https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9058-0982
Figures
Abstract
Objectives
The aim was to analyse the tumor expression of Notch1, Hes1, Ascl1, and DLL3 in Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and each such biomarker’s potential association with clinical characteristics and prognosis after platinum-doublet chemotherapy (PDCT).
Material and methods
The protein expression of the biomarkers was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Patients were categorized according to their sensitivity to first line PDCT: with a Progression-free survival (PFS) ≥ 3 months after completion of treatment considered “sensitive” and < 3 months after completion of treatment considered “refractory”. PFS and overall survival were computed using Kaplan-Meier curves with 95% confidence interval.
Results and conclusion
The study included 46 patients, with 21 and 25 of the patients having “sensitive” and “refractory” disease, respectively. The majority of patients had a high DLL3 expression (n = 38), while a minority had Notch 1-high expression (n = 10). The chi-square test showed that there was a statistically significant negative association between Notch1 and Ascl1 expression (p = 0.013). The overall survival for patients with Notch1- high vs. low expression was 8.1 vs. 12.4 months, respectively (p = 0.036). Notch1 expression was an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.02). No other biomarker showed any prognostic impact in this highly selected SCLC cohort. DLL3 is highly expressed in the majority of advanced staged SCLC cases, as expected. In the same patient population, Notch1 expression might have a potential prognostic implication, by driving a non-neuroendocrine differentiation process. Given the small number of cases with Notch1 high expression, the results of this study needs to be confirmed on a larger cohort.
Citation: Tendler S, Kanter L, Lewensohn R, Ortiz-Villalón C, Viktorsson K, De Petris L (2020) The prognostic implications of Notch1, Hes1, Ascl1, and DLL3 protein expression in SCLC patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. PLoS ONE 15(10): e0240973. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240973
Editor: Muthusamy Kunnimalaiyaan, Tulane University School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Received: February 11, 2020; Accepted: October 6, 2020; Published: October 26, 2020
Copyright: © 2020 Tendler et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Data cannot be shared publicly because of Personal identification numbers. Data are available from the Karolinska Institutional Data Access / Ethics Committee (contact via EPN,) for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data. (Stockholm ethical committee, Stockholms tingsrätt, Box 8307, 104 20 Stockholm, Contact: stockholm@rdn.jordbruksverket.se).
Funding: This study was supported by grants from the Stockholm Cancer Society (#161283, #171123, #154102, #174093), the Swedish Cancer Society (CAN 2015/401; CAN 2018/597), the Stockholm County Council (#20160287, # 20180404), The Erling Persson Family Foundation and Karolinska FOUU funding. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Background
Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is sensitive to first line platinum-doublet chemotherapy (PDCT), with objective response in more than 50% of the patients [1]. Sensitivity to PDCT is usually transient and followed by a PDCT refractory disease resulting in a median progression-free survival (PFS) of around five months [2].
SCLC is characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation and high proliferation [3]. Recent data is also beginning to identify other subtypes of SCLC, one of which includes non-neuroendocrine features [1, 4]. There are several reasons to explore a possible relationship between components of the neuroendocrine molecular make up and prognostic outcomes, especially with respect to how such relationship intersects with the standard of care. A hypothesis is that the Notch signaling pathway is involved in regulating SCLC cells via neuroendocrine differentiation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition [5]. In vitro/in vivo studies have suggested that Notch1 expression can result in inhibition of cell growth and metastasis of SCLC, however, its role remains unclear [6, 7]. One gene that is regulated by the Notch1 protein is hairy/enhancer of split (Hes1), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, which has been described to prevent transcription of genes that regulate neuroendocrine differentiation [8–10].
The Delta-like protein 3 (DLL3) is a member of the Notch receptor ligand family that is reported to inhibit the Notch receptor activation, and thereby promote neuroendocrine differentiation [11, 12]. In normal cells, DLL3 is only found in the Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmic vesicles [13]. In contrast, in SCLC cells, DLL3 is usually confined to the plasma membrane [13]. DLL3 does not activate signaling in adjacent cells, but only functions when expressed on the same cell as the Notch receptor, in cis. When DLL3 binds to the Notch receptor on the cell membrane, Notch1 is relocated to the Golgi apparatus and becomes inactivated [13].
The achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1) gene is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor and drives the expression of many oncogenes such as Sox2, MycL and BCL-2 [14]. The ASCL1 gene controls several crucial cellular mechanisms in SCLC, including cell growth and survival [14]. DLL3 expression appears to be a direct downstream target of Ascl1, which interacts with the DLL3 gene promoter [15]. In vitro, Notch1 expressing cells were shown to grow slower and found to be more resistant to PDCT compared to ASCL1 and DLL3 expressing SCLC cells [16]. There is uncertainty regarding the mechanistic roles of the different biomarkers involved in the Notch signaling pathway in SCLC patients, their relative expression in the same tumor samples, and possible associations with sensitivity to platinum chemotherapy, prognosis, and clinical characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the expression of Notch1, Hes1, Ascl1, and DLL3 in SCLC, and explore potential prognostic roles after platinum-doublet chemotherapy (PDCT).
Material and methods
Data collection
The patient population consisted of SCLC patients who had completed ≥ 1 cycle of PDCT between February 28th, 2008 and September 1st, 2015, and all data was fully anonymized before performing the analysis. The study was approved by the regional ethics committee in Stockholm (EPN number 2016/8-31) and Stockholm medical biobank (BBK 1693 FUB 2016087). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients were identified from the Swedish Lung Cancer Registry, and data regarding clinical characteristics, treatment patterns and survival outcomes were manually retrieved from each patient’s medical record along with pathology reports.
Treatment patterns and definition of resistance
Patients receiving PDCT alone in the first line setting (1st L) were defined as having Extensive Disease (ED) and those receiving concurrent chemo- and radio-therapy (CRT) were defined as having Limited Disease (LD). In order to improve the chances to detect differences in outcomes according to biomarker expression, cases were divided into two distinct groups according to the platinum-sensitivity; with a PFS ≥ 3 months after completion of PDCT considered “sensitive” and < 3 months considered “refractory” [3, 17].
Co-variates
The baseline clinical characteristics obtained for this study were age, gender, smoking status, lab values (Hb, LD, Na, Albumin), stage at diagnosis, performance status (PS), and presence or absence of brain metastasis at diagnosis.
Definitions of outcomes
The PFS for 1st L was the interval between the start of PDCT and the earliest date of documented clinical or radiological progression according to standard clinical practice, or death. The overall survival (OS) was defined as the interval between start of 1st L PDCT until death. None of the patients were alive at the end of the study.
Statistical analysis
The associations between biomarker expression and clinical characteristics were analyzed using chi-square test. The calculations for PFS and OS were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences in survival distributions were evaluated using the log-rank test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. In addition, the clinical factors that were statistically significant in the uni-variate model were further tested in the multi-variate analysis using hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess the potential association between clinical and molecular parameters and survival. The analyses were conducted with SPSS program (SPSS IBM corporation version 26.0.; Cary, NC). A power calculation was not performed since this was a descriptive study which included retrospective data.
Immunohistochemistry
Tumor biopsies were retrieved from the biobank at Karolinska University Hospital. Protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry on 4-μm-thick formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections. The antibodies used in this study were Notch1 (Cell Signalling Technology, D1E11, Rabbit monoclonal antibody, dilution 1:200), Hes1 (Abcam, 71559, Rabbit polyclonal antibody, dilution 1:800), Ascl1 (Abcam, 206781, Mouse monoclonal antibody, dilution 1:75), and DLL3 (Ventana, 790–7016, Rabbit monoclonal antibody). The Notch1, Hes1, and Ascl1 antibodies were applied manually while the DLL3 staining was performed using an automated immunostaining instrument (VENTANA DLL3 SP347 Assay, Roche Diagnostics). The FFPE sections were de-paraffinized in xylene and rehydrated in alcohol. Antigen retrieval was performed using either citrate buffer pH 6 or EDTA buffer pH 9, depending on the antibody, at 97°C for 20 minutes. For the quenching process, a 30 minute incubation in 0,5% hydrogen peroxidase was performed at room temperature, followed by adding 1% bovine albumin (BSA) for 30 minutes in order to block unspecific antibody binding. The secondary antibodies used were BA-200 anti-mouse for Ascl1 and BA- 1000 anti-rabbit for Notch1 and Hes1 which both were used for 30 minutes at room temperature at a concentration of 1:200.
The next steps included a 30 minute incubation with avidin- biotin enzyme complex followed by a peroxidase substrate DAB, for three minutes.
The sections were counterstained in Mayer´s hematoxylin for one minute followed by dehydration with graded alcohols, xylene and coverslipped with Mountex [18]. For each case, one hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed and a positive/negative control for each protein was carried out according to the manufacturer’s instruction [14]. The evaluation of immunohistochemical stainings was performed by one pathologist (L.K), who was blinded to the clinical data. The number of positive tumor cells was counted under high magnification (x20 and x40) in three random and non-overlapping fields (100 tumor cells per field with a total of 300 tumor cells per specimen) [19].
The scoring of IHC staining in the cases were made into four categories according to the number of positive tumor cells stained; 0: No positive cells, 1; 1–25% positive cells, 2; 26–50% positive cells, 3; 51–75% cells, 4; more than 76% positive cells. The staining intensity was defined as any positivity in the tumor cells of each specimen [19, 20].
Since only DLL3 has a validated cut-off between low vs high expression, this study aimed to establish a cut-off for the other biomarkers based on sensitivity to PDCT using a dichotomizing score with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis S5 Fig [21]. The hypothesis was that Notch1 and Hes1 high expression would be more “refractory” to PDCT, while Ascl1 high expression be more “sensitive” to PDCT [16].
Results
Baseline characteristics of the patients with regards to each biomarker
The study included 46 SCLC patients. The median age of the population was 68 years (IQR 61–76). The majority of patients were women (57%), and most of them (82%) received CT alone in the 1st L, which was in accordance with the proportion of patients with advanced stage disease at diagnosis. A majority of the patients had good performance status (PS 0–1) (63%). The distribution and associations between baseline characteristics according to evaluated biomarker expression is presented in Table 1.
Expression patterns of each biomarker
In the examined SCLC specimen Notch1 expression was predominantly cytoplasmatic which was in accordance with previous reports [22]. Hes1 and Ascl1 were considered positive if expressed in either the cytoplasm or nucleus, whereas DLL3 showed a distinct membranous pattern in the analyzed SCLC cohort in line with literature [18, 19, 23].
Representative staining’s are presented in Fig 1A–1D. The expression pattern for each biomarker is listed in Table 2. The positive controls for each biomarker was presented in S1−S4 Figs.
Representative immunohistochemical staining’s. Left panel: overview of the tumor biopsy (SCLC) with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining (top) and the expression of the different biomarkers (bottom), Middle panel: (1)–The localization of SCLC HE image (top), and the same area for high expression of the biomarker in IHC (bottom). Right panel: (2)–Normal lung tissue within the SCLC HE image (above), and the same are for the biomarker expression (below). (A) Notch1, (B) Hes 1, (C) Ascl1 and (D) DLL3. The arrows point at the representative SCLC cells in the HE images (top) as well as each biomarker (below).
Negative association between Notch1 and Ascl1 expression
There was a statistically significant negative association between Notch1 and Ascl1 expression, using the chi-square test. (-0.364, p = 0.013). S6 Fig The other biomarkers showed no statistically significant association with each other.
Subjects with Notch1 low expression had a better prognosis and higher sensitivity to PDCT
Patients with a Notch1-low expression had a 4.3 months longer median OS when compared to Notch1- high expression (p = 0.036), and a longer median PFS; 7.8 vs 5.1 months, respectively (p = 0.014). The Hes1, Ascl1 and DLL3 showed no differences in sensitivity to PDCT or prognosis between low vs. high expression. Fig 2A–2D. There were also no statistically significant prognostic differences between low vs high expression for Hes1, Ascl1 and DLL3 when stratified for stage of disease.
Notch 1 (A), Hes1 (B), Ascl1 (C), DLL3 (D).
The clinical characteristics that were statistically significant prognostic factors in the uni-variate analysis were Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values and stage of the disease. Notch1 was shown to be an independent prognostic factor even in the multi-variate analysis. Table 3.
Discussion
The aim of this study was to determine the protein expression levels of Notch1, Hes1, Ascl1, DLL3 in SCLC tumor specimen and the potential association of these biomarkers to platinum chemotherapy sensitivity, prognosis as well as clinical factors in SCLC patients.
This is to the best of our knowledge, the first study to analyze the expression of these four biomarkers in the same patient cohort. This is also the first study, to our knowledge, which validates the use of specific Notch1, Hes1, and Ascl1 antibodies on human SCLC samples, and tries to find cut-offs for low vs high expression based on a biological and clinical rationale.
The cohort was highly selected depending on sufficient biopsy material, received platinum chemotherapy and follow-up data, in order to evaluate the specific aims of this study.
Many of the biopsies were small, which could have limited the interpretation of tumor heterogeneity compared to surgically removed tumors. In addition, the samples size was small (n = 46), and its retrospective design made it difficult to evaluate treatment efficacy by response rates of chemotherapy, according to RECIST criteria.
The proportion of subjects with Notch1 expression was similar to a previous study [23]. In a preclinical triple knockout mouse model, Notch1-low expression was associated with a better prognosis, which is in accordance with our results [16]. However, in another study on surgically resected SCLC samples (n = 125), low Notch1 expression was an unfavorable prognostic factor [22]. That study included only operable early stage SCLC cases, which represent a small subset of patients who are diagnosed with SCLC. The ability to extrapolate these findings to our study is limited since our cohort mainly consisted of cases with advanced stage of disease [22]. In addition, there are no studies that have analyzed Notch1 expression after PDCT, since few SCLC patients are re-biopsied. The concept of re-biopsy in SCLC patients in order to understand the mechanistic changes in protein expression of Notch signaling pathway should be performed on a prospective material.
We found a negative association between Notch1 and Ascl1 expression in our SCLC cohort, which is supported by an earlier study which mechanistically reported that Ascl1 has the ability to reduce Notch1 at both transcription and post-translational level, the later by protein degradation [24].
Our results show that Hes1 expression is found in most of the SCLC cases analyzed. Thus, our results substantiate in vitro results from SCLC cell lines where Hes1 was found in cell lines with neuroendocrine features [14]. However, as we could not reveal a significant association between Hes1 and Notch1 expression, it seems that Hes1 is not solely regulated by Notch1, and hence its regulation in SCLC needs to be further investigated [8].
In line with previous results, we found that the majority of cases in our cohort had positive Ascl1 staining and 16% were scored as high expression. There was a positive association between Ascl1 and DLL3, although without reaching statistical significance, as instead reported in a previous study on surgically resected SCLC patients (n = 95) [24]. This discrepancy could possibly be explained by a small number of patients in our study.
The high proportion of patients with positive DLL3 tumor expression on the cell surface, though without prognostic implications, confirms previous results [15, 19]. Hence, DLL3 remains a potential target for future therapeutic agents [15].
Conclusion
SCLC is a heterogeneous disease with many potential factors that affect sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy and prognosis. The small number of Notch1-positive cases precludes any conclusion to be drawn with respect to its prognostic impact. However, patient with a low Notch1 expression in their tumors had a better survival, which makes further studies warranted. The expression patterns of Notch1, Hes1, Ascl1, and DLL3 were similar to previous findings.
Supporting information
S1 Fig. Representative IHC images of positive control for each biomarker.
Notch1- Tonsil Cancer.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240973.s001
(TIF)
S2 Fig. Representative IHC images of positive control for each biomarker.
Hes1- Pancreatic Cancer.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240973.s002
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S3 Fig. Representative IHC images of positive control for each biomarker.
Ascl1- Small Cell Lung Cancer.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240973.s003
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S4 Fig. Representative IHC images of positive control for each biomarker.
DLL3- Small Cell Lung Cancer.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240973.s004
(TIF)
S5 Fig.
The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for each biomarker Notch 1 (A), Hes1 (B), Ascl1 (C), DLL3 (D), with sensitivity to platinum-doublet chemotherapy as the outcome of interest.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240973.s005
(TIF)
S6 Fig. The association between Notch1 and Ascl1 plotted with respect to low vs high expression.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240973.s006
(TIF)
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Mrs Anna Malmerfelt, Mrs Ann Kaufeldt and Mrs Inger Bodin for their help with immunohistochemistry staining. We would also like to thank Dr. Paula Demetrio De Souza Franca for all her help with the images. The Theme Cancer, Patient Area Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin Cancer at Karolinska University Hospital, is also acknowledged for its general support.
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