and width (Fig 21B, 21C and 21E–21I), also with ventrites V and VI strongly narrow medially (Fig 21E–21I). If not expanded or slightly expanded (almost reaching distal margin of ventrite III) ventrites V and VI only slightly narrow medially and V subequal to narrower than VI (Fig 21C and 21D). Ventrite I bearing (Fig 21I, arrow) or not an orifice (Fig 21B–21H); orifice variable in size and shape.

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Fig 19.

Metafemur ventral view and caudal view, female (A) male (B-L) of Deltohyboma. (A) typical female metafemur. (B) aspericolle species-group, arrow showing the basal strong steep tapering. (C) aspericolle species-group. (D) barbipes species-group. (E) barbipes species-group, (E’), same in caudal view, arrow showing the denticle on posterior-ventral margin. (F) barbipes species-group. (G) femorale species-group. (H) genieri species-group. (I) gilli species-group. (J) granulatum species-group, (J’), same in caudal view, arrow showing the weak carina on posterior edge. (K) guyanense species-group. (L) komareki species-group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g019

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Fig 20. Metafemur ventral view and caudal view male of Deltohyboma.

(A) lindemannae species-group. (B) lindemannae species-group. (C) septemstriatum species-group. (D) sextuberculatum species-group. (E) submetallicum species-group, (E’), same in caudal view, arrow showing the denticle on posterior-dorsal margin. (F) Deltochilum inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g020

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Fig 21. Ventral view and ventrites of Deltohyboma.

(A) female (B-C) male. Ventrites of males (D-I). (E) Roman numerals correspond to the ventrite number. (I) Arrow showing the circular orifice on ventrite I.

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Female.

Protibial spur thin and spiniform (Fig 9H–9J). Inner apical angle of protibia with spiniform projection (Fig 9H, black arrow) or with spiniform projection thinner and longer than males. Medially, ventrite I not expanded posteriorly (Fig 21A), broader than ventrite II; ventrites II-V almost with the same width, only V slightly broadest. Ventrites V-VI not strongly narrow medially and VI broader than V (Fig 21A). In species with males with posterior excavation on metaventrite, excavation weaker than males.

Distribution.

Deltohyboma is widely distributed in the Neotropical region, absent from the Antillean subregion. Within the South American Transition Zone present only in Paramo province and with few species on Mexican Transition Zone (Chiapas Highlands and Sierra Madre del Sur provinces). Mos species inhabit South America. The northernmost records are in the Mesoamerican dominion, Veracruzan province, approximately 18°N, and the southernmost records are in the Chacoan dominion, Pampean province approximately 32°S.

Remarks.

Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) males commonly bear an orifice on ventrite I. This orifice is present in some species-groups and, within those species-groups, some species may bear the orifice whereas others do not. Furthermore, although only observed for a few species, some individuals of a species possess the orifice whereas others do not. Pluot-Sigwalt [65] studied the tegumentary glands in Scarabaeidae, which included two species of Deltohyboma that do not bear the orifice; however, one species (D. guyanense Paulian, 1933) belongs to a species-group in which several species that have orifice. In that species, Pluot-Sigwalt [65] found a high concentration of type G canicules in the region of ventrite I, where the orifice is found. The glandular, sexual and reproductive function of that orifice in Deltohyboma remains unknown.

Another relatively common character found in the males is the presence of one or two endophallites in the medial area of endophallus. Only one species-group (irroratum) and very few species of barbipes species-group do not possess endophallites in that area of endophallus. In the species-groups with two endophallites, it appears that the anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, is concave and slightly expanded posteriorly into a non-triangular shape and the metafemur bears a single margin. Some exceptions can be found (e.g. few species of plebejum species-group) where only one medial endophallite is found, or in the femorale species-group, which has two endophallites however, the anterior margin of the clypeus is expanded into a triangular shape and the metafemur bears two margins. Otherwise, in all species-groups that have one medial endophallite (having or not the same shape of anterior margin of the clypeus as well as one or two margins in the metafemur) the endophallite is always the one on the right side.

As noted by Cupello et al. [66] in Deltochilini genera as well as in other so-called “roller” genera, which lack cephalic or pronotal horns, both strong sexual dimorphism as well as allometric variation in some male structures are uncommon. Several species of Deltohyboma present sexually dimorphic allometry, expressed mainly on insertion of the metatibial spur and in tubercles on the posterior edge of the meso- and metafemur. Whether those characteristics have an effect on fitness, perhaps via female stimulation and/or the capacity to make and roll a ball, especially in those species with an elongated insertion of the metatibial spur, remains unknown.

As described in the “Secondary sexual dimorphism” section, there is considerable variation within Deltohyboma and, even more interesting, is the fact that quite commonly, species with the same or similar sexual dimorphism have the same type of aedeagus and endophallus, i.e. the same 1) number of medial endophallites, 2) shape of the endophallites and 3) bear or lack raspules. However, in some species with the same sexual dimorphism, e.g. metafemur with setae or with basal steep tapering, the aedeagus is different as well as the endophallus.

Here, we propose 19 species-groups, with a single species left as incertae sedis. The species-groups are based on character set (Table 2) described for first time for Deltohyboma regarding: the anterior margin of the clypeus (between clypeal teeth); the internal margin of hypomera; the ventral face of the protibia; the posterior margin of the metafemur; secondary sexual dimorphism; and the aedeagus and the endophallus.

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Table 2. Diagnostic characters for the 19 species-groups here proposed within the subgenus Deltohyboma Lane, 1946.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t002

The dorsal and/or ventral sclerotised paired structures (Figs 13A’, 13B’, 13C’, 15A–15B’, arrows) found between the paramera in some species-groups are described here for the first time for Deltohyboma. These structures are easily visible in the hydrated aedeagus; in a dry aedeagus, the same structures may be obscured by the parameres or have the same colour as the membrane. These ventral structures appear to be similar to the “quitinous lobule” described and illustrated by Medina et al. [44] for Eudinopus dytiscoides (Schreibers, 1802), Malagoniella astyanax columbica Harold, 1867, M. astyanax punctatostriata (Blanchard, 1845), M. puncticollis (Blanchard, 1845) and Megathoposoma candezei Harold, 1873. Nunes & Vaz-de-Mello [67] described a structure between the paramera in ventral view for Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt, 1929, which they named subgenital plate; that plate seems to be the same structure described by Medina et al. [44] as “quitinous small plate” that they observed in Copris dracunculus Ferreira, 1959, C. incertus Say, 1835, C. mesacanthus Harold, 1878, Dichotomius bos (Blanchard, 1846) and Ontherus sanctaemartae Génier 1996. It appears that Medina et al. [44] considered the “quitinous lobule” to be a different structure to the “quitinous small plate”. Even though the “quitinous lobule” appears to be similar to the structures found in Deltohyboma, we decided not to use the same terminology for the structure nor to present it as a new (named) structure. This is because we have not studied the aedeagi of the other genera and are, therefore, not able to hypothesise on potential homologies or state whether it is the same structure, or not. This way, we will not add to a potential list of structure synonymies for the aedeagus within Scarabaeinae.

There is the possibility that, in a future phylogenetic analysis, several of these species-groups proposed here could be recovered together. The phylogenetic relationships of Deltochilum within Deltochilini as well as that of its eight subgenera remain almost completely unresolved. Deltochilum, with 110 species and an estimated diversity of almost 300 species, is exceptional in its morphological variability. Adding to the fact that almost half of the diversity remains unknown, i.e. undescribed species, a phylogenetic analysis could prove notably difficult to produce.

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, the species belonging to the aequinoctiale species-group can only be distinguished via the aedeagus. Despite the aedeagi being highly variable in terms of shape, they always bear either dorsal and/or ventral strongly sclerotised paired structures which arise separately from the paramera (Fig 13A’, 133B’ and 13C’, arrows).

Description.

Medium to large-sized species, length 11-17mm, humeral width 7.5-9mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped or almost truncated. Clypeal teeth separated by at least twice basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave, slightly expanded posteriorly, but not triangular in shape (Fig 5B and 5C). Eyes large, inter-ocular distance seven to eight times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera not enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7A, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III-VII with all tubercles well developed or with IV poorly developed; tubercle on III approximately triangular in shape (Fig 24A, arrow) or transverse. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 3A, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Striae inconspicuous (Fig 3A) or conspicuous. If conspicuous very narrow, width of the third stria, in species with the broadest striae, 1/40th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with one or two, weak or strong posterior excavations, if weak occupying metaventral basal third, if strong may occupy basal third or reach middle of the metaventrite length, bearing a small or large tubercule on anterior edge of excavation or on anterior edge of anterior most excavation. Ventral surface of protibia with tubercles and/or carina (Fig 9E–9I). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal, where the ventral surface of metafemur forming a decline of approximately 45° on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F). Male. Protibial spur broad and/or foliaceus. Mesofemur with or lacking a tubercle on basal third or on apical third. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a small spatulate expansion (Fig 18C) or small denticle (Fig 18B). Metafemur not modified or with long setae, small denticle or a carina. Internal margin of metatibia modified or not, if modified with tubercles (see Fig 18E and 18G), strong carina (see Fig 18F), or both. Metatibia with spur insertion elongate (Figs 11B and 18E) or not (Figs 11A and 18F) and with spur articulated; if spur insertion elongate, spur reaching second tarsomere or almost as long as tarsus. Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21), expansion reaching distal margin of ventrite IV; width of the expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, from three to five times as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Aedeagus highly variable in shape (Fig 13A–13C) however, between paramera with dorsal (Fig 13C’, arrow) and/or ventral (Fig 13A’ and 13B’, arrows) strongly sclerotised paired structures variable in shape; those structures are separated by paramera. Apex of paramera with sparse setae (Fig 13A–13C). Medial area of endophallus with two endophallites (Fig 16A and 16B), right endophallite sub-rectangular in shape, small or large, left subequal in shape and commonly smaller than right endophallite. Sub-medial area of endophallus with or without one denticle-shaped endophallite (Fig 16B).

Composition.

Seven described species, five valid: D. aequinoctiale (Buquet, 1844), D. spinipes Paulian,1938, D. gigante Silva & Vaz-de-Mello, 2014, D. speciosissimum Balthasar, 1939, D. pretiosum Harold, 1875, D. erodioides Harold, 1867 (junior synonym of D. aequinoctiale), D. haroldi Kirsch, 1885 (junior synonym of D. pretiosum) and at least 19 undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 25A), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Boreal Brazilian (Napo) and Pacific (Sabana, Guajira, Magdalena, Cauca, Chocó-Darién), as well as in the South American transition zone, Paramo province.

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Fig 25. Distribution maps.

(A) aequinoctiale species-group. (B) aspericolle species-group. (C) barbipes species-group, “?” showing locality with doubt. (D) bidentatum species-group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g025

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 3): barbipes, genieri, parile and plebejum.

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Table 3. Sympatry of the aequinoctiale species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t003

Remarks.

The aequinoctiale species-group appears to be closely related to parile and plebejum species-groups, but can be separated by the elongate tubercle on interstria III (Fig 24D–24F, arrows) at elytral apex in plebejum, which is not elongated but triangular in shape (Fig 24B and 24C, arrows) or transverse in aequinoctiale species-group. The shape of that tubercle is the same in aequinoctiale (Fig 24A, arrow) and parile (Fig 24D–24F, arrows) species-groups. However, the most reliably way to separate those species-groups is via the aedeagus. The apex of paramera bear setae in aequinoctiale and parile species-groups, whereas the setae are absent in plebejum species-group.

Commonly, the species in the aequinoctiale species-group are larger and more colourful compared to those in the parile species-group. In the latter, the species are commonly brown and the colour is almost the same dorsally and ventrally. However, the best way to separate these species-groups is via the males. In the aequinoctiale species-group the first ventrite is always expanded posteriorly (Fig 21F), the aedeagus bears strongly sclerotised dorsal and/or ventral paired structures, both separated from paramera (Fig 13A’, 13B’ and 13C’, arrows). Moreover, the medial area of endophallus bears two endophallites (Fig 16A and 16B).

By contrast, in the parile species-group, the first ventrite is frequently not expanded posteriorly (Fig 21D) and the aedeagus bears only dorsal paired sclerotised structures which are fused with the paramera (Fig 15A–15B’, arrows). In three undescribed species, the first ventrite is expanded posteriorly and the aedeagus lacks the paired dorsal sclerotised structures. However, despite the variability, the medial area of the endophallus always possesses one of the following three combinations endophallites and raspules: 1. three endophallites (Fig 17C), 2. two endophallites and one raspule (Fig 17D and 17E), 3. one endophallite and one raspule. The right endophallite is always triangular or sub-triangular (Fig 17C–17E).

Diagnosis.

This species-group shares the following combination of character states with the femorale, genieri, lindemannae species-groups and Deltochilum inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis): anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D); posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I); ventral surface of protibia without carina or tubercles (Fig 9A–9C and 9J). However, males can be easily distinguished from the above mentioned species and the species-groups by male metafemur with basal steep tapering on posterior margin (Fig 19B, arrow and 19C) as well as by the shape of aedeagus (Fig 13D and 13E). It can also be separated from the femorale species-group by the inconspicuous striae (Fig 3G), which are conspicuous in aspericolle species-group (Fig 3B and 3C) and from genieri and lindemannae species-groups as well as Deltochilum inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis) by the size of the eyes. In aspericolle species-group the inter-ocular distance is over nine times the width of one eye whereas, for the others, the inter-ocular distance is under nine times the width of one eye.

Description. Medium-sized species, length 6.8–11.4mm, humeral width 4.3-7mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated at least by twice basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D). Eyes medium-sized, inter-ocular distance ten to 15 times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7C, arrows). Tubercles at elytral base on interstriae VI-VII (Fig 3B and 3C, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae with any of following variations: 1) III, V-VII with all tubercles well developed, or 1a) III, V-VII with III poorly developed, or 1b) III, V-VII with III and V poorly developed; 2) V-VII with all tubercles well developed, or 2a) V-VII with V poorly developed; 3) VI-VII all well developed. Striae with following variations: 1) narrow (Fig 3B), width of third stria between 1/20th and 1/45th of distance between stria II and III, or 1a) with striae III-VII subequal in width, or 1b) with striae III-VII consecutively more effaced (Fig 3B) or more discontinuous, in few species with VI or VI-VIII almost inconspicuous; 2) broad (Fig 3C), width of third stria between 1/18th and 1/15th of distance between stria II and III, with striae III-VII subequal in width. Stria VIII with any of following variations: 1) conspicuous apical and laterally, 2) conspicuous apical and laterally but discontinuous either apical or laterally, 3) conspicuous apically only; if conspicuous laterally, not reaching, reaching or surpassing the apex of carina of the ninth interstria. Metaventrite with weak posterior excavation, approximately occupying metaventral basal fourth. Ventral surface of protibia without carina or tubercles (Fig 9A–9C and 9J). Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Mesofemur with slight sinuosity on apical third. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with small or large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C, arrow). Metafemur with basal steep tapering on posterior-ventral margin (Fig 19B arrow and 19C). Internal margin of metatibia with small or large tubercles (see Fig 18E, 18G and 18H). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21); ventrite VI narrow medially. Paramera subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 13E) or with dorsal edge strongly tapered on apical third followed by broad expansion (Fig 13D) in lateral view. In both cases, apex of paramera truncated in dorsal view (Fig 13D’ and 13E’). Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite.

Composition.

Deltochilum aspericolle Bates, 1870 and at least ten undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 25B), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Boreal Brazilian (Guianan Lowlands, Roraima, Pantepui), South Brazilian (Madeira and Rondônia) and South-eastern Amazonian (Xingu-Tapajós).

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 4): barbipes, femorale, granulatum, guyanense, septemstriatum and submetallicum.

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Table 4. Sympatry of the aspericolle species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t004

Remarks.

Females of species of the aspericolle species-group that have narrow and discontinuous or consecutively more effaced striae may appear very similar to those of the barbipes species-group. Males of species within the barbipes species-group with steep tapering (Fig 19F) on posterior margin of metafemur (lacking setae) may appear very similar to those of the aspericolle species-group. However, they are easily separated by the following character states: 1) median emargination of the clypeus broadly U-shaped in the aspericolle species-group or narrowly U-shaped in the barbipes species-group; 2) clypeal teeth separated by at least twice the basal width of a tooth in the aspericolle species-group or less than a basal width of a tooth in the barbipes species-group; 3) anterior margin of the clypeus concave (Fig 5D) in the aspericolle species-group, whereas that of the barbipes species-group is flat or lightly concave (Fig 5E and 5F).

In dorsal view, species of the aspericolle species-group that bear wide striae (Fig 3C) may appear similar to species of septemstriatum species-group (Fig 4H). These can be distinguished by the anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, which is expanded into a triangular shape (Fig 5D) in the aspericolle species-group and regular, not expanded, in the septemstriatum species-group (Fig 5A). Males belonging to both species-groups can also be separated via their secondary sexual dimorphism. in the aspericolle species-group the posterior femur possesses a steep tapering (Fig 19B arrow, and 19C) on the posterior margin whereas in the septemstriatum species-group it bears a broad medial expansion (Fig 20C).

Males of the aspericolle species-group bearing a weak steep tapering on the posterior margin of metafemur, can be confused as belonging to the susanae species-group, komareki species-group, or one species (undescribed) of the lindemannae species-group. In such cases, specimens of aspericolle species-group can be distinguished from species of susanae and komareki species-groups by the posterior edge of metafemur, which has two margins in aspericolle species-group (Fig 10H and 10I), by contrast it bears a single margin (the dorsal), where the ventral surface of metafemur forms a declivity of approximately 45° on the posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F) in the other two species-groups. The undescribed species of lindemannae species-group can be distinguished by the size of the eyes, which are smaller (inter-ocular distance ten to 15 times the width of one eye) in the aspericolle species-group than in that species of the lindemannae species-group (inter-ocular distance six to eight times width of one eye).

In species of the aspericolle species-group with broad striae (Fig 3C), the paramera (of aedeagus) have a straight dorsal edges in lateral view (Fig 13E) and in species with narrow striae (Fig 3B), the dorsal edges of the paramera bear a strong tapering on the apical third followed by broad expansion in lateral view (Fig 13D). The first species are distributed in the Boreal Brazilian dominion (Guianan Lowlands, Roraima) and the latter in South Brazilian (Madeira and Rondônia) and South-eastern Amazonian (Xingu-Tapajós). Those species could belong to different species-groups, but they are left in the same species-group here due the secondary sexual dimorphism.

Diagnosis.

For all species currently known of Deltohyboma, the species in the barbipes species-group can be easily separated by the following combination of character states: clypeal median emargination narrowly U-shaped; clypeal teeth separated by less than a basal width of a tooth; anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, flat or slightly concave, and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5E and 5F) (for further information see “Remarks” section of the aspericolle species-group).

Description.

Medium to large-sized species, length 8–14.5mm, humeral width 5.3–9.1mm. Clypeal median emargination narrowly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by less than a basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, flat or slightly concave, expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5E and 5F). Eyes medium-sized, inter-ocular distance ten to 13 times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7B, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III, V-VII with all tubercles well developed or with III poorly developed. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 3D and 3E, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Striae conspicuous and narrow (Fig 3D and 3E), width of third stria, in species with the broadest striae, 1/24th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with a weak or strong posterior excavation, if weak occupying third basal, if strong may occupying third basal to almost reaching middle of the metaventrite length. Ventral surface of protibia without tubercles or carina (Fig 9A–9C and 9J); in some species, males with carina that bears setae. Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Mesotrochanter not modified or with setae. Metatrochanter with basal sinuation or setae. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C). Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles (see Fig 18E and 18G), in some species also with long setae (see Fig 18H). Posterior edge of metafemur with steep tapering on basal third (Fig 19F), denticle (Fig 19E) or with long setae on basal third (Fig 19D) or almost reaching the entire femur length. Ventrite I expanded posteriorly reaching (see Fig 21) from distal margin of ventrite IV to almost middle of ventrite VI; width of the expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, from four to seven times as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Aedeagus with paramera subtriangular or slender in lateral view (Fig 13F–13H). Paramera with (Fig 13F’ and 13G’) or without (Fig 13H’) short and thin apical-dorsal notch. Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite with shape of long comma (Fig 16C) or almost straight, rarely without endophallites (Fig 16D). Sub-medial area of endophallus with (Fig 16C and 16D) or without raspules.

Composition.

Eight described species, six valid: D. aureopilosum Paulian, 1938, D. barbipes Bates, 1870, D. batesi Paulian, 1938, D. fuscocupreum Bates, 1870, D. sericeum Paulian, 1938, D. peruanum Paulian, 1938, D. laevigatum Balthasar, 1939 (junior synonym of D. peruanum), D. hypocrita Balthasar, 1939 (junior synonym of D. sericeum) and at least ten undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 25C), so far in, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Boreal Brazilian (Imerí and Napo), South Brazilian (Madeira, Rondônia and Ucayali) and South-eastern Amazonian (Xingu-Tapajós). As well as, in the South American transition zone, Paramo province.

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 5): aequinoctiale, aspericolle, femorale, genieri, granulatum, guyanense, lindemannae and sextuberculatum and D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis).

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Table 5. Sympatry of the barbipes species-group with other species-groups or species by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t005

Remarks.

Males of species within the barbipes species-group with setae on posterior edge of metafemur (Fig 19D) may appear similar to those of the lindemannae (Fig 20A and 20B) and genieri (Fig 19H) species-groups. Some species within barbipes species-group that have the tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III, V-VII well-developed, may appear similar to granulatum species-group. However, these are easily separated by the mentioned character states in the diagnosis; in granulatum, lindemannae and genieri species-groups, the median emargination of the clypeus is broadly is U-shaped; the clypeal teeth are separated by at least by a basal width of a tooth and the anterior margin of the clypeus is concave (Fig 5D).

Also, males of the barbipes species-group with denticle on posterior edge of metafemur (Fig 19E) may appear very similar to those of the submetallicum species-group (Fig 20E). However, these are easily separated by the anterior margin of the clypeus is concave (Fig 5D) in submetallicum species-group, flat or slightly concave (Fig 5E and 5F) in barbipes species-group. As well as, by the posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I) and the denticle is on ventral margin (Fig 19E’, arrow) in barbipes species-group; by contrast the metafemur bears one margin, where the ventral surface is continuous to the dorsal margin (Fig 10B and 10C) and the denticle is on dorsal margin (Fig 20E’, arrow) in submetallicum species-group.

Diagnosis.

This species-group can be distinguished from all other species-groups (except from morbillosum species-group) by having only a carina on elytral base on the seventh interstria (Figs 3F, 23A and 23B, arrow) whereas, for the others, the elytral base have two carinae, one on the interstriae VI and the other one on the interstria VII (Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). It can be separated from morbillosum species-group by having large elevated shiny points mixed with punctures on the pronotal disc and on the interstriae (Figs 3F and 23A), that shiny points are small and not elevated in morbillosum species-group (Figs 4C and 23B).

Description.

Medium-sized species, length 12–13.8mm, humeral width 8–9.2mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by two or 2.5 times basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and regular, not expanded posteriorly (Fig 5A). Eyes medium-sized, inter-ocular distance nine to eleven times eye width. Internal margin of hypomera not enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7A, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III-VII. Interstria VII with basal carina (Fig 3F and Fig 23A and 23B, arrow). Carina of ninth interstria not reaching middle of elytral length. Striae I-VIII conspicuous and broad (Fig 3F), width third stria approximately 1/15th or 1/20th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with one or two weak posterior excavations. Ventral surface of protibia with tubercles or carina (Fig 9E–9I). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal; ventral surface of metafemur forming a decline of approximately 45° on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F). Male. Ventral surface of protibia with tubercles. Protibial spur broad and apically bifid (Fig 9E). Apex of on ventral-internal margin of protibia with a small denticle. Insertion of metaspur elongate (Fig 11B) or not (Fig 11A), if not elongate spur articulated; if elongate spur either articulated or fused (Fig 11B, arrow). Spur reaching second tarsomere to longer than tarsus. Metafemur more curved than female. Metaventrite with two weak posterior excavations, the basal one occupying approximately metaventral basal fourth, the other one anterior to that and with a small tubercule on anterior part of most anterior excavation. Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21) reaching or surpassing middle of ventrite V. Width of expansion on ventrite III approximately 2.5x as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Ventrite VI narrow medially. Paramera subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 13I). Paramera with internal edge narrowed on apical third in dorsal view (Fig 13I’). Paramera with long and thin anteapical-dorsal notch (Fig 13I’). Ventral membranes of parameres sclerotised medially. Apex of paramera acute in dorsal view (Fig 13I’). Medial area of endophallus with two endophallites (Fig 16E), right endophallite comma “,”-shaped, apex bent forming a hook and largest than left endophallite. Basal circular shape endophallite with ring very thin.

Composition.

Deltochilum bidentatum Burmeister, 1848 rev. stat., Deltochilum calcaratum Bates, 1870 and one undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 25D), so far, in the Parana dominion, Atlantic province. This species-group can currently be found in sympatry with the irroratum species-group.

Remarks.

Harold [68] synonymised D. bidentatum with D. submetallicum without an explanation, after which other authors [8, 54, 69, 70] cited the species also as a synonym, perhaps due to the fact that the type specimen has not been found as of yet. One female specimen found in MNHN collection that possesses an old original pin, labelled Bras. int, Dep. Cast (handwritten) / bidentatum. Burm. (handwritten) and that matches the original description is considered a syntype of D. bidentatum. The designation as lectotype will be made in a further paper (in prep.) with the redescription of this species; however here, we recognize D. bidentatum as a valid species, as it is clearly not close to D. submetallicum.

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, species in the femorale species-group can be distinguished because they are the smallest species (less than 10mm in length) with striae I-VII inconspicuous (Figs 3G and 22A); also, the males can be distinguished by the unique modification of the posterior femur, it bears a broad medial serratulate expansion (Fig 19G), as well as, by the unique shape of the aedeagus, with paramera with apical-lateral cleft (Fig 13J).

Description.

Small species, length 6.1–9.1mm, humeral width 4–5.8mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated at least by twice basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D). Eyes small to medium-sized, inter-ocular distance nine to 17 times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7C, arrows). Tubercles at elytral base on interstriae VI-VII (Fig 3G, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae V-VII or III, V-VII. Striae I-VII inconspicuous (Figs 3G and 22A). Metaventrite with a weak posterior excavation, occupying approximately metaventral basal fifth. Ventral surface of the protibia without tubercles or carina (Fig 9A–9C and 9J). Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a small denticle (Fig 18B, arrow). Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles (Fig 18G and 18H). Metafemur with a broad medial serratulate expansion on posterior-ventral margin (Fig 19G). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21), expansion reaching from the middle to the distal margin of ventrite V; width of expansion on ventrite III from twice narrower to slightly wider than distance between clypeal teeth. Paramera subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 13J). Apex of paramera variable, but always with an apical-lateral cleft variable in size (Fig 13J). Medial area of endophallus with two endophallites (Fig 16F), right endophallite at least five times larger than left endophallite. Right endophallite comma “,”-shaped, basally broadened bend and apically broadened and bend forming a hook.

Composition.

Deltochilum femorale Bates, 1870 and at least ten undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 26A), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Boreal Brazilian (Pantepui, Imerí and Napo), and South Brazilian (Madeira). As well as, in the South American transition zone, Paramo province.

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Fig 26. Distribution maps.

(A) femorale species-group. (B) genieri species-group, blue circle with black “H” = holotype and paratypes of Deltochilum genieri sp. nov. (C) gilli species-group, blue circle with black “H” = holotype and paratype of Deltochilum gilli sp. nov. (D) granulatum species-group, “?” showing locality with doubt.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g026

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 6): aspericolle, barbipes, genieri, granulatum and guyanense; also, with D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis).

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Table 6. Sympatry of the femorale species-group with other species-groups or species by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t006

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, species in the genieri species-group only can be distinguished by the aedeagus, the paramera bear an apical-dorsal sulcus (Fig 14A) (for further information see “Remarks” section of the barbipes species-group).

Description.

Small to Medium-sized species, length 7.5–10.5mm, humeral width 4.8–6.8mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped or almost truncated. Clypeal teeth separated by at least twice basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave, expanded posteriorly into triangular in shape (Fig 5D). Eyes large, inter-ocular distance seven to nine times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera not enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7A, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III, V-VII with all tubercles well developed or with III poorly developed, or on V-VII. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 3H, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Striae conspicuous and narrow (Fig 3H), width of third stria, in species with the broadest striae, 1/25th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with a very weak posterior excavation occupying fourth basal. Ventral surface of protibia without tubercles or carina (Fig 9A–9C and 9J). Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C). Basal third of mesofemur with a sinuation and with or without setae. Metafemur modified, with small to long setae on basal third (Fig 19H) or almost reaching the entire femur length, or with small setae and a small carina on basal third. Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles (see Fig 18E and 18G). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21), expansion reaching from distal margin of ventrite IV to almost distal margin of ventrite V; width of the expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, from slightly narrower to three times as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Expansion basally with (Fig 21I, arrow) or without orifice. Aedeagus with paramera subtriangular in lateral view and with an apical-dorsal sulcus (Fig 14A). Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite (Fig 16G).

Composition.

Deltochilum genieri sp. nov. and at least 15 undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 26B), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Pacific (Sabana), Boreal Brazilian (Imerí and Napo) and South Brazilian (Rondônia.). As well as, in the South American transition zone, Paramo province.

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 7): aequinoctiale, barbipes, femorale, guyanense and plebejum.

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Table 7. Sympatry of the genieri species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t007

Remarks.

Despite the internal margin of hypomera is regular, not enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7A, arrows) in the genieri species-group, and it is strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7C, arrows) in the lindemannae species-group; when it is possible, the best way to separate these species-group is by the aedeagus. The paramera in the lindemannae species-group has not an apical-dorsal sulcus (Fig 14G–14I).

Holotype.

♂, ECUADOR: Pastaza: Llandia, 17 km N Puyo. remnant rainforest, [1°21'3"S], [77°58'4"W], 1000m, 19.vii.1994, F. Génier coll., carrion trap (CMNC) [WSD00040001]. [aedeagus and endophallus extracted].

Paratypes.

ECUADOR: Pastaza: 22 km SE Puyo. forest, [1°37'11"S], [77°50'40"W], 900m, 2♂♂, 12-16.vii.1976, S. Peck coll., carrion trap (CMNC), 2♂♂, 12-16.vii.1976, S. Peck coll., dung trap (CMNC), 22km SE Puyo, [1°37'11"S], [77°50'40"W], 900m, ♂, 12-16.vii.1976, S Peck coll., for.car.tps. 42–43 (BDGC), ♂, 12-16.vii.1976, S Peck coll., for.dng.tps. 49–41 (BDGC), 25 km NNE Puyo. forest, [1°18'19"S], [77°52'59"W], 1000m, ♂, 4-13.vii.1976, S. Peck coll., dung trap (CMNC), 9 km ESE Veracruz. forest, [1°33'49"S], [77°53'8"W], 900m, ♂, 22-24.viii.1975, R. Webster coll., dung trap (CMNC), Llandia, 17 km N Puyo. remnant rainforest, [1°21'3"S], [77°58'4"W], 1000m, 2♀♀, 19.vii.1994, F. Génier coll., carrion trap (CMNC), 2♂♂, 19.vii.1994, F. Génier coll., feces trap (CMNC), 3♂♂, 20.vii.1994, F. Génier coll., feces trap (CMNC).

Description.

Holotype male, length 8.2mm, humeral width 5mm. Dark green with some red reflections dorsally (Figs 3H, 27B and 27C). Black ventrally, with shiny red reflections on hypomera, metaventrite, metaventral process, mid- and hind legs and ventrite VI. Head (Fig 27A). Inter-ocular distance seven times width of one eye. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated approximately by 2 times basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape. Punctures on frons separated by less than one diameter of each puncture and subequal in size to head disc. Disc punctures separated by one or less than one diameter of each puncture. Punctures from disc towards anterior area successively smaller. Genal punctures subequal in size to disc punctures and separated by less than one diameter. Pronotum (Fig 27B). Edge between anterior and medial-lateral angle almost straight. Medial-lateral angle of pronotum rounded. Disc punctures half size to anterior-lateral ones. Basal punctures smaller than anterior-lateral ones. Disc with shiny points subequal to discal punctures. Hypomera. Internal margin not enlarged towards anterior angle. Elytra (Fig 27C). Carina of the ninth interstria not reaching middle of elytral length. Interstriae VI and VII with basal tubercles almost identical in size with approximately three times smaller than ninth carina. Elytral apex o interstriae III, V-VII with tubercles. Striae I-VII conspicuous and very thin, width third stria on disc approximately 1/50th of the distance between striae II and III. First stria twice as wide as second. Stria VIII conspicuous apical and laterally and not reaching carina of the ninth interstria. Stria VIII laterally twice wide to seventh stria. Punctures on interstriae approximately separated by one diameter, on intestria II slightly denser. Punctures of third interstria on disc occupying about 1/9th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite (Fig 27D). Disc with few deep posterior excavation, occupying metraventral basal third (Fig 27D, arrow). Disc with few and small punctures, conspicuous punctures at 8x magnification. Disc punctures four times smaller than punctures on anterior-lateral area of metaventral process. Anterior-central and anterior-lateral areas of metaventral process with punctures almost contiguous. Anterior-medial area of metaventral process with few and small punctures. Legs. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Ventral surface of protibia without carina or tubercles. Mesotrochanter not modified. Metatrochanter with a tuft of setae (Fig 27E). Femora with punctures separated by less than one diameter. Mesofemur with a sinuosity basal on posterior margin. Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins. Metafemur with setae on basal third of posterior margin (Fig 27D). Setae anterior to posterior-ventral margin. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with large spatulate expansion (Fig 27F, arrow). Metatibial spur articulated and larger than first metatarsomere. Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles, tubercles occupying almost all metatibial length (Fig 27D). Abdomen (Fig 27E). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly, expansion reaching the distal margin of fourth ventrite. Width of expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, slightly narrower than distance between clypeal teeth. Margins of expansion between ventrites II-IV almost parallel. Apex of expansion rounded. Ventrite I on middle with a circular orifice (Fig 27E, arrow). Distal margin of ventrite V slightly sinuated. Ventrite VI narrowed medially. Pygidium. Discal punctures slightly extended transversely and separated by less than one diameter. Genitalia. Paramera subtriangular and straight dorsally, curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig 14A). Apex of paramera truncated in dorsal view (Fig 14A’). Paramera with an apical-dorsal sulcus occupying 1/5th of parameral length (Fig 14A). Medial area of endophallus (Fig 16G) with one endophallite with rectangular shape. Basal circular shape endophallite with ring thin. Sub-medial area of endophallus with scales.

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Fig 27. External morphology of the Deltochilum genieri sp. nov.

Holotype, (A) head. (B) pronotum. (C) elytra. (D) ventral view, arrow showing the metaventral excavation. (E) ventrites, arrow showing the circular orifice of ventrite I. (F) mesotibia, arrow showing the spatulate expansion.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g027

Female.

Profemur with spur thinner than male and spiniform. Meso- and metafemur not modified. Apex of mesotibia narrower than male and without spatulate expansion. Metasternal disc with posterior excavation smaller than male. Punctures on metasternal disc smaller than male. Medially ventrite V slightly narrower than ventrite VI. Ventrite VI only slightly narrowed medially.

Etymology.

A patronym, noun in the genitive case, for François Génier, an excellent and prolific scarabaeoidologist and taxonomist. Collector of the Holotype and part of type series as well as of several specimens of the species-group that gives its the name (genieri species-group). See also the “Acknowledgments” section.

Remarks. There is some variation in terms of size and density of the punctures on the posterior area of the pronotum and on the interstriae.

Known distribution (Fig 26B, blue circles with “H”)

ECUADOR. Pastaza: 25 km NNE Puyo. Llandia, 17 km N Puyo. 9 km ESE Veracruz. 22 km SE Puyo.

Diagnosis.

This species-group shares the following combination of character states with the aspericolle, femorale, genieri, lindemannae species-groups and Deltochilum inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis): anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D) and posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I). However, it can be distinguished by the ventral surface of the protibia, which has a weak carina (Fig 9D), that it is not present (Fig 9A–9C and 9J) in the species and the species-groups mentioned above as well as the shape of aedeagus (Fig 14B).

Furthermore, it can be easily separated from the femorale species-group by the body size 6.1–9.1mm in length, whereas it is 8–8.4mm in length in the gilli species-group; as well as by their secondary sexual dimorphism, in which the posterior femur has a steep tapering on the posterior margin with an expansion before the steep tapering in the gilli species-group (Fig 19I) whereas it bears a broad medial serratulate expansion in the femorale species-group (Fig 19G).

Otherwise, it can be easily separated from D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis) by the pronotum, which has shiny points in the gilli species-group and completely absents in D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis). Also, males of D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis) the posterior edge of mesofemur has an acute basal expansion, whereas the mesofemur in the gilli species-group is regular, without expansion.

Description.

Medium-sized species, length 8–8.4mm, humeral width 5.1–5.2mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated approximately by 1.5 times basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus between clypeal teeth concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D). Eyes large, inter-ocular distance seven to nine times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7C, arrows). Pronotal disc with shiny points well defined or irregular, separated between them, contiguous or separated to punctures. Tubercles at elytral base on interstriae VI-VII (Fig 3I, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III-VII or III, V-VII. Striae I-VIII inconspicuous even apically, only in some parts striae slightly visible and very narrow or I-VII conspicuous (Fig 3I) and narrow, width of third stria 1/33th or 1/40th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with a weak posterior excavation, occupying approximately the metaventral basal fourth. Ventral surface of protibia with a weak carina (Fig 9D). Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Mesofemur modified, with a slight sinuosity on apical third. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a small or large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C, arrow). Metatrochanter modified or not, if modified with an expansion on distal third. Metafemur on basal third of posterior edge with steep tapering and expansion before that steep tapering (Fig 19I). Internal margin of metatibia with small or large tubercles (see Fig 18E, 18G and 18H). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21); expansion reaching from the middle of ventrite IV to almost the distal margin of ventrite V; width of expansion on ventrite III variable, narrower to wider than distance between clypeal teeth. Paramera subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 14B). Apex of paramera rounded in dorsal view (Fig 14B’). Paramera with short and thin apical-dorsal notch (Fig 14B’). Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite (Fig 16H). Basal circular shape endophallite with ring very thin and handle strongly broadened medially.

Composition.

Deltochilum gilli sp. nov. and four undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 26C), so far, in the Boreal Brazilian dominion, Guianan Lowlands and Pantepui provinces.

This species-group can currently be found in sympatry with lindemannae species-group in few localities of the Pantepui province and with septemstriatum species group in one locality (Guyana, Cuyuni-mazaruni, Takutu Mountains) of the Guianan Lowlands province.

Remarks.

In dorsal view, species of the gilli species-group may appear very similar to those of the genieri (Fig 3H) and the lindemannae (Fig 4B) species-groups; but these are easily separated by the punctures on head; the punctures on head disc are subequal or slightly larger than punctures between clypeal teeth in the genieri and the lindemannae species-groups, whereas the punctures on disc are at least two times larger than those between clypeal teeth in the gilli species-group. Males of these species-groups can also be separated by their secondary sexual dimorphism, in which the posterior femur has a steep tapering on the posterior margin in the gilli species-group (Fig 19I). Whereas it is regular, without steep tapering, and bearing setae in the genieri species-group (Fig 19H) and in the most species known in the lindemannae species-group (Fig 20A and 20B).

The secondary sexual dimorphism in the gilli species-group is very similar to that of the aspericolle species-group (Fig 19B and 19C) by male having a steep tapering on the posterior margin. However, these are easily separated by the size of the eyes. In the aspericolle species-group the inter-ocular distance is over nine times width of one eye whereas, in the gilli species-group, the inter-ocular distance is under nine times the width of one eye.

Deltochilum gilli sp. Nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FE0A1150-C13E-4735-B69E-3ED6CF923C5E

(Figs 26C blue circle with “H” and 28)

Holotype.

♂, GUYANA: District 8: Mount Wokomung. 1° forest, 5°06'34.8"N, 59°49'15.3"W, 1234m, 27.x-1.xi.2004, B Hubley coll., Pitfall trap (human dung) (BDGC). [aedeagus and endophallus extracted]. It will be deposited at (CNCI) (Bruce Gill pers. comm.).

Paratype.

♀, GUYANA: District 8: Mount Wokomung. 1° forest, 5°06'34.8"N, 59°49'15.3"W, 1234m, 27.x-1.xi.2004, B Hubley coll., Pitfall trap (human dung) (BDGC).

Description.

Holotype male, length 8mm, humeral width 5.1mm. Brown dorsally (Fig 28), with some light brown elytra. Brown ventrally, with shiny red and green reflections on metaventral disc, meso- and metafemora and ventrite VI. Head (Fig 28A). Dorsal inter-ocular distance approximately nine times width of one eye. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated approximately by 1.5 times basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape. Punctures on frons separated by one or less than one diameter of each puncture. Punctures on head disc separated by one diameter of each puncture. Pronotum (Fig 28B). Edge between anterior and medial-lateral angle subconcave. Medial-lateral angle rounded. Punctures almost with the same size, basal punctures only slightly larger than discal punctures. Punctures on the disc separated by one diameter. Shiny points on disc well defined and separated from punctures. Hypomera. Internal margin strongly enlarged towards anterior angle. Elytra (Fig 28C). Carina of the ninth interstria reaching middle of elytral length. Striae I-VII conspicuous. First stria almost twice as wide as second stria. Striae III-VII subequal in width. Width third stria approximately 1/33th of the distance between striae II and III. Stria VIII conspicuous apical and laterally; but discontinuous in some parts and reaching the apex of carina of the ninth interstria. Punctures of second and third interstriae on disc separated by one or more than one diameter. Punctures of third interstria on disc occupying about 1/10th of the distance between striae II and III. Interstriae with shiny points mixed with the punctures. Apical tubercles on interstriae III-VII (Fig 28C). Metaventrite (Fig 28D). With a weak posterior excavation, occupying approximately the metaventral basal fourth (Fig 28D arrow). Disc with conspicuous punctures at 8x magnification. Disc punctures at least half the size of punctures on anterior-lateral area of metaventral process and dispersed separated at least by three diameters. Punctures on anterior-lateral area of metaventral process punctures separated by less than one diameter. Anterior-central area of metaventral process with few and smaller punctures than anterior-lateral ones. Abdomen. Width of expansion of the ventrite I, on ventrite III, wider than the distance between clypeal teeth; expansion almost reaching distal margin of ventrite V. Margins of expansion between ventrites II-IV almost parallel, on V forming an acute angle. Apex of expansion truncate. Basal area of expansion with punctures separated by one o less than one diameter. Legs. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Ventral surface of protibia with a weak carina. Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a large spatulate expansion (Fig 28E, arrow). Metatrochanter with an expansion on distal third. Expansion of metafemur 1.5x as wide as the width of metafemur basal to expansion (Fig 28D). Internal margin of metatibia with small tubercles, occupying the basal half (Fig 28D). Pygidium. Punctures separated by one diameter. Genitalia. Paramera subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 28G). Apex of paramera rounded in dorsal view. Paramera with short and thin apical-dorsal notch. Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite (Fig 28F). Medial endophallite slightly broadened medially. Basal circular shape endophallite with ring very thin and handle strongly broadened medially. Sub-medial area of endophallus with elongate scales (Fig 28F, arrow).

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Fig 28. External morphology of the Deltochilum gilli sp. nov.

Holotype, (A) head. (B) pronotum. (C) elytra. (D) ventral view, arrow showing the metaventral excavation. (E) mesotibia, arrow showing the spatulate expansion. (F) endophallus, arrow showing elongate scales on sub-medial area. (G) aedeagus lateral view.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g028

Female: Profemur with spur thinner than male and spiniform. Meso- and metafemur not modified. Apex of mesotibia narrower than male and without spatulate expansion. Metasternal disc with posterior excavation smaller than male. Medially ventrite V as wide as ventrite VI. Ventrite VI only slightly narrowed medially.

Remarks.

This species is currently only known from two specimens, both teneral with the elytra and pygidium poorly sclerotised. The paratype differs from the holotype by the sexual dimorphism and by having the pygidium less sclerotised.

Etymology.

A patronym, noun in the genitive case, for Bruce Gill, a great and prolific scarabaeiodologist and taxonomist. Collector of the several specimens of gilli species-group. See also the “Acknowledgments” section.

Known distribution (Fig 26C, blue circle with “H”)

GUYANA. District 8, Mount Wokomung.

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, males in the granulatum species-group can be distinguished by the metafemur, in which the posterior edge has one margin, the dorsal, where the ventral surface is continuous to that dorsal margin (Fig 10B and 10C), additionally bearing a basal weak carina (Fig 19J and 19J’, arrow) (for further information see “Remarks” section of the barbipes species-group).

Description.

Small to Medium-sized species, length 8.5–10.5mm, humeral width 6.3–7.2mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by 1.5 times the basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D). Eyes medium-sized, inter-ocular distance eight to 14 times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7B, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III, V-VII with all tubercles well developed and III very large and protruded. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 3J, see also Fig 23C, 23D, arrows). Width of first stria twice as wide as second. Striae I-II conspicuous, III-VII narrow and effaced, successively narrower and more effaced (Fig 3J), with VII almost inconspicuous. Metaventrite with a very weak posterior excavation occupying fourth basal. Ventral surface of protibia without tubercles or carina (Fig 9A–9C and 9J). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal; ventral surface of metafemur continuous to the dorsal margin (Fig 10B and 10C). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin a large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C). Metafemur with a weak carina on basal third (Fig 19J and 19J’, arrow). Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles (see Fig 18E and 18G). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21), expansion almost reaching distal margin of ventrite V; width of the expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, from four to five times as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Aedeagus (Fig 14C) with paramera subtriangular with dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view. Paramera with short and thin apical-dorsal notch (Fig 14C’). Apex formed by the paramera truncated in dorsal view (Fig 14C’). Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite with shape of long comma “,”.

Composition.

Deltochilum granulatum Bates, 1870 and at least five undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 26D), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Boreal Brazilian (Pará and Roraima), South Brazilian (Madeira, Rondônia and Ucayali) and South-eastern Amazonian (Xingu-Tapajós).

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 8): aspericolle, barbipes, femorale, guyanense, irroratum, lindemannae, septemstriatum sextuberculatum and submetallicum.

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Table 8. Sympatry of the granulatum species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t008

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, males in the guyanense species-group can be distinguished by the unique modification of the posterior femur, it has a strong steep tapering on the posterior margin forming a broadly dentiform structure (Fig 19K); also by the unique shape of the aedeagus (Fig 14D).

Description.

Medium-sized species, length 10.2–13.3mm, humeral width 6.3–9.1mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated approximately by twice the basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus between clypeal teeth concave, regular, slightly expanded or expanded posteriorly, but not triangular in shape (Fig 5A–5C). Eyes large, inter-ocular distance seven to ten times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera not enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7A, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae with following variations: 1) III, V-VII with all tubercles well developed, 2) III, V-VII with III few developed. 3) V-VII with all tubercles well developed. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 3K, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Striae inconspicuous (Figs 3K and 22C), even striae IX and X. Metaventrite with a very weak posterior excavation occupying fourth basal. Ventral surface of protibia with a weak carina (Fig 9D). Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C). Posterior edge of metafemur with a steep tapering almost medially, forming a broadly dentiform structure (Fig 19K). Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles (see Fig 18E and 18G). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21), expansion reaching from distal margin of ventrite IV to distal margin of ventrite V; width of the expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, from slightly wider to twice as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Expansion basally with (Fig 21I, arrow) or without orifice. Aedeagus with parameres subrectangular in lateral view (Fig 14D). Parameres broadened toward apex and apex of paramera truncate in dorsal view (Fig 14D’). Parameres flattened in ventral view (Fig 14D). Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite more or less “L”-shaped (Fig 16I). Sub-medial area of endophallus with or without raspules.

Composition.

Five described species, four valid D. guyanense Paulian, 1933, D. crenulipes Paulian, 1938, D. howdeni Martínez, 1954, D. laetiusculum Bates, 1870, D. obenbergeri Balthasar, 1939 (junior synonym of D. crenulipes) and at least 20 undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 29A), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Boreal Brazilian (Pará, Guianan Lowlands, Roraima, Pantepui, Imerí and Napo), South Brazilian (Madeira, Rondônia and Ucayali), South-eastern Amazonian (Xingu-Tapajós), Chacoan (Cerrado). As well as, in the South American transition zone, Paramo province.

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Fig 29. Distribution maps.

(A) guyanense species-group. (B) irroratum species-group. (C) komareki species-group. (D) lindemannae species-group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g029

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 9): aspericolle, barbipes, femorale, genieri, granulatum, komareki, septemstriatum, sextuberculatum and submetallicum. Also with D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis). Species of guyanense and susanae species-group may be found in sympatry; species of these species-groups were collected in Colombia, Vichada, Cumaribo, Selva de Matavén, but not in the same locality.

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Table 9. Sympatry of the guyanense species-group with other species-groups or species by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t009

Remarks.

In dorsal view, guyanense species-group (Fig 3K) can be confused with femorale species-group (Fig 3G) and some species in aequinoctiale, gilli, irroratum, lindemannae and parile species-groups by having inconspicuous striae. From femorale species-group can be easily separated by striae IX and X conspicuous, which are inconspicuous in guyanense species-group. Also, from femorale, gilli and lindemannae species-groups by the anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape in these three species-groups (Fig 5D); regular or slightly expanded posteriorly, but not triangular in shape in guyanense species-group (Fig 5A–5C).

Moreover, the guyanense species-group shares, with the species that have inconspicuous striae in the aequinoctiale, irroratum, and parile species-groups, the shape of the anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and regular, or slightly expanded, but not triangular in shape (Fig 5A–5C). However, it can be easily distinguished from the species in the aforementioned species-groups by the metafemur with two margins in guyanense species-group (Fig 10H and 10I), whereas in those species the metafemur only have one margin (Fig 10E and 10F).

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, species in the irroratum species-group can be distinguished by the metatarsomeres II and III that are each almost as long as broad (Fig 11A), combined with large posterior excavation of metasternal disc (Fig 8C); also, males can be distinguished by the unique endophallus, which lacks endophallites on medial area, combined with large raspules on sub-medial area (Fig 16J).

Description.

Medium to large species, length 12.1–14.3mm, humeral width 8–9.4mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by at least by twice basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave, slightly expanded posteriorly, but not triangular in shape (Fig 5B and 5C). Eyes medium-sized, inter-ocular distance eight to 15 times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7B, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III, V-VII; tubercle on III approximately triangular in shape. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 23C, arrows); interstria VII with basal tubercle, on interstria VI with a basal hump (no fully developed tubercle) smaller than tubercle on VII, but almost with the same shape (Fig 3L). Striae I-VII conspicuous (Fig 3L) or inconspicuous, but in both stria VIII conspicuous reaching carina of the ninth interstria. If conspicuous narrow or broad, width of the third stria between 1/12th and 1/30th of the distance between striae II and III. If Striae I-VII inconspicuous, area between stria punctures elevated, then elytra with tessellate sculpture. Metaventrite with a large posterior excavation surpassing or reaching the middle of metaventral length. Ventral surface of protibia with tubercles or carina (Fig 9E–9I). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal; ventral surface of metafemur forming a decline of approximately 45° on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Ventral surface of protibia with tubercles. Mesofemur with a basal sinuation and setae. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C). Insertion of metaspur elongate (Figs 11B and 18E) or not (Figs 11A and 18F), if not elongate spur articulated; if elongate, insertion reaching distal margin of tarsomere I to longer than tarsus and spur either articulated or fused (Fig 18E, arrow). Metaventral excavation larger than wide and surpassing middle of metaventral length. Metafemur more curved than female. Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21), expansion reaching from distal margin of ventrite II to distal margin of ventrite V, or slightly expanded not reaching distal margin of ventrite II. Parameres lightly slender in lateral view (Fig 14E). Parameres narrowed towards apex on internal edge and apex of paramera truncated in dorsal view (Fig 14E’). Paramera with long and thin anteapical-dorsal notch (Fig 14E’). Medial area of endophallus without endophallites and with at least one raspule on sub-medial area (Fig 16J).

Composition.

Eight described species: D. irroratum (Castelnau, 1840), D. multicolor Balthasar, 1939, D. sculpturatum Felsche, 1907, D. elongatum Felsche, 1907, D. silphoides Balthasar, 1939, D. inaequale Balthasar, 1939, D. viridicupreum Balthasar, 1939, D. mourei Pereira, 1949, and at least 13 undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 29B), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Parana (Atlantic, Parana Forest and Araucaria Forest), Chacoan (Caatinga, Cerrado, Chacoan and Pampean) and South Brazilian (Rondônia).

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 10): bidentatum, granulatum, komareki, morbillosum and sextuberculatum.

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Table 10. Sympatry of the irroratum species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t010

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, males in the komareki species-group can be distinguished by the metafemur, in which the posterior edge has one margin, the dorsal, where the ventral surface forms a decline of approximately 45° on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F), additionally bearing a broad basal sub-quadrate expansion (Fig 19L), can be bifurcated in some specimens (for further information see “Remarks” section of the aspericolle species-group).

Description.

Medium-sized species, length 10.2-12mm, humeral width 7.5-8mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by at least twice basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D). Eyes small, inter-ocular distance from eleven to 20 times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7B, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III, V-VII with all tubercles well developed or III-VII 3–7 with IV poorly developed. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 4A, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Striae conspicuous and broad (Fig 4A), width of third stria, in species with the narrowest striae, 1/13th of the distance between striae II and III. Ventral surface of protibia with a weak carina (Fig 9D). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal; ventral surface of metafemur forming a decline of approximately 45° on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F). Metaventrite without posterior excavation. Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Mesofemur slightly sinuate basally. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C). Metafemur modified, posterior edge with a broad basal sub-quadrate expansion (Fig 19L), can be bifurcated in some specimens. Internal margin of metatibia with small or large tubercles. Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (See Fig 21), expansion reaching distal margin of ventrite IV; width of the expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, approximately four times as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Aedeagus with parameres subtriangular in lateral view, dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 14F). Internal margins of paramera broadened on basal half in dorsal view (Fig 14F’). External margins of paramera broadened toward apex and the apex of paramera almost truncate in dorsal view (Fig 14F’). Apex of paramera flattened in ventral view. Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite (Fig 16K).

Composition.

Deltochilum komareki Balthasar, 1939 and at least five undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 29C), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Parana (Atlantic, Parana Forest and Araucaria Forest), Chacoan (Cerrado, Chacoan and Pampean) and South Brazilian (Rondônia).

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 11): guyanense, irroratum, morbillosum and sextuberculatum.

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Table 11. Sympatry of the komareki species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t011

Diagnosis.

This species-group shares the following combination of character states with the aspericolle, femorale, genieri species-groups and the Deltochilum inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis): anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D); posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I); ventral surface of the protibia without carina or tubercles (Fig 9A–9C and 9J). However, it can be easily distinguished by the internal margin of hypomera that is strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7C, arrows); it is regular, not enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7A, arrows) in genieri species-group. Can also be distinguished by the inter-ocular distance, which is under nine times the width of one eye, in aspericolle species-group the inter-ocular distance is over nine times width of one eye.

Otherwise, it can be easily separated from D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis) by the pronotum, which have shiny points in lindemannae species-group and completely absent in D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis). Also, males of D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis) the posterior edge of mesofemur has an acute basal expansion, whereas the mesofemur in lindemannae species-group is regular, without expansion.

Moreover, it can be easily separated from femorale species-group by the body size 6.1–9.1mm in length, whereas it is 7.7–11.2mm in lindemannae species-group, as well as, by the inter-ocular distance is under nine times the width of one eye, in femorale species-group the inter-ocular distance is over nine times width of one eye. Otherwise, by their secondary sexual dimorphism, in which the posterior femur is regular bear or not setae (Fig 20A and 20B) in lindemannae species-group whereas it bears a broad medial serratulate expansion in femorale species-group (Fig 19G) (for further information see “Remarks” section of the barbipes and genieri species-groups).

Description.

Small to medium-sized species, length 7.7–11.2mm, humeral width 4.8–7.8mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by at least a basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus between, clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D). Eyes large, inter-ocular distance six to eight times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7C, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III, V-VII with all tubercles well developed or with III poorly developed. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 4B, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Striae inconspicuous (Fig 4B) or conspicuous, if conspicuous narrow, width third stria approximately 1/25th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with a very weak posterior excavation occupying fourth basal. Ventral surface of protibia without tubercles or carina (Fig 9A–9C and 9J). Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with spatulate expansion (Fig 18C) or a denticle (Fig 18B). Internal margin of metatibia with small or large tubercles (see Fig 18E and 18G), and with long setae (see Fig 18H) or not. Metatrochanter modifier or not, if modified with setae. Metafemur modified or not, if modified with long setae on basal third (Fig 20A) or almost reaching the entire femur length (Fig 20B). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21), expansion reaching from middle of ventrite IV to almost distal margin of ventrite V; width of the expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, from almost subequal to twice as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Expansion basally with (see Fig 21I, arrow) or without orifice. Aedeagus with paramera subtriangular (Fig 14I), slender (Fig 14G) or lightly slender (Fig 14H) in lateral view. Most commonly slender, when slender the apex of paramera curving ventrally in lateral view (Fig 14G). If subtriangular or lightly slender, apex of paramera with short and thin apical-dorsal notch (Fig 14H’ and 14I’). Medial area of endophallus with one (Fig 17A) or two endophallites (Fig 16L). Sub-medial area of endophallus with raspules (Fig 16L) or large scales (Fig 17A).

Composition.

Deltochilum lindemannae Balthasar, 1967, D. bordoni Halffter & Martínez, 1976 and at least five undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 29D), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Boreal Brazilian (Pantepui and Imerí) and South Brazilian (Ucayali and Rondônia).

This species-group can be found in a few localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 12): barbipes, gilli, granulatum and septemstriatum.

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Table 12. Sympatry of the lindemannae species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t012

Remarks.

One species of lindemannae species-group which male does not have setae on posterior edge of metafemur can be confused with males of aspericolle species-group with a weak steep tapering on the posterior edge of metafemur, with susanae species-group or with specimens bearing a weak expansion on posterior edge of metafemur with komareki species-group. That species of lindemannae species-group can be distinguished from those specimens of the species within susanae and komareki species-groups by the posterior edge of metafemur, which has two margins (Fig 10H and 10I) in lindemannae species-group, whereas it bears a single margin, the dorsal, where the ventral surface of metafemur forms a declivity of approximately 45° on the posterior edge, in the other two species-groups (Fig 10E and 10F).

Diagnosis.

This species-group can be distinguished from all others species-groups (except from bidentatum species-group) by having only a carina on elytral base on the seventh interstria (Figs 4C and 23A and 23B, arrow) whereas, for the others, the elytral base have two carinae, one on the interstria VI and the other one on the interstria VII (Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Can be separated from bidentatum species-group by having small not elevated shiny points mixed with punctures on the pronotal disc and on the interstriae (Fig 23B), that shiny points are large and elevated in bidentatum species-group (Fig 23A).

Description.

Small species, length 9.5–10.6mm, humeral width 6.5–7.3mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by at least a basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus between, clypeal teeth, concave, slightly expanded posteriorly, but not triangular in shape (Fig 5A–5C). Eyes medium-sized, inter-ocular distance approximately ten times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7B, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III-VII with all tubercles well developed. Interstria VII with basal carina (Figs 4C and 23B, arrow). Striae conspicuous and broad (Fig 4C), width of third stria approximately 1/15th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with a weak posterior excavation occupying fourth basal. Ventral surface of protibia with carina (Fig 9E and 9H). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal; ventral surface of metafemur forming a decline of approximately 45° on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F). Male. Protibial spur broad and apically bifid (Fig 9E). Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a small denticle (Fig 18B). Metafemur more curved than female. Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (See Fig 21), expansion from almost reaching distal margin ventrite II to reaching distal margin of ventrite III. Paramera subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 14J). Paramera with short and thin anteapical-dorsal notch. Ventral membranes between parameres sclerotised medially. Dorsal membranes of parameres lightly sclerotised medially. Apex of paramera acute in dorsal view. Medial area of endophallus with two endophallites (Fig 17B), right endophallite broader basally and apex bent forming a hook. Left endophallite two or three times smaller than right endophallite. Basal circular shape endophallite with ring very thin.

Composition.

Deltochilum morbillosum Burmeister, 1848, D. cristatum Paulian, 1938 and at least five undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 30A), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Parana (Atlantic, Parana Forest and Araucaria Forest), Chacoan (Cerrado and Chacoan).

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Fig 30. Distribution maps.

(A) morbillosum species-group. (B) parile species-group. (C) plebejum species-group. (D) septemstriatum species-group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g030

This species-group can be found in sympatry with irroratum species-group in Atlantic, Parana Forest (some localities) and with komareki species-group in Parana Forest, Araucaria Forest and Chacoan (a few localities).

Diagnosis.

Most of the species of the parile species-group can be distinguished for all other known species of Deltohyboma, by the males. First ventrite is regular, not expanded posteriorly (Fig 21D) and the aedeagus bears dorsal paired sclerotised structures fused with the paramera (Fig 15A–15B’, arrows). However, in three undescribed species, the first ventrite is expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21) and the aedeagus has not dorsal paired sclerotised structures (Fig 15C); in those three species the aedeagus has the apex of paramera broadened and the apex formed by the paramera truncate in dorsal view (Fig 15C’), also, with a strong basal sinuation in lateral view (Fig 15C’, arrow); this shape of aedeagus is unique within Deltohyboma. However, in all species of this species-group the right endophallite is always triangular or sub-triangular in shape (for further information see “Remarks” section of the aequinoctiale species-group).

Description.

Small to large species, length 7.5–14.5mm, humeral width 4.8-9mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by at least a basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave, slightly expanded posteriorly, but not triangular in shape (Fig 5A–5C). Eyes large, inter-ocular distance eight to nine times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera not enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7A, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III-VII with all tubercles well developed, tubercle on III approximately triangular in shape (Fig 24B and 24C, arrows) or transverse. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Figs 4D, 4E and 23D, arrows). Striae inconspicuous (Fig 4D) or conspicuous (Fig 4E), if conspicuous very narrow, width of third stria approximately 1/40th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with a weak posterior excavation occupying third basal. Ventral surface of protibia with tubercles and/or carina (Fig 9E–9I). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal; ventral surface of metafemur forming a decline of approximately 45°on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Ventral surface of protibia with tubercles and/or carina. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a small or large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C). Mesofemur modified or not, if modified with a sinuation on basal third, or a basal tubercle. Metafemur slightly more curved than female and in few species with small expansion. Internal margin of metatibia modified or not, if modified with large tubercles (see Fig 18E and 18G). Metatibia with spur insertion elongate (Figs 11B and 18E) or not (Figs 11A and 18F). Ventrite I expanded (See Fig 21) or not (Fig 21D) posteriorly, if expanded, expansion almost or reaching distal margin of ventrite V; width of the expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, from five to six as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Aedeagus with paramera subtriangular (Fig 15A–15C), with ventral edge straight (Fig 15B) or concave in lateral view (Fig 15A and 15C). Apex of paramera with dense setae (Fig 15A–15C). Paramera with (Fig 15A’ and 15B’, arrows) or without (Fig 15C’) dorsal paired sclerotised structures on internal edge, if present attached to the internal edge of paramera in different parts, can be attached on apical 2/3 to almost on the apex; apex of paramera rounded in dorsal view. If without paired sclerotised structures, apex of paramera broadened and truncate in dorsal view (Fig 15C’) and with a strong basal sinuation in lateral view (Fig 15C, arrow). Medial area of endophallus with following variation: 1) three endophallites (Fig 17C), 2) two endophallites and one raspule (Fig 17D and 17E, arrow showing the raspule), 3) one endophallite and one raspule. However, the right endophallite always with triangular or sub-triangular in shape. Sub-medial area of endophallus without (Fig 17C and 17D) or with a large raspule (Fig 17E).

Composition.

Deltochilum parile Bates, 1887, D. pseudoparile Paulian, 1938, D. violetae (Martínez, 1991) and at least 20 undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 30B), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Pacific (Magdalena, Cauca, Western Ecuador, Pacific, Guatuso-Talamanca and Puntarenas-Chiriquí), and Mesoamerican (Mosquito, Pacific Lowlands and Veracruzan). As well as, in the Mexican transition zone, Chiapas Highlands and Sierra Madre del Sur provinces. This is the only species-group with species distributed in Central America.

This species-group can be found in a few localities in sympatry with plebejum species group in the Magdalena province (one locality, Colombia, Santander, El Carmen de Chucurí, Vereda La Belleza) and with aequinoctiale species-group in the Magdalena and Cauca provinces (several localities).

Diagnosis.

This species-group shares the following combination of character states with the aequinoctiale, bidentatum, irroratum, morbillosum, parile and sextuberculatum species-groups: anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave, slightly expanded, but not triangular in shape (Fig 5A–5C); posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, where the ventral surface of metafemur forms a decline of approximately 45° on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F); ventral surface of protibia with carina or tubercles (Fig 9E–9I). However, it can be easily separated from bidentatum and morbillosum species-groups by the humeral region, which bears one carina (Figs 3F, 4C and 23B) (interstria VII), whereas there are two carinae (Fig 4F–4G, see also Fig 23C and 23D) (interstriae VI and VII) in plebejum species-group (for further information see “Remarks” section of the aequinoctiale species-group).

Otherwise, from sextuberculatum species-group can be distinguished by the broad striae (Fig 4I and 22E), width of third stria, in species with the narrowest striae, 1/15th of the distance between striae II and III, whereas the striae are narrow (Figs 4F, 4G and 22F), width of third stria, in species with the broadest striae, 1/20th of the distance between striae II and III in plebejum species-group, as well as via distribution.

Males of these two species groups can also be separated by their secondary sexual dimorphism, in which the metafemur has a medial denticle in sextuberculatum species-group (Fig 20D) whereas it does not have this modification, it is only more curved than females, in plebejum species-group. Also, from irroratum species-group can be distinguished by the metatarsomeres II and III that each is almost as long as broad (Fig 11A), whereas each is longer than broad (Fig 11B) in plebejum species-group.

Description.

Medium-sized species, length 8.4–12.8mm, humeral width 5.3–8.7mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by approximately twice basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave, slightly expanded posteriorly, but not triangular in shape (Fig 5B and 5C). Eyes large, inter-ocular distance seven to nine times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera not enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7A, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae with following variations: 1) III, V-VII with all tubercles well developed. 2) III-VII with all tubercles well developed or with IV poorly developed. 3) II-VII with II only slightly elevated. But in all those variations the tubercle on interstria III is elongate (Fig 24D–24F, arrows). Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 4F and 4G, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Striae almost inconspicuous (Fig 4F) or narrow (Figs 4G and 22F), width of third stria, in species with the broadest striae, 1/20th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with a weak posterior excavation, occupying approximately metaventral basal fourth. Ventral surface of protibia with tubercles or carina (Fig 9E–9I). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal, ventral surface of metafemur forming a decline of approximately 45° on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F). Male. Mesofemur lacking or with a tubercle on basal third. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C). Metafemur more curved than female. Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles (see Fig 18E and 18G) or strong carina (see Fig 18F). Metatibia with spur insertion elongate (Figs 11B and 18E) or not (Figs 11A and 18F) and spur articulated or fused (Fig 18E, arrow); if the spur insertion elongate, spur reaching second tarsomere to almost as elongate as tarsus. Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (See Fig 21), expansion reaching from middle of ventrite III to middle of ventrite V; width of the expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, from slightly wider to seven times as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Aedeagus with apex of paramera without setae and with a large or small lateral-ventral denticle in lateral view (Fig 15D and 15E). Medial area of endophallus one (Fig 17G) or two endophallites (Fig 17F), if with two, the left endophallite six times smaller than right endophallite (Fig 17F).

Composition.

Deltochilum plebejum Balthasar, 1939, D. abdominalis Martínez, 1947 and at least seven undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 30C), so far, in the Pacific dominion: Sabana, Venezuelan, Guajira, Magdalena and Cauca provinces; as well as, in the South American transition zone, Paramo province.

This species-group can be found in a few localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 13): aequinoctiale, genieri and parile.

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Table 13. Sympatry of the plebejum species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t013

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, species in the septemstriatum species-group can be distinguished because they are the smallest species (less than 8mm in length) with the following combinations of character states: striae I-VII conspicuous and broad (Figs 4H and 22D), width of each stria approximately 1/10th of the width of each interstria; anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and regular (Fig 5A), even not slightly expanded; posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I). Also, the males can be distinguished by the unique modification of the posterior femur, it bears a broad medial expansion (Fig 20C) (for further information see “Remarks” section of the aspericolle species-group).

Description.

Small species, length 6.1–7.3mm, humeral width 3.9–4.5mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated approximately by twice basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and regular, not expanded posteriorly (Fig 5A). Eyes medium-sized, inter-ocular distance ten to 12 times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7C, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae V-VII, some cases with V poorly developed. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 4H, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows) Striae I-VII conspicuous and broad (Figs 4H and 22D), width of each stria approximately 1/10th of the width of each interstria. Metaventrite with a weak posterior excavation, occupying approximately metaventral basal fourth. Ventral surface of the protibia without tubercles or carina (Fig 9A–9C and 9J). Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a small denticle (Fig 18B, arrow). Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles (see Fig 18E–18H). Posterior-ventral margin of metafemur with a broad medial expansion (Fig 20C). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21); width of expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, from slightly narrower to slightly wider than distance between clypeal teeth; expansion surpassing the middle of ventrite V, but not almost reaching distal margin of that ventrite or almost reaching distal margin of ventrite V. Paramera subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 15F). Apex of paramera slightly emarginate in dorsal view (Fig 15F’). Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite comma “,”-shaped (Fig 17H).

Composition.

Deltochilum septemstriatum Paulian, 1938 and at least four undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 30D), so far, in the Boreal Brazilian dominion, Guianan Lowlands, Roraima and Pantepui provinces.

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 14): aspericolle, gilli, granulatum, guyanense, lindemannae and submetallicum.

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Table 14. Sympatry of the septemstriatum species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t014

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, species in the sextuberculatum species-group can be distinguished because they are the smallest species (less than 10mm in length) with the following combinations of character states: striae I-VII conspicuous and wide (Figs 4I and 22E), width of third stria, in species with the narrowest striae, 1/15th of the distance between striae II and III; anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and slightly expanded (Fig 5B and 5C); posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal, where the ventral surface of metafemur forming a decline of approximately 45° on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F). Also, the males can be distinguished by the unique modification of the posterior femur, it bears a medial denticle (Fig 20D).

Description.

Small species, length 9–9.8m, humeral width 5.7–6.9mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by at least twice basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave, slightly expanded posteriorly, but not triangular in shape (Fig 5B and 5C). Eyes small, inter-ocular distance 12 to 20 times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7B, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae II-VII with all tubercles well developed or II few developed, or III-VII with all tubercles well developed. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 4I, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Striae conspicuous and broad (Fig 4I and 22E), width of third stria, in species with the narrowest striae, 1/15th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with a weak posterior excavation occupying fourth basal. Ventral surface of protibia with tubercles or carina (Fig 9E–9I). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal; ventral surface of metafemur forming a decline of approximately 45° on posterior edge (Fig 10E and 10F). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Ventral surface of protibia with tubercles. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C). Metafemur on posterior edge of with a medial denticle (Fig 20D). Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles (see Fig 18E and 18G). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21), expansion almost reaching distal margin ventrite V. Paramera subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 15G). Paramera with internal edge broadened on basal half in dorsal view (Fig 15G’). Apex formed by the paramera acute in dorsal view (Fig 15G’). Medial area of endophallus with two endophallites (Fig 17I), right endophallite with triangular shape and left endophallite very small. Basal circular shape endophallite with ring very thin and handle broadened medially. Sub-medial area of endophallus with large scales.

Composition.

Deltochilum sextuberculatum Bates, 1870 and at least ten undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 31A), so far, in the following dominions and provinces (in parentheses): Parana (Atlantic and Parana Forest), Chacoan (Caatinga and Cerrado), Borela Brazilian (Pará), South-eastern Amazonian (Xingu-Tapajós) and South Brazilian (Madeira and Rondônia).

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Fig 31. Distribution maps.

(A) sextuberculatum species-group. (B) submetallicum species-group. (C) susanae species-group, blue circles = Deltochilum susanae sp. nov., yellow square = Deltochilum bolivariensis sp. nov. (D) Deltochilum inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g031

This species-group can be found in several localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 15): barbipes, granulatum, guyanense, irroratum and komareki.

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Table 15. Sympatry of the sextuberculatum species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t015

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, males in the submetallicum species-group can be distinguished by the metafemur, in which the posterior edge has one margin, the posterior-dorsal, the ventral surface of metafemur is continuous to that margin (Fig 10B and 10C), additionally bearing a basal denticle (Fig 20E and 20E’) (for further information see “Remarks” section of the barbipes species-group).

Description.

Medium-sized to large species, length 11.7-13mm, humeral width 7.5–8.1mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated approximately by 2.5 times basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D). Eyes large, inter-ocular distance eight or nine times width of one eye. Internal margin of hypomera strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7C, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae with following variations: 1) III, V-VII with all well-developed; 2) III, V-VII with III poorly developed; 3) V-VII with V poorly developed. Interstriae VI-VII with basal tubercles (Fig 4J, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Striae I-VII conspicuous and narrow (Fig 4J), width of each stria approximately 1/28th of the width of each interstria. Ventral surface of the protibia without tubercles or carina (Fig 9A–9C and 9J). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal; ventral surface of metafemur continuous to the dorsal margin (Fig 10B and 10C). Male. Protibial spur broad and foliaceus. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C). Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles (see Fig 18E, 18G and 18H). Metafemur with a denticle on basal third of posterior margin (Fig 20E and 20E’). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21), expansion reaching or surpassing distal margin of ventrite IV; width of expansion on ventrite III variable, subequal to wider than distance between clypeal teeth. Paramera subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 15H). Paramera with short and thin anteapical-dorsal notch (Fig 15H’). Apex formed by the paramera rounded in dorsal view (Fig 15H’). Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite (Fig 17J). Basal circular shape endophallite with the ring very small and thin, poorly sclerotised (Fig 17J’). Basal part of plate-shape endophallite “boot”-shaped (Fig 17J, arrow).

Composition.

Deltochilum submetallicum (Castelnau, 1840), D. diringshofeni Pereira & Martínez, 1956 and two undescribed species.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 31B), so far, in the Boreal Brazilian, Guianan Lowlands and Roraima provinces.

This species-group can be found in a few localities in sympatry with the following species-groups (Table 16): aspericolle, granulatum, guyanense and septemstriatum species-groups.

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Table 16. Sympatry of the submetallicum species-group with other species-groups by province.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.t016

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, species in the susanae species-group can be distinguished because they are the smallest species (less than 10mm in length) with striae conspicuous as well as with the anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D) (for further information see “Remarks” section of the aspericolle species-group).

Description.

Small-sized species, length 7.4–9.4mm, humeral width 4.6–6.2mm. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by two or 2.5 times basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D). Eyes medium-sized, inter-ocular distance nine to 11 times eye width. Internal margin of hypomera strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (Fig 7C, arrows). Tubercles at elytral apex on interstriae III, V-VII, with III and VII few developed. Interstriae VI and VII with basal tubercles (Fig 4K, see also Fig 23C and 23D, arrows). Carina of ninth interstria almost reaching middle of elytral length. Striae I-VIII conspicuous and wide (Fig 4K), width third stria approximately 1/21th of distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite with a weak posterior excavation, occupying approximately metaventral basal fourth. Ventral surface of the protibia with carina (Fig 9E and 9H). Posterior edge of metafemur with one margin, the dorsal; ventral surface of metafemur forming a decline of approximately 45° on posterior-ventral edge (Fig 10E and 10F). Male. Protibial spur broad. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a large spatulate expansion (Fig 18C, arrow). Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles (see Fig 18E, 18G and 18H). Ventrite I expanded posteriorly (see Fig 21), expansion reaching or surpassing middle of ventrite V. Width of expansion on ventrite III, three or four times as wide as distance between clypeal teeth. Paramera subtriangular, dorsal and ventral edges straight in lateral view (Fig 15I). Apex formed by the paramera truncate in dorsal view (Fig 15I’). Paramera with short and thin apical-dorsal notch (Fig 15I’). Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite (Fig 17K) comma “,”-shaped, basally broadened and bent and apically bent forming a hook.

Composition.

Deltochilum susanae sp. nov. and D. bolivariensis sp. nov.

Geographic distribution.

The species in this species-group are known to be distributed (Fig 31C), so far, in the Boreal Brazilian dominion, Imerí province and Pacific dominion, Sabana province. This species-group may be found in sympatry in Imerí province with guyanense species-group. Species of these species-groups were collected in Colombia, Vichada, Cumaribo, Selva de Matavén, but not in the same locality.

Deltochilum susanae sp. Nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:797FAD1C-AF29-4A40-80FC-0D5238306E7E

(Figs 31C blue circles, 32A, 32B, 32E, 32F and 32I)

Deltochilum sp. 12H [71]⁠: 230

Holotype.

♂, COLOMBIA: Vichada: Cumaribo, Selva de Matavén. Sabana, 04°31'56"N, 68°05'28"W, 240m, 2007.iii.17-19, Franco L.E., Trampa de caída con excremento humano T19 (IAvH) [IAvH-E-90829]. [aedeagus and endophallus extracted].

Paratypes.

COLOMBIA: Vichada: Cumaribo, Ctgo. Santa Rita, Centro de visitas. Parque Nacional Natural El Tuparro, 5°20'N, 67°51'W, 450m, ♀ (IAvH), Cumaribo, Ctgo. Santa Rita. PNN El Tuparro. Sabana, 5°21'N, 67°52'W, 135m, ♀, 2004.ii.3-5, Quintero I. & González E., T. Exc. H. (IAvH), Cumaribo, Selva de Matavén. Sabana, 04°31'56"N, 68°05'28"W, 240m, ♀, 2007.iii.17-19, Franco L.E., Trampa de caída con excremento humano T19 (IAvH), ♀, 2007.iii.17-19, Franco L.E., Trampa de caída con excremento humano T5 (IAvH), 2♂♂, 2007.iii.17-19, Franco L.E., Trampa de caída con excremento humano T7 (IAvH), Cumaribo. PNN El Tuparro. B. cerro, 5°20'N, 67°52'W, 150m, 2♀♀, 2002.ix.17, Quintero I., Pitfall excremento humano (IAvH), La Primavera, Ventana La Florida. Morichal, 05°47'4.8"N, 68°51'50.1"W, 66m, 3♂♂, 2016.v.28, Martínez D.E., T. Exc. H. (48h) E2-V1-T26 (IAvH), ♀, 2016.v.29, Martínez D.E., T. Exc. H. (72h) E2-V1-T26 (IAvH), La Primavera, Ventana La Florida. Morichal, 05°46'50.7"N, 68°51'50.3"W, 73m, ♂, 2016.v.29, Martínez D.E., T. Exc. H. (72h) E2-V1-T4 (IAvH), Puerto Carreño, Mi Familia. Borde Morichal Sabana, 5°51'58.9"N, 68°9'42.5"W, 72m, ♂, 2016.1.19–20, Medina C. & Castro C., Pitfall (IAvH), Puerto Carreño, Mi Familia. Morichal, 5°52'0.9"N, 68°9'43.9"W, 66m, ♂, 2016.1.19–20, Medina C. & Castro C., Pitfall (IAvH), ♂, 2016.1.19–21, Medina C. & Castro C., Pitfall (IAvH), Puerto Carreño, Rampa Vieja. Sabana sustrato rocoso, 05°43'44.3"N, 68°28'25.4"W, 68m, 3♀♀, 2016.vi.3, Martínez D.E., T. Exc. H. (48h) E2-V2-T18 (IAvH), Puerto Carreño, Vereda La Esmeralda, Finca El Tomo. Bosque de Tierra Firme, 05°34'24"N, 68°28'51"W, 81m, ♀, 2017.iv.6, Lopera A. & Cárdenas J., T. Exc. H. TT8-24 (IAvH), Puerto Carreño, Vereda La Esmeralda, Finca El Tomo. Morichal, 05°33'41"N, 68°26'45"W, 86m, ♀, 2017.iv.3, Lopera A. & Cárdenas J., T. Exc. H. MT9-48 (IAvH), Puerto Carreño, Vereda La Esmeralda, Finca El Tomo. Morichal, 05°33'43"N, 68°26'52"W, 87m, ♀, 2017.iv.4, Lopera A. & Cárdenas J., T. Exc. H. MT5-72 (IAvH), Puerto Carreño, Vereda La Esmeralda, Finca El Tomo. Sabana no inundable, 05°32'28"N, 68°25'43"W, 70m, ♂, 2017.iv.2, Lopera A. & Cárdenas J., T. Exc. H. ST8-24 (IAvH), Puerto Carreño, Vereda La Esmeralda, Finca El Tomo. Sabana no inundable, 05°32'31"N, 68°25'41"W, 71m, ♂, 2017.iv.4, Lopera A. & Cárdenas J., T. Exc. H. ST2-72 (IAvH).

Non-type material.

COLOMBIA: Meta: Cafam Llanos Remolino, [4°14'56.81"N], [72°32'29.91"W], 200m, ♀, 1-2.iv.1996, S. Amézquita coll. (BDGC).

Diagnosis.

The pronotal disc with irregular shiny points mixed with the punctures (Fig 32F), the smallest and densest punctures on the pygidium (Fig 32I) and the lateral punctures of the pygidium not fully closed, with horse-shoe shape, distinguish this species (Fig 32I).

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Fig 32. External morphology of the susanae species-group.

Holotype Deltochilum susanae sp. nov. (A-B, E-F, I), Holotype Deltochilum bolivariensis sp. nov. (C-D, G-H, J). (A, C) habitus. (B, D) ventral view. (E, G) head. (F, H) pronotum. (I-J) caudal view.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g032

Description.

Holotype male, length 9.4mm, humeral width 6.2mm. Green with copper reflections dorsally and ventrally (Fig 32A and 32B). Head (Fig 32E). Dorsal inter-ocular distance approximately nine times width of one eye. Clypeal teeth separated approximately by 2.5 times basal width of a tooth. Edge thickness between clypeal teeth, the triangular expansion, three times broader than edge between genal suture and tooth. Front punctures separated by one or two distances between internal and external margin of each puncture. Disc puncture separated by one diameter of each puncture. Front punctures 1.5 times larger than disc punctures. Pronotum (Fig 32F). With irregular shiny points mixed with the punctures. Disc irregular shiny points subequal to disc punctures. Disc punctures separated by one or less than one diameter of each puncture. Basal punctures separated by two or three distances between internal and external margin of each puncture. Medial-lateral angle rounded, but with a slightly projection. Elytra (Fig 32A). Punctures of third interstria on disc occupying about 1/9th of the distance between striae II and III. Abdomen (Fig 32B). Width of expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, three times as wide as distance between clypeal teeth; expansion surpassing middle of ventrite V. Pygidium (Fig 32I). Discal punctures occupying approximately 1/29th the width on middle of pygidium, and separated by two distances between internal and external margin of each puncture. Lateral punctures not fully closed, with horse-shoe shape. Genitalia. As described in the susanae species-group (Figs 15I and 17K).

Remarks.

Apart from the sexual dimorphism, little variation was observed. Only a few specimens are slightly larger or slightly smaller than the holotype. A female from Colombia Meta (BDGC) has not been included in the type series because more material is required to confirm the identification.

Etymology.

A patronym, noun in the genitive case, after Susana Cruz, great friend of the first author, who sadly passed away, too young, in 2016.

Known distribution (Fig 31C, blue circles).

COLOMBIA. Vichada: Cumaribo, Selva de Matavén. Puerto Carreño. La Primavera.

Deltochilum bolivariensis sp. Nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4696EB42-FA1F-4F41-9819-6F8A849B26F9

(Figs 31C yellow square, 32C-32D, 32G-32H and 32J)

Holotype.

♂, VENEZUELA: Bolívar: Puente Cocuizas, 70 km Ciudad Bolivar. forested ravine in woodland, [7°41'35"N], [64°0'18"W], 19-3.vi-viii.1987, S. & J. Peck coll., flight interception trap (CMNC) [WSD00041151]. [aedeagus and endophallus extracted].

Paratype.

♀ VENEZUELA: Bolívar: Puente Cocuizas, 70 km Ciudad Bolivar. forested ravine in woodland, [7°41'35"N], [64°0'18"W], 19-3.vi-viii.1987, S. & J. Peck coll., flight interception trap (CMNC).

Diagnosis.

The pronotal disc without irregular shiny points mixed with the punctures (Fig 32H), the largest and most dispersed punctures on the pygidium (Fig 32J) and the lateral punctures of the pygidium fully closed distinguish this species (Fig 32J).

Description.

Holotype male, length 7.4mm, humeral width 4.6mm. Copper with green reflections dorsally and ventrally (Fig 32C and 32D) Head (Fig 32G). Dorsal inter-ocular distance approximately 11 times width of one eye. Clypeal teeth separated approximately by twice basal width of a tooth. Edge thickness between clypeal teeth, the triangular expansion, four times broader than edge between genal suture and tooth. Front punctures separated by two or more than two distances between internal and external margin of each puncture. Disc puncture separated by one or more than one diameter of each puncture. Front punctures twice larger than disc punctures. Pronotum (Fig 32H). Without irregular shiny points mixed with the punctures. Disc punctures separated by one or more than one diameter of each puncture. Basal punctures separated by one distance between internal and external margin of each puncture. Medial-lateral angle rounded. Elytra (Fig 32C)

Punctures of third interstria on disc occupying about 1/12th of the distance between striae II and III. Abdomen (Fig 32D). Width of expansion of ventrite I, on ventrite III, four times as wide as distance between clypeal teeth; expansion reaching middle of ventrite V. Pygidium (Fig 32J). Discal punctures occupying approximately 1/20th the width on middle of pygidium, and separated by more than two distances between internal and external margin of each puncture. Lateral punctures fully closed. Genitalia. As described in susanae species-group (Figs 15I and 17K).

Remarks.

The paratype differs from the holotype by the sexual dimorphism.

Etymology.

Combination of Bolívar + -ensis “of or from a place” as reference to the state of Bolívar and Ciudad Bolívar, state and city (70 km from that city) where all the specimens known of this species were collected.

Known distribution (Fig 31C, yellow square).

VENEZUELA. Bolívar: Puente Cocuizas, 70 km Ciudad Bolívar.

Deltochilum inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis).

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:907C1D9B-11F5-4E03-8EB1-6E9B75F95F1A

(Figs 31D blue circles, 4L, 15J, 17L, 20F and 33)

Holotype.

♂, COLOMBIA: Caquetá: Puerto Solano, Río Cuñare-Amú. PNN La Serranía de Chiribiquete. Transición Bosque inundable, de tierra firme y arenoso, 0°13'25.6"N, 72°26'12.8"W, 250m, 2001.ii.24, González E. & Ospina M., Trampa caída con pescado (IAvH) [IAvH-E-13344].

Paratypes.

COLOMBIA: Caquetá: Puerto Solano, Río Mesay. PNN La Serranía de Chiribiquete. Bosque de Tierra Firme, 0°14'32"N, 72°56'15"W, 250m, ♀, ♂, 2000.ii.4, Quevedo F., Trampa excremento humano (IAvH), ♀, ♂, 2000.ii.4, Quevedo F., Trampa Interceptación al vuelo (IAvH), Puerto Solano, Río Mesay. PNN La Serranía de Chiribiquete. Bosque Inundable, 0°14'24"N, 72°56'2"W, ♀, 2000.i.25, Quevedo F., Trampa excremento humano (IAvH), Puerto Solano, Río Mesay. PNN La Serranía de Chiribiquete. Transición Bosque Tierra firme Bosque Inundable, 0°14'54"N, 72°56'5"W, 250m, ♂, 2000.i.28, Quevedo F., Trampa excremento humano (IAvH), Puerto Solano, Taquita, río Mesay. PNN La Serranía de Chiribiquete. Bosque de Tierra Firme, 0°14'32"N, 72°56'15"W, 250m, ♀, 2000.ii.4, Quevedo F., T. Exc. H. 93 (IAvH), Puerto Solano, Taquita, río Mesay. PNN La Serranía de Chiribiquete. Bosque de Tierra Firme-inundable, 0°14'54"N, 72°56'5"W, 250m, 2♂♂, 2000.i.28, Quevedo F., T. Exc. H. 95 (IAvH), Solano, Est. Puerto Abeja. PNN Chiribiquete. Bosque de Coluviones, 0°04'27"N, 72°27'0.5"W, 200m, ♂, 1999.vii, Alvarez M. & Mejía G., T.Ex.E 5 (IAvH), Solano, Est. Puerto Abeja. PNN Chiribiquete. Sabanas de Gongylolepis, 0°04'27"N, 72°27'0.5"W, 200m, ♂, 1999.vii, Alvarez M. & Mejía G., T.Ex.E 1 (IAvH), Solano, Río Mesay. PNN Chiribiquete. B. complemen, 0°15'38"N, 72°56'15"W, 300m, ♀, 2000.ii.10, Gast F., T. Ex. T1.T6 (IAvH), Solano, Río Sararamano. PNN Chiribiquete. B. Verde militar, 0°10'48"N, 72°37'24"W, 300m, ♀, 2000.iv.4-6, González E., T. int. (IAvH); Guaviare: R. Nukak M. Cr. Moyano Sta. Martha. Banqueta, 02°10'35"N, 71°10'58"W, 200m, ♀, ♂, ii.1996, F Escobar coll., Carroña (BDGC), Río Inirida, Caño Cocuy, Cerro Moyano, Sta. Martha. RN Nukak Maku. Tierra Firme, 02°10'35"N, 71°10'58"W, 250m, 17♀♀, 5♂♂, 1996.ii, Escobar F., Trampa excremento humano Carroña (IAvH), Río Inirida, Caño Cocuy, Cerro Moyano. RN Nukak Maku. Banqueta (Arenal), 02°10'35"N, 71°10'58"W, 250m, ♂, 1996.ii, Escobar F., Trampa excremento humano (IAvH), Río Inirida, Caño Cocuy, Cerro Moyano. RN Nukak Maku. Bosque cerro, 02°10'35"N, 71°10'58"W, 300m, ♀, ♂, 1996.ii, Escobar F., T. Excremento humano (IAvH), Río Inirida, Caño Cocuy, Cerro Moyano. RN Nukak Maku. Morichal, 02°10'35"N, 71°10'58"W, 2♂♂, 1996.ii, Escobar F., Trampa excremento humano (IAvH).

Diagnosis.

For all species known of Deltohyboma, D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis) can be distinguished by it is the only species that having the pronotum without shiny points mixed with punctures, where the male posterior edge of meso- and metafemur bear a short basal expansion, most acute on mesofemur and the female have the distal margin of fifth ventrite acutely expanded medially. Also, the unique shape of the aedeagus (Fig 15J), with the paramera subequal in size to phallobase, in the other species-groups the paramera is shorter than phallobase or if are subequal in size the paramera are slender.

This species shares the following combination of character states with the aspericolle, femorale, genieri and lindemannae species-groups: anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (Fig 5D); posterior edge of metafemur with two margins (Fig 10H and 10I); ventral surface of protibia without carina or tubercles (Fig 9A–9C and 9J). It can be separated easily by conspicuous striae, which are inconspicuous in femorale species-group (Figs 3G and 22A). By the inter-ocular distance is under eight times the width of one eye, whereas in aspericolle species-group the inter-ocular distance is over nine times width of one eye.

Description.

Holotype male, length 11mm, humeral width 6.7mm. Black dorsally and ventrally (Figs 4H, 33A and 33B). Head (Fig 33D). Inter-ocular distance seven times width of one eye. Clypeal median emargination broadly U-shaped. Clypeal teeth separated by twice basal width of a tooth. Anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into triangular shape (see Fig 33C). Punctures on frons separated by less than one diameter of each puncture almost contiguous and 1.5x larger than punctures on head disc. Disc punctures separated by one diameter of each puncture. Punctures from disc towards anterior area successively larger, but without punctures between clypeal teeth. Genal punctures slightly smaller than disc punctures and separated by less than one diameter. Pronotum (Fig 33A). Edge between anterior and medial-lateral angle almost straight. Medial-lateral angle of pronotum rounded. Disc punctures half size to anterior-lateral ones. Basal punctures larger than anterior-lateral ones. Disc without shiny points. Hypomera. Internal margin of hypomera strongly enlarged towards anterior angle (see Fig 7C, arrows). Elytra (Fig 33A). Carina of the ninth interstria reaching middle of elytral length. Interstriae VI and VII with basal tubercles almost identical in size with approximately 3 times smaller than ninth carina. Elytral apex with tubercles poorly developed on interstriae V-VII and interstriae III with a small but well developed tubercle. Striae I-VII conspicuous and very thin, width third stria on disc approximately 1/60th of the distance between striae II and III. Punctures on first stria densest. Stria VIII conspicuous apical and laterally and reaching carina of the ninth interstria, but discontinuous near of ninth carina. Stria VIII laterally twice wide to seventh stria. Punctures on interstriae separated by one diameter, on interstria II slightly denser. Punctures of third interstria on disc occupying about 1/8th of the distance between striae II and III. Metaventrite (Fig 33B). Disc with few deep posterior excavation, occupying 1/3 of metaventral length and slightly elongate than width. Disc with few and small punctures, inconspicuous punctures at 8x magnification. Disc punctures almost ten times smaller than punctures on anterior-lateral area of metaventral process. Anterior-central and anterior-lateral areas of metaventral process with punctures almost contiguous. Legs (Fig 33B). Protibial spur broad an foliaceus. Ventral surface of the protibia without carina or tubercles. Meso- and metatrochanter not modified. Femora with punctures separated by one or less than one diameter. Mesofemur with an expansion on basal third of posterior-ventral margin, forming a large denticle. Apex of mesotibia on ventral-internal margin with a large spatulate expansion. Posterior edge of metafemur with two margins. Metafemur with a wide expansion on basal third of posterior-ventral margin, expansion wider than mesofemur expansion. Metatibial spur articulated with almost same size to first metatarsomere. Internal margin of metatibia with large tubercles occupying almost all metatibial length. Abdomen (Fig 33B)

Ventrite I expanded posteriorly, expansion reaching distal margin of ventrite IV. Width of expansion of the ventrite I, on ventrite III, slightly narrower than distance between clypeal teeth. Margins of expansion between ventrites II-III ventrite almost parallel, on ventrite IV forming an acute angle. Apex of expansion rounded. Distal margin of ventrite V slightly expanded medially. Medially ventrite VI as wide as V and laterally twice wider. Pygidium (Fig 33E). Discal punctures slightly extended transversely and separated by less than one diameter. Genitalia. Paramera subtriangular, dorsal edge lightly concave and ventral edge lightly convex in lateral view (Fig 15J). Paramera lightly smaller than phallobase (Fig 15J). Apex formed by the paramera truncated in dorsal view (Fig 15J’). Medial area of endophallus with one endophallite (Fig 17L) “T”-shaped. Sub-medial area of endophallus with large scales. Basal circular shape endophallite with thin ring.

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Fig 33. External morphology of the Deltochilum inesae sp. nov.

Male paratype (A-B, D-E) from Colombia: Guaviare, R. Nukak; female paratype (C) from Colombia: Guaviare, R. Nukak. (A) habitus. (B-C) ventral view. (D) head. (E) caudal view.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244657.g033

Female (Fig 33C).

Protibial spur thinner than male. Apex of mesotibia narrower than male and on ventral-internal margin without spatulate expansion Meso- and metafemur not modified. Metasternal posterior excavation wider than length. Distal margin of ventrite V expanded medially forming an obtuse angle, expansion more acute than male. Ventrite VI slightly narrow medially.

Etymology.

A patronym, noun in the genitive case, for first author’s grandmother María Inés Velasco.

Geographic distribution (Fig 31D blue circles).

This species known to be distributed, so far, in the Boreal Brazilian dominion, Imerí province, in Colombia: Caquetá, Puerto Solano, Parque Natural La Serranía de Chiribiquete and in Guaviare, Reserva Natural Nukak Maku. This species-group can be found in sympatry with barbipes, femorale and guyanense species-groups.

Remarks.

The unique shape of the aedeagus (Fig 15J), in which the paramera are subequal in size to the phallobase, combined with the anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, concave and expanded posteriorly into a triangular shape and the mesofemur modified, is not found in any other species. Commonly, the modified mesofemur bearing an expansion or tubercles is found in species within aequinoctiale, parile and plebejum species-groups. However, in those species-groups the anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, is not expanded posteriorly into a triangular shape, the metafemur bears one margin and the medial area of endophallus has at least two endophallites. D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis) bears only one medial endophallite and the metafemur bears two margins. By having two margins on the metafemur, the anterior margin of the clypeus, between clypeal teeth, expanded posteriorly into a triangular shape, the size of the eyes, the very thin striae and the body size D. inesae sp. nov. (incertae sedis) may appear to be similar to species within the guyanense specie-group (despite having the striae inconspicuous). However, in the latter species-group the mesofemur is unmodified and the shape of aedeagus is completely different. Due to the aforementioned, we decided not to include this species in any of the species-group and therefore leave it as incertae sedis.