http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0958-1986
Figures
Abstract
The combination of a fluorescent reporter and enzymatic reporter provides a flexible and versatile way for the study of diverse biological processes, such as the detection of transcription and translation. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop this novel bifunctional reporter system. This study reports the design, construction, and validation of a new dicistronic mCherry-lacZα reporter system by artificial lac operon and pbr operon models in lacZM15-producing E. coli. It allows two reporter genes to be co-transcribed into a dicistronic mRNA strand, followed by coupled expression of mCherry and lacZα. In artificial lac operons, expression of the downstream lacZα was demonstrated to be positively related to expression of the upstream ORF. In artificial pbr operons, compared with the insertion of downstream full-length lacZ, the insertion of downstream lacZα exerted a slight effect on the response from the upstream mCherry. Furthermore, the downstream lacZα reporter showed stronger response to Pb(II) than the downstream full-length lacZ. Importantly, the response sensitivity of downstream lacZα was still higher than that of upstream mCherry in a dual RFP-lacZα reporter construct. The highly efficient expression profile of the reporter lacZα peptide makes it a preferred downstream reporter in polycistronic constructs. This novel bifunctional reporter system offers a robust tool for biological studies.
Citation: Hui C-y, Guo Y, Liu L, Zheng H-q, Gao C-x, Zhang W (2020) Construction of a RFP-lacZα bicistronic reporter system and its application in lead biosensing. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0228456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228456
Editor: Paulo Lee Ho, Instituto Butantan, BRAZIL
Received: September 16, 2019; Accepted: January 15, 2020; Published: January 30, 2020
Copyright: © 2020 Hui et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This research was partly supported by a grant (JCYJ20180306170237563) from Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission (http://stic.sz.gov.cn/) to Hui CY, and a grant (2019A1515011989) from Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province (http://gdstc.gd.gov.cn/) to Guo Y. There was no additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Recombinant production of enzymatic and fluorescent reporters has greatly improved our ability to explore the potential molecular processes underlying gene expression and regulation in various living organisms [1, 2]. In particular, the fluorescent proteins have been widely used to study promoter activity and regulation, protein function and localization, and non-invasive imaging over many years [3, 4]. Since their discovery, fluorescent proteins have been extensively modified to improve stability, brightness, and oligomerization state [5]. Reporter enzymes, such as β-galactosidase, hydrolyze externally supplied substrates, and produce detectable signals. They have been widely used for promoter identification and gene expression analysis in many organisms [6, 7]. Compared with fluorescent reporters, enzymatic reporters have an enhanced sensitivity with low background reactivity.
The widely used fluorescent and enzymatic reporters also exhibit strengths and limitations. Fluorescent reporters can be directly detected without the supplement of external substrates, and thus many available single-cell methodologies are based on fluorescent reporters [1, 8]. However, a fluorescent protein molecule has only one chromophore, and photobleaching of the fluorophore is inevitable. As a result, fluorescence signal is difficult to be detected when the expression is weak, especially in culture media or in living organisms with high autofluorescence background [5, 9]. The greatest advantage of enzymatic methods is its high sensitivity, because the detectable products hydrolyzed by a low-level enzyme can be accumulated until they can be detected [10]. In addition, a convenient plate assay can be used for naked-eye colorimetric detection of enzymatic activity [6, 11]. Although enzymatic reporter assays usually provide valuable information concerning the regulation of gene expression within a population [6], a high-throughput method for single-cell analysis based on a fluorogenic substrate was also successfully developed. Quantitative measurements of near-basal expression of β-galactosidase in single bacterial cells were demonstrated [12].
To combine the advantages of enzymatic and fluorescent reporters, many attempts have been made to develop versatile reporter systems in recent years. For example, the development of hybrid bifunctional reporter proteins [7, 9, 13], dual promoter-driven reporter systems [14], and even the combination of two reporters in a single dicistronic unit [6, 15, 16]. The expression of the reporter is affected by many factors, including molecular weight of the product, codon preference, secondary structure of the mRNA, strength of the promoter, RBS variants with different translational efficiencies, and more [17–19]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the co-expression of several genes could be regulated in an artificial operon by assembling them in tandem, but the expression of the upstream gene was always higher than that of the downstream one [17]. The molecular sizes of commonly used reporters, such as fluorescence protein, luciferase, and β-galactosidase, range from several hundred to more than a thousand amino acids [2]. Unfortunately, it is difficult to detect weak transcriptional signals from the target promoter based on co-expression of several large molecular weight reporters in the host [15, 20]. Protein expression is regulated precisely by changing the combination of genetic codes in engineered bacterial cells [21]. The translation efficiency of the upstream open reading frame (ORF) could also be easily adjusted using the inserted rare codons. Thus, the expression of the downstream ORF in the polycistronic unit can be further decreased [22, 23].
The development of dual reporter systems based on two different detection principles facilitated the characterization of transcriptional and translational levels of the target region. However, the responses from both reporters were not synchronized, and a high level of expression of the upstream gene was seen in prokaryotes in most situations [6, 24–26]. It is well understood that the production of a smaller reporter is always more efficient and energy-saving for microbial cells [17]. The truncated reporter peptide lacZα, a short peptide of 56 amino acids, was previously developed for improved monitoring of low-level transcription in lacZM15-producing bacteria [11]. Compared with the full-length β-galactosidase, truncated polypeptide lacZα expression decreases energy consumption of the host cells, and thus enhanced lacZα expression and detection sensitivity are expected in a dicistronic reporter system with lacZα as the downstream reporter. To improve the expression level of a downstream reporter in a dicistronic molecular device, the lacZα peptide should be a preferred alternative to traditional high molecular weight reporters, such as the full-length β-galactosidase.
In this paper, we have developed a novel RFP-lacZα reporter cassette, which is based on a dicistronic genetic structure, and allows for the simultaneous expression of two reporter genes in a regulated fashion. This cassette is designed to allow for the insertion of a target promoter in front of it in order to construct a RFP-lacZα reporter system. Although the expression of the upstream reporter mCherry was greatly decreased by inserting consecutive rare codons, the expression of the downstream reporter lacZα was only slightly affected. More importantly, the detection sensitivity of downstream lacZα was always higher than that of upstream mCherry in an artificial lac operon. This RFP-lacZα reporter system has been instrumental for Pb(II) biosensing based on an artificial pbr operon. An engineered lead biosensor with two different reporters in a single genetic construct responded to low levels of lead by simultaneously generating fluorescent signal and β-galactosidase activity. The characteristics of a flexible lead biosensor allows for an expanded application range.
Materials and methods
Bacterial strains, plasmids, and agents
The bacterial strains and vectors involved in this study are listed in Table 1. E. coli Top 10 was used as a host for the cloning and induced expression of the plasmid-coded reporter proteins. E. coli was grown in Luria Broth (OXOID, Basingstoke, UK) at 37°C. Pyrobest DNA polymerase, restriction enzymes, and gel extraction kits were purchased from TaKaRa (Dalian, China). Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside (X-gal), ampicillin, and lysozyme were obtained from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). All oligonucleotides were synthesized by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China).
Construction of a series of dicistronic plasmids
All the primers involved in this study are listed in S1 Table, and PCR reactions were optimized for each primer pair. Plasmid pPlac-lacZα containing the Plac-lacZα-rrnB cassette was previously constructed to facilitate validation of a monocistronic lacZα reporter [11]. The pPlac-ORF-lacZα was constructed by the overlapping extension PCR method. The Plac-ORF cassette containing a new multiple cloning site (MCS) was amplified from pPlac-lacZα using primers F-Plac and R-Plac-ORF. The ORF-lacZα-rrnB terminator cassette was amplified from pPlac-lacZα using primers F-ORF-lacZα and R-Ter. The amplified products from both of the above reactions were added to another PCR reaction using primers F-Plac and R-Ter. The resulting Plac-ORF-lacZα-rrnB terminator gene fusion cassette was cloned as a NdeI/EcoRI fragment into pBR322 to create the plasmid pPlac-ORF-lacZα. DNA fragments were amplified from pPlac-ORF-lacZα using primers R-Ter and F-mu1ORF, F-mu2ORF, or F-mu3ORF, then digested and inserted into pPlac-ORF-lacZα via HindIII and EcoRI sites, generating pPlac-mu1ORF-lacZα, pPlac-mu2ORF-lacZα, and pPlac-mu3ORF-lacZα, respectively.
To assemble a dual reporter system, the gene of mCherry was amplified from pT-RFP using primers F-RFP and R-RFP, and this fragment was then cloned as a HindIII and XhoI fragment into pPlac-ORF-lacZα, previously digested with the same enzymes. The resulting recombinant plasmid was named pPlac-RFP-lacZα with a dual RFP-lacZα reporter cassette in it. A fragment with two consecutive rare codons preceding mCherry was amplified from pPlac-RFP-lacZα by PCR with primers F-mu2RFP and R-RFP, and inserted into the HindIII and XhoI sites of pPlac-RFP-lacZα to generate pPlac-mu2RFP-lacZα. Likewise, a fragment with three consecutive rare codons following mCherry was amplified from pPlac-RFP-lacZα by PCR with primers F-RFP and R-RFPmu3, and inserted into the HindIII and XhoI sites of pPlac-RFP-lacZα to generate pPlac-RFPmu3-lacZα.
The strategy used for assessing lac promoter activity using various reporter cassettes is summarized in Fig 1, and the cloning and expression regions of recombinant plasmids involved in the study are shown in S1 Fig. A 2063 bp NdeI-EcoRI fragment derived from pBR322, which only retains the ampicillin resistance cassette and the origin of replication, was chosen as the clone vector backbone. A DNA fragment containing extra RBS and an ORF was first inserted into pPlac-lacZα after the lac promoter region to generate pPlac-ORF-lacZα. As shown in S2A Fig, a short upstream ORF composed of a multiple clone site (MCS) and a His Tag, together encoding a 14-amino acid peptide (amino acid sequence: MKLGSLEHHHHHH), was inserted into this dicistronic plasmid. One, two, and three consecutive rare codons were then introduced following the HindIII site in the short ORF, generating pPlac-mu1ORF-lacZα, pPlac-mu2ORF-lacZα, and pPlac-mu3ORF-lacZα, respectively. The mCherry coding sequence was inserted into the short ORF to generate a dual mCherry-lacZα reporter plasmid pPlac-RFP-lacZα, as shown in S2B Fig. Two consecutive rare codons were then placed upstream of mCherry, and three consecutive rare codons were placed downstream of mCherry, to generate pPlac-mu2RFP-lacZα and pPlac-RFPmu3-lacZα, respectively.
Schematic representation of the main features of a series of lac promoter reporter vectors, depicting the two reporters mCherry and lacZα separated by a stop codon and an extra RBS, under the control of a lac promoter.
Assembly of the plasmid-based lead biosensor
A dual mCherry-lacZα reporter element was amplified from pPlac-RFP-lacZα, and fused to the genetic element containing pbrR and divergent pbr promoter by an overlap extension PCR method. In brief, a dual mCherry-lacZα reporter element was amplified with the primer pair F-Ppbr-RFP and R-Ter. The cassette containing pbrR and pbr promoter was amplified from pT-Ppbr using the primer pair F-Ppbr and R-Ppbr-RFP. Both of the amplified fragments from pPlac-RFP-lacZα and pT-Ppbr were added to another PCR reaction using primers F-Ppbr and R-Ter to generate the pbrR-Ppbr-mCherry-lacZα gene fusion cassette. The amplified fragment and pBR322 were then digested with NdeI and EcoRI, and ligated together to create pPpbr-RFP-lacZα.
Furthermore, a dual mCherry-lacZ reporter cassette was also fused with pbrR-Ppbr to assemble pPpbr-RFP-lacZ by an overlap extension PCR. Briefly, the pbrR-Ppbr-mCherry cassette was first amplified from pPpbr-RFP-lacZα using primers F-Ppbr and R-Ppbr-RFP-lacZ. The lacZ-rrnB terminator cassette was then amplified from pPlac-lacZ using primers F-Ppbr-RFP-lacZ and R-Ter. Both of the amplified fragments were finally mixed to be amplified with primers F-Ppbr and R-Ter to generate the pbrR-Ppbr-mCherry-lacZ gene fusion cassette, which was inserted into the NdeI and EcoRI sites of pBR322 to generate pPpbr-RFP-lacZ.
Reporter genes expressions
Standard procedures were employed for the transformation of E. coli Top10 [27]. The transformed E. coli cells were spread on LB agar plates containing 50 μg/mL ampicillin, and then cultured overnight at 37°C. A single colony was used to inoculate LB medium supplemented with 50 μg/mL ampicillin, and was cultured at 37°C for 12 h. The precultured recombinant E. coli culture was diluted to an OD600 of 0.01 in fresh LB medium containing 50 μg/mL ampicillin, and grown to an optical density of 0.4 at 600 nm. For the reporter genes expression under the lac promoter, the cultures were then induced with 0–1.0 mM IPTG. For the reporter genes expression under the pbr promoter, the cultures were then induced with varying concentrations of Pb(II) plus 0.1 mM IPTG before assessing functional lacZα and mCherry expression.
β-galactosidase assay
The β-galactosidase activity of the induced culture was measured as described by Miller with ONPG as the substrate [28]. A semi-quantitative detection method to study β-galactosidase activity was developed in this study. In brief, blot paper was divided into 1*1 cm squares and immersed in lysis buffer (50 mM PBS, 200 mM NaCl, 1 g/L lysozyme, and 2 mM X-gal,). After the excess lysis buffer was removed, an aliquot of 10 μL of induced culture was dripped onto the blot paper, and incubated at 37°C for 15 min before drying at 50°C.
mCherry assay
The fluorescent signal of mCherry produced in recombinant E. coli was measured with the Lumina fluorescence spectrometer (Thermo, USA) as previously described [22]. Fluorescence emission was recorded at 610 nm for mCherry, and the fluorescence value was normalized by dividing the fluorescence intensity by the OD600 value of the same sample. A dot blot using cell lysate was performed as previously described [29]. Briefly, twenty microliters of induced culture was mixed with an equal volume of assay solution (200 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, and 200 mM DTT), and boiled for 10 min. An aliquot of 5 μL of each sample was dripped onto PVDF membrane. After the membrane was blocked and washed, it was incubated with primary mouse anti-His IgG (Tiangen, Beijing, China). After extensive washing, the membrane was then incubated with a secondary HRP labeled rabbit anti-mouse IgG (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China). Finally, the associated antibodies were visualized using an enhanced HRP-DAB chromogenic substrate kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China).
Results and discussion
Relationship between lacZα expression in the downstream ORF and rare codons in the upstream ORF
Several dicistronic reporter systems have been successfully constructed using synthetic biological methods. The expression of α-donor lacZα peptide is driven by the detected promoter in the target vector, and IPTG-inducible expression of α-acceptor lacZM15 is encoded in the host genome. Both of them can be assembled by α-complementation to become an active enzyme in the host cell. Then, the routine β-galactosidase assay can be performed. We next determined the function of these reporters in lacZM15-producing E. coli Top10. To validate the potential of lacZα as the downstream reporter, an extra ORF was first placed upstream of the lacZα reporter cassette to construct a dicistronic vector pPlac-ORF-lacZα. The upstream ORF is composed of a MCS used for the insertion of another reporter gene and a His Tag used for the blot assays. The upstream short ORF encodes a single 14-amino acid peptide. The strength of RBS, mRNA stability, and the percent of rare codons have been previously demonstrated to affect the translational efficiency of the downstream genes [4, 17]. In the study, one, two, and three consecutive rare codons were introduced into the upstream ORF to facilitate the detection of response change from the downstream lacZα reporter system. The lac promoter activity was then evaluated by the measurement of downstream lacZα production-inducing β-galactosidase activity, and the results are shown in Fig 2.
Overnight cultures were inoculated into fresh LB media, then the cells harboring various vectors were exposed to 1.0 mM IPTG at the logarithmic growth phase. After 4 h incubation at 37°C, the β-galactosidase activities were determined. The β-galactosidase activity is shown as percentage of β-galactosidase activity in Top10/pPlac-lacZα, which is defined as 100%. Levels of β-galactosidase activity are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3.
As expected, the highest enzymatic response came from the lacZα monocistronic reporter system Top10/pPlac-lacZα. The introduction of a short upstream ORF decreased the response from downstream lacZα, and the rare codons introduced into the upstream ORF resulted in the further decrease of the lacZα response. Three rare codons chosen in this study (CTA, ATA and AGG) were used at a frequency of < 0.5% in E. coli [30], and our previous studies have demonstrated that three consecutive rare codons in upstream ORF could cause expression failure of downstream mCherry [22]. Interestingly, even though three consecutive rare codons were introduced into the upstream ORF, a strong enough lacZα response was still detected in Top10/pPlac-mu3ORF-lacZα.
Translational coupling is the interdependence of expression of multiple neighboring genes encoded in an artificial operon. The coupling mainly depends on the distance between the stop codon of the upstream ORF and the start codon of the downstream ORF [4, 31]. Our studies suggest that the development of a downstream reporter that is easily and efficiently expressed in the host, such as a lacZα peptide, could be another preferred option for the improvement of translational coupling in the dual reporter system. Previously intractable problems, such as a response delay from the downstream reporter [22] or a decreased detection sensitivity of the downstream reporter [6, 16], may be resolved through using this modified system.
Comparison of upstream mCherry and downstream lacZα reporter for lac promoter activity
To further validate the advantage of lacZα as the downstream reporter of a dual reporter system, the mCherry gene was firstly inserted into the upstream ORF to assemble a dicistronic reporter construct pPlac-RFP-lacZα. As shown in Fig 3, reports of both mCherry and lacZα were positively related to the concentration of inducer IPTG. Upstream mCherry was found to respond to 0.001 mM IPTG. However, even when the concentration of IPTG was as low as 0.0001 mM, strong enough β-galactosidase activity was still detected. Due to the highly efficient expression of a lacZα peptide, a similar or reduced detection limit may be expected when lacZα is chosen as a downstream reporter in a dicistronic construct.
Recombinant E. coli was induced with 0–1 mM IPTG at 37 °C for 6 h. Then, the β-galactosidase activity and mCherry fluorescent signal of the induced cultures were determined.
To test whether or not the red fluorescent signal from the upstream ORF is positively related to the downstream lacZα production-inducing β-galactosidase activity, two and three consecutive rare codons were then introduced into the mCherry ORF.
The lac promoter activity was evaluated by assays for both mCherry and β-galactosidase activity. Rare codons located in upstream mCherry greatly down regulated the expression of mCherry. However, the production of downstream lacZα was slightly decreased (S3 Fig). This is different from the performance of traditional reporters, and a previous study has shown that rare codons located in the upstream ORF dramatically decreased the expression of downstream fluorescent protein in a dicistronic unit [22]. Lactose analogue-inducible promoters exhibit leaky expression in LB medium [32]. Thus, the expression of mCherry and lacZα were detected at 0 h in a blot dot test (S4A Fig), and a semi-quantitative paper test (S4B Fig), respectively. The highest responses of both mCherry and lacZα all came from Top10/pPlac-RFP-lacZα in all tests. Although two rare codons located in the 5’-terminal region of mCherry exerted a stronger negative influence on the yield of mCherry than that of the three rare codons located in its 3’-terminal region (Fig 4A, S4A Fig), the decrease in the response from the downstream lacZα was still positively related to the amount of rare codons located in upstream mCherry (Fig 4B, S4B Fig). It is worth mentioning that three consecutive rare codons located in the mCherry ORF could not block the response from the downstream lacZα (Fig 4B, S4B Fig). These results demonstrate the power of the lacZα reporter as a highly sensitive candidate for the downstream reporter to assess transcriptional activity of the target promoter in a dicistronic reporter construct.
Top10/pPlac-RFP-lacZα, Top10/pPlac-mu2RFP-lacZα, and Top10/pPlac-RFPmu3-lacZα were exposed to 1.0 mM IPTG at the logarithmic growth phase. The mCherry fluorescence (A) and β-galactosidase activity (B) were determined at different time intervals after 1.0 mM IPTG induction. Data are mean ± SD from three independent assays each from three independent cultivations.
Validation of the dual RFP-lacZα reporter in lead biosensing
Based on the natural pbr operon originating from Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34, several lead bacterial biosensors based on a monocistronic construct have been successfully developed, and fluorescence proteins were all chosen as reporters [11, 33, 34]. The lac promoter region (171 bp) in pPlac-RFP-lacZα, was substituted with a cassette containing the pbrR gene (435 bp) and divergent pbr promoter region (85 bp) to generate pPpbr-RFP-lacZα. To compare the reporter level of a lacZα peptide with that of the full-length β-galactosidase, a dicistronic pPpbr-RFP-lacZ was constructed, and traditional monocistronic pPpbr-RFP was also involved in the study. The genetic elements of whole cell lead biosensors and the potential molecular mechanism involved in a single mCherry reporter system, dual mCherry-lacZα reporter system, and a dual mCherry-lacZ reporter system are shown in Fig 5.
Based on a dicistronic pPpbr-RFP-lacZ, both mCherry and active β-galactosidase are expressed with Pb(II) induction. Based on a monocistronic pPpbr-RFP, only the mCherry reporter is expressed with Pb(II) induction. Based on a dicistronic pPpbr-RFP-lacZα, the mCherry reporter and lacZα are expressed under the control of a target pbr promoter driven by Pb(II), and lacZM15 is synthesized under the control of a host lac promoter driven by IPTG. After active tetrameric β-galactosidase is finally assembled in the host cell, both fluorescent signal and enzymatic activity are then determined.
Fluorescent signals generated from all three constructs are shown in Fig 6A. Compared with monocistroinc pPpbr-RFP, the fluorescent signal from the dicistronic pPpbr-RFP-lacZα was slightly decreased, and both of them responded to Pb(II) at concentrations as low as 10 μM. However, the fluorescent signal from dicistronic pPpbr-RFP-lacZ was greatly decreased, and only responded to Pb(II) at 15 μM. Enzymatic signals generated from both dicistronic constructs are shown in Fig 6B. Both of them were positively related to the concentration of Pb(II), and responded to Pb(II) at concentrations as low as 3 μM. Interestingly, enzymatic activity derived from the downstream lacZα was always significantly higher than that derived from the downstream full-length lacZ. In summary, the upstream mCherry response to Pb(II) was slightly affected by the introduction of downstream lacZα in this pPpbr-RFP-lacZα construct, a lead dual reporter biosensor. More importantly, the downstream lacZα response to Pb(II) was still more sensitive than the upstream mCherry.
The fluorescent (A) and enzymatic (B) response of Top10/pPpbr-RFP, pPpbr-RFP-lacZα, and pPpbr-RFP-lacZ to different concentrations of Pb(II) plus 0.1 mM IPTG after 4 h incubation at 37°C. Data are mean ± SD from three independent experiments each from three independent cultivations.
Both the accumulation of mCherry and the activation of β-galactosidase could also be clearly observed by the naked eye in a plate assay (S5 Fig). In addition, the implementation of a dual reporter system allows for Pb(II) biosensing at both the population and single-cell levels. The upstream mCherry reporter enabled easy quantification of response strength in single Pb(II) biosensor cells via fluorescent signals. Vibrant bacterial biosensor cells responded to Pb(II) strongly, and emitted bright red fluorescence. These cells could be easily distinguished under a fluorescence microscope with 400X magnification (Fig 7).
Bacterial cells were visualized on slides using a Nikon Eclipse Ni fluorescence microscope (X400 magnification).
Conclusions
In the current study, we describe the implementation and validation of a dual dicistronic reporter system based on the mCherry protein and a lacZα peptide. The successful production of both mCherry fluorescence and lacZα-inducing β-galactosidase activity in a series of artificial lac operons validated the functionality of this system. Due to the highly efficient expression of the lacZα peptide, the response strength of downstream lacZα was significantly higher that of downstream full-length lacZ. More importantly, the response sensitivity of downstream lacZα was even higher than that of upstream mCherry in a dual reporter system for Pb(II) biosensing. It is anticipated that the dual mCherry-lacZα reporter system, as a versatile bifunctional reporter system, will be useful in many future biological studies.
Supporting information
S1 Fig. The cloning/expression region of recombinant plasmids used in this study. DNA sequence and annotation data are all marked.
(A) The cloning/expression region of pPlac-ORF-lacZα. Another open reading frame (ORF) containing multiple cloning sites (MCS) is inserted immediately preceding the expression region of lacZα. (B) The cloning/expression region of pPlac-mu1ORF-lacZα, pPlac-mu2ORF-lacZα, and pPlac-mu3ORF-lacZα. One rare codon, two consecutive codons, or three consecutive codons were introduced into the first ORF in each pPlac-ORF-lacZα, respectively. (C) The cloning/expression region of the dicistronic expression vector pPlac-RFP-lacZα. The mCherry coding sequence was inserted as a HindIII/Xhol fragment into pPlac-ORF-lacZα. (D) The cloning/expression region of pPlac-mu2RFP-lacZα and pPlac-RFPmu3-lacZα. Two consecutive rare codons were inserted in front of mCherry to generate pPlac-mu2RFP-lacZα, and three consecutive rare codons were inserted behind mCherry to generate pPlac-RFPmu3-lacZα. (E) The cloning/expression region of pPpbr-RFP. The cassette including the pbrR gene and the divergent pbr promoter was inserted in front of mCherry. (F) The cloning/expression region of pPpbr-RFP-lacZα. The cassette including the pbrR gene and the divergent pbr promoter was inserted in front of the dicistronic mCherry-lacZα genetic element. (G) The cloning/expression region of pPpbr-RFP-lacZ. The cassette including the pbrR gene and the divergent pbr promoter was inserted in front of the dicistronic mCherry-lacZ genetic element.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228456.s002
(TIFF)
S2 Fig. lac promoter dicistronic reporter constructs with rare codons inserted into the upstream ORF.
(A) The structure and DNA sequence of the ORF-lacZα reporter cassette in pPlac-ORF-lacZα. One, two, and three consecutive rare codons were introduced into the upstream ORF of pPlac-ORF-lacα after the HindIII site, generating pPlac-mu1ORF-lacZα, pPlac-mu2ORF-lacZα, and pPlac-mu3ORF-lacZα, respectively. (B) The structure and DNA sequence of the dual mCherry-lacZα reporter cassette in pPlac-RFP-lacZα, pPlac-mu2RFP-lacZα (containing two consecutive rare codons preceding mCherry gene), and pPlac-RFPmu3-lacZα (containing three consecutive rare codons following mCherry gene).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228456.s003
(TIF)
S3 Fig. Comparison of the co-expression levels of mCherry and lacZα in three recombinant E. coli at 6 h after 1.0 mM IPTG induction.
The mCherry fluorescence and β-galactosidase activity are shown as a percentage of the corresponding values in Top10/pPlac-RFP-lacZα, which are defined as 100%. The values are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228456.s004
(TIF)
S4 Fig. Assay of two reporters from three lac promoter reporter dicistronic constructs.
To assess mCherry production and β-galactosidase activity semi-quantitatively, a dot blot assay (A) was done to detect the His tag fused to the C-terminus of recombinant mCherry at different time intervals. A fast blot paper-based chromogenic method (B) was set up, and X-gal was chosen to be the substrate.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228456.s005
(TIF)
S5 Fig. Co-occurrence of mCherry and β-galactosidase activity in plate assay with exposure to 20 μM Pb(II) plus 0.1 mM IPTG.
Recombinant Top10/pPpbr-RFP-lacZα was streaked on a LB agar plate containing 20 μM Pb(II), 0.1 mM IPTG, and 40 μg/mL X-gal. Then, the plate was cultured overnight at 37°C. The enzymatic signal was directly detected under white light, and the fluorescent signal was detected under UV light.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228456.s006
(TIF)
References
- 1. Taniguchi Y, Choi PJ, Li GW, Chen H, Babu M, Hearn J, et al. Quantifying E. coli proteome and transcriptome with single-molecule sensitivity in single cells. Science. 2010;329(5991):533–538. pmid:20671182.
- 2. Magrisso S, Erel Y, Belkin S. Microbial reporters of metal bioavailability. Microb Biotechnol. 2008;1(4):320–330. pmid:21261850.
- 3. Hui CY, Guo Y, Liu L, Zheng HQ, Wu HM, Zhang LZ, et al. Development of a novel bacterial surface display system using truncated OmpT as an anchoring motif. Biotechnol Lett. 2019. pmid:31025146.
- 4. Levin-Karp A, Barenholz U, Bareia T, Dayagi M, Zelcbuch L, Antonovsky N, et al. Quantifying translational coupling in E. coli synthetic operons using RBS modulation and fluorescent reporters. ACS Synth Biol. 2013;2(6):327–336. pmid:23654261.
- 5. Tsien RY. The green fluorescent protein. Annu Rev Biochem. 1998;67:509–544. pmid:9759496.
- 6. Silva-Rocha R, de Lorenzo V. A GFP-lacZ bicistronic reporter system for promoter analysis in environmental gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34675. pmid:22493710.
- 7. David HE, Dawe AS, de Pomerai DI, Jones D, Candido EP, Daniells C. Construction and evaluation of a transgenic hsp16-GFP-lacZ Caenorhabditis elegans strain for environmental monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003;22(1):111–118. pmid:12503753.
- 8. Brehm-Stecher BF, Johnson EA. Single-cell microbiology: tools, technologies, and applications. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2004;68(3):538–559. pmid:15353569.
- 9. Martin L, Che A, Endy D. Gemini, a bifunctional enzymatic and fluorescent reporter of gene expression. PLoS One. 2009;4(11):e7569. pmid:19888458.
- 10. Kawano M, Storz G, Rao BS, Rosner JL, Martin RG. Detection of low-level promoter activity within open reading frame sequences of Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005;33(19):6268–6276. pmid:16260475.
- 11. Guo Y, Hui CY, Liu L, Zheng HQ, Wu HM. Improved monitoring of low-level transcription in Escherichia coli by a beta-galactosidase alpha-complementation system. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1454. pmid:31297105.
- 12. Yang L, Huang T, Zhu S, Zhou Y, Jiang Y, Wang S, et al. High-throughput single-cell analysis of low copy number beta-galactosidase by a laboratory-built high-sensitivity flow cytometer. Biosens Bioelectron. 2013;48:49–55. pmid:23644146.
- 13. Hwang CN, Hong S, Choi SS, Lee KS, Park SS, Lee SH. Dual reporter genes enabling cell tracing with viable and reliable selection of various cell types. Biotechnol Lett. 2006;28(5):287–293. pmid:16614914.
- 14. Choi SC, Shim WJ, Lim DS. Specific monitoring of cardiomyogenic and endothelial differentiation by dual promoter-driven reporter systems in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Lett. 2008;30(5):835–843. pmid:18175067.
- 15. Benedetti IM, de Lorenzo V, Silva-Rocha R. Quantitative, non-disruptive monitoring of transcription in single cells with a broad-host range GFP-luxCDABE dual reporter system. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52000. pmid:23284849.
- 16. Hennessy RC, Christiansen L, Olsson S, Stougaard P. A broad-host range dual-fluorescence reporter system for gene expression analysis in Gram-negative bacteria. J Microbiol Methods. 2018;144:173–176. pmid:29203144.
- 17. Mahalik S, Sharma AK, Mukherjee KJ. Genome engineering for improved recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact. 2014;13:177. pmid:25523647.
- 18. Salis HM, Mirsky EA, Voigt CA. Automated design of synthetic ribosome binding sites to control protein expression. Nat Biotechnol. 2009;27(10):946–950. pmid:19801975.
- 19. Ferreira JP, Overton KW, Wang CL. Tuning gene expression with synthetic upstream open reading frames. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(28):11284–11289. pmid:23798422.
- 20. Qazi SN, Counil E, Morrissey J, Rees CE, Cockayne A, Winzer K, et al. agr expression precedes escape of internalized Staphylococcus aureus from the host endosome. Infect Immun. 2001;69(11):7074–7082. pmid:11598083.
- 21. Brule CE, Grayhack EJ. Synonymous codons: choose wisely for expression. Trends Genet. 2017;33(4):283–297. pmid:28292534.
- 22. Hui CY, Guo Y, Zhang W, Huang XQ. Rapid monitoring of the target protein expression with a fluorescent signal based on a dicistronic construct in Escherichia coli. AMB Express. 2018;8(1):81. pmid:29785487.
- 23. Menzella HG. Comparison of two codon optimization strategies to enhance recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact. 2011;10:15. pmid:21371320.
- 24. Uliczka F, Pisano F, Kochut A, Opitz W, Herbst K, Stolz T, et al. Monitoring of gene expression in bacteria during infections using an adaptable set of bioluminescent, fluorescent and colorigenic fusion vectors. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20425. pmid:21673990.
- 25. Tauer C, Heinl S, Egger E, Heiss S, Grabherr R. Tuning constitutive recombinant gene expression in Lactobacillus plantarum. Microb Cell Fact. 2014;13:150. pmid:25410118.
- 26. Sun WS, Chen JW, Wu YC, Tsai HY, Kuo YL, Syu WJ. Expression regulation of polycistronic lee3 genes of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0155578. pmid:27182989.
- 27.
Sambrook J, Russell DW. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2001.
- 28.
Miller JH. Experiments in molecular genetics. N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1972.
- 29. Hui C, Guo Y, Zhang W, Gao C, Yang X, Chen Y, et al. Surface display of PbrR on Escherichia coli and evaluation of the bioavailability of lead associated with engineered cells in mice. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):5685. pmid:29632327.
- 30. Chumpolkulwong N, Sakamoto K, Hayashi A, Iraha F, Shinya N, Matsuda N, et al. Translation of 'rare' codons in a cell-free protein synthesis system from Escherichia coli. J Struct Funct Genomics. 2006;7(1):31–36. pmid:16703415.
- 31. de Almeida RA, Heuser T, Blaschke R, Bartram CR, Janssen JW. Control of MYEOV protein synthesis by upstream open reading frames. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(2):695–704. pmid:16275643.
- 32. Jia B, Jeon CO. High-throughput recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: current status and future perspectives. Open Biol. 2016;6(8). pmid:27581654.
- 33. Wei W, Liu X, Sun P, Wang X, Zhu H, Hong M, et al. Simple whole-cell biodetection and bioremediation of heavy metals based on an engineered lead-specific operon. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(6):3363–3371. pmid:24564581.
- 34. Bereza-Malcolm L, Aracic S, Franks AE. Development and application of a synthetically-derived lead biosensor construct for use in Gram-Negative bacteria. Sensors (Basel). 2016;16(12). pmid:27999352.