http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7941-8191
Figures
Abstract
Background
Despite women undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) having a higher rate of adverse outcomes than men, data evaluating prognostic risk scores, especially in elderly women, remains scarce. This study was conducted to validate the predictive value of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score in elderly female patients.
Materials and methods
This was a retrospective analysis of elderly (>65 years) female patients who underwent PPCI for ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) from October 2016 to September 2018. Patients’ demographic details and elements of TIMI risk score including age, co-morbidities, Killip classification; weight, anterior MI and total ischemic time were extracted from hospital records. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and post-discharge mortality reported on telephonic follow-up.
Results
A total of 404 elderly women with a median age of 70 years were included. The mean TIMI score was 5.25±1.45 with 40.3% (163) patients of TIMI score > 5. In-hospital mortality rate was 6.4% (26) and was found to be associated with TIMI score (p<0.001). The in-hospital mortality rate increased from 3.1% at TIMI score of 0–4 to 34.6% at the score of 8. On follow-up (16.43±7.40 months) of 211 (55.8%) patients, the overall mortality rate was 20.3%, and this was also associated with TIMI score (p<0.001). The mortality rate increased from 5.6% at the score of 0–4 to 54.5% at the score of 8. The predictive values (area under the curve) of TIMI risk score for in-hospital and post-discharge mortality were 0.709 (95% CI 0.591–0.827; p <0.001) and 0.689 (95% CI 0.608–0.770; p <0.001), respectively.
Citation: Furnaz S, Karim M, Ashraf T, Ali S, Shahid I, Ali S, et al. (2019) Performance of the TIMI risk score in predicting mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly women: Results from a developing country. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0220289. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220289
Editor: Chiara Lazzeri, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, ITALY
Received: March 20, 2019; Accepted: July 13, 2019; Published: July 25, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Furnaz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) has played a significant role in reducing mortality rates in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients [1]. Despite being the best management strategy with a decrease in number of re-infarctions [2], almost 10% of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) die within three years, [3] with women having a higher rate of adverse outcomes than men [4]. A recent multicentre registry that included STEMI patients undergoing PPCI from 12 countries showed a remarkably higher 30-day mortality rate in women, as compared to men [5]. Accurate post-PCI risk prediction in women is thus a necessity, to allow the delivery of appropriate therapeutic interventions to those at increased risk, and thus curtail mortality rates.
The ‘Thrombolysis in myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score’ is a risk stratification model which has been shown to accurately predict post-PCI mortality in both genders [6], with the c-statistic value of 30-day mortality ranging from 0.72–0.84 [7–9]. However, data evaluating the usefulness of the TIMI risk score in the South Asian population remains scarce. The validation of this risk score in the South Asian population is essential given the differences in genetics, lifestyle, and healthcare delivery in comparison to developed nations. Moreover, elderly patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) are poorly analysed and underrepresented in clinical trials [10].
Given that 1 in 4 middle aged adults present with evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Pakistan [11], we aimed to determine the predictive value of TIMI risk score and its prognostic significance; to profile the risk of mortality of elderly females who underwent PPCI in the largest ‘cardiac care center’ of the country.
Methods
Data source
This retrospective analysis was conducted in the department of adult cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan. Records of patients diagnosed with STEMI undergoing PPCI from October 2016 to September 2018 were obtained from the institutional database. Study was conducted after the approval of ethical review committee of NICVD (approval number: ERC-13/2019). Data in the database was anonymised before accessing them as per the institutional protocol. Written informed consent regarding the use of the use of a patient’s hospital records for research purposes was taken from all patients before the procedure. Data of patients who refused consent was excluded. Verbal consent was obtained at the time of telephonic follow-up.
Study population
Female patients of > 65 years of age who were diagnosed with STEMI and subsequently underwent PPCI between October 2016 and September 2018 were included in the study. Only the first PPCI was included. Patients with missing data on patient sex, age, contact information, immediate outcome, in-hospital death or loss to follow-up were excluded from the analysis. Sample size for the study was calculated with an expected area under the curve (AUC) of 0.84 for TIMI risk score among women [7]. At 95% confidence level, and 5% margin of error, the minimum required sample size for the study was calculated to be 158 patients.
Data collection/demographic details
Patients’ demographic details including age and sex, baseline characteristics, history of smoking, co-morbidities including history of documented hypertension or diabetes mellitus, positive family history of coronary artery disease, contact information and angiographic characteristics were recorded. Status of diabetes mellitus and hypertension was determined based on self-report or use of anti-diabetic or antihypertensive medication since past 6 months. A patient was classified as a ‘smoker’ if she acknowledged the habit at the time of enrolment, or had a history of smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day for at least 1 year. Follow up was obtained by contacting the patients or their relatives by telephone in order to record the study outcome variables.
TIMI score
The following variables of the TIMI risk score were of concern: age, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, hypertension or angina, heart rate, Killip classification, weight, anterior MI and time to treatment. Time to treatment was defined as time from symptom onset to first balloon inflation. The calculation of the modified TIMI score is shown in Table 1 [6].
Outcomes
The primary outcome of interest was the in-hospital mortality, defined as death of any cause within hospital stay of index procedure. A telephonic follow-up was made and self-reported (or attendant reported) incidence of post discharge mortality, re occurrence of MI, re-intervention, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery, and Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) were recorded.
Data analysis
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US) was used for the analysis of data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to the examine the normality of the continuous variables such as age (years), symptom onset to ER arrival time (min), ER to Lab (min), total Ischemic time (min), and TIMI risk score and appropriate mean ± SD or median [interquartile range (IQR)] were calculated. The categorical baseline and clinical characteristics were compared with study outcome by applying chi-square test, and the Mann-Whitney U test was performed to assess the TIMI risk score by study outcome. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed for the assessment of the association of TIMI risk score as well as other baseline characteristics of the patients, with post-procedure mortality. The results of the logistic regression analysis were expressed as an odds ratio (OR) along with 95% confidence interval (CI). The predictive value was determined using area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of TIMI risk score with in-hospital mortality as state variable. The optimal cut-off value of TIMI risk score was determined by computing the Youden Index and patients were stratified based on optimal cut-off and in-hospital mortality and post discharge short term outcomes were compared between the patient groups. P-value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
A total of 404 elderly (≥65 years) women undergoing PPCI for STEMI were included in this study. Median age of the patients was 70 [75–65] years with 29.2% (118) of the patients aged 75 years and above. Other than advanced age, other risk factors included hypertension (281 patients; 69.6%), diabetes (160 patients; 39.6%) and smoking (17 patients; 4.2%). The median time duration from symptoms onset to the arrival to emergency room was 240 [360–134.5] minutes and the median time from ER arrival to Cath lab activation was 70 [115–50] minutes. In 68.3% (276) patients, PPCI was performed after more than 4 hours of symptoms onset. More than two-thirds, 72.8% (294), of patients in our study were diagnosed with multi-vessel disease LAD occlusion in 49.8% (201) and RCA occlusion in 39.9% (161) patients. The mean TIMI score was 5 [6–4] with 40.3% (163) patients with TIMI score of more than 5 and post procedure in-hospital mortality rate of 6.4% (26). Risk profile and disease severity of the patient by post procedure in-hospital status are presented in Table 2.
Significantly higher proportion of patients who died during the index hospitalization, versus those who were discharged alive, had clinical presentation of Killip Class II-IV (42.3% (11) vs. 14.8%(56); p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than 100 mmHg (34.6% (9) vs. 5.6%(21); p<0.001), and heart rate (HR) of more than 100 bpm (26.9% (7) vs. 11.4%(43); p<0.019). Moreover, the TIMI risk score was significantly higher among patients who did not survive as compared to those who survived (6.5 [8–5] vs. 5 [6–4]; p<0.001). The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for in-hospital mortality are presented in Table 3.
The predictive value, area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), of TIMI risk score for in-hospital mortality was found to be 0.709 (95% CI 0.591–0.827; p <0.001). Based on the Youden Index the optimal cut-off value of TIMI risk score was found to be 6 with sensitivity of 69.2%, specificity of 61.6%, and overall accuracy of 62.1%. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of TIMI risk score for in-hospital mortality and short-term mortality are presented in Fig 1.
Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for predictive value of TIMI Risk Score for A) In-hospital mortality and B) Short term mortality.
Telephonic follow-up was successfully conducted for 212 (56.1%) out of 378 survived patients (Fig 2) and the mean duration of follow-up was 16.43 ± 7.40 months ranging between 4 to 27 months. Outcomes included post discharge mortality rate of 20.3% (43/212), re occurrence of MI in 20.8% (44/212), re-intervention in 12.7% (27/212), CABG surgery in 5.7% (12/212), and transient ischemic attack (TIA) w 8.0% (17/212) of the patients.
Age and TIMI risk score were found to be independent predictors of post-discharge mortality with adjusted odds ratios of 1.1 [1.04–1.17] and 1.55 [1.18–2.05] respectively. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for post-discharge mortality are presented in Table 4.
Similarly, the predictive value, the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), of TIMI risk score for post discharge mortality was found to be 0.689 (95% CI 0.608–0.770; p <0.001). The optimal cut-off value of 6 showed the sensitivity of 60.5%, specificity of 65.7%, and overall accuracy of 64.6%. The baseline TIMI risk score was found to be significantly associated with in-hospital as well as post discharge short term mortality (Chi-square test p-value <0.001). In-hospital mortality rate was 3.1% at TIMI score of 0–4 and rose up to 34.6% at the TIMI score of 8, however, due to a very small base size of seven patients in-hospital mortality rate at TIMI score of >8 was not aligned with the increment. Similarly, post discharge short term mortality rate was 5.6% at TIMI score of 0–4 and rose up to 54.5% at TIMI score of 8. In-hospital and post discharge mortality rate by baseline TIMI risk score are presented in Table 5.
A similar association was again seen with a higher mortality rate among the patients with TIMI risk score ≥ 6 of 11.0% (18/163) vs. 3.3% (8/241), p = 0.001, in patients with TIMI risk score of less than 6. Similarly, post discharge mortality rate was 31% (26/84) in patients with score ≥6 vs. 13.3% (17/128), p = 0.001 in patients with TIMI score less than 6. Comparison of in-hospital mortality and post discharge short term outcomes by TIMI score-based grouping of patients was presented in Table 6.
Discussion
The burden of acute coronary syndrome is gaining increasing significance as the number of older population in Pakistan is gradually increasing. Mortality rate in elderly STEMI patients remains considerably higher as compared to younger patients [12], especially in women undergoing PPCI [7]. Evidence based therapies for elderly female STEMI patients are considerably underutilized, despite older women having worse prognosis than men [13,14].
Our current study evaluated in-hospital mortality as well as post discharge mortality rate. We analysed overall in-hospital mortality rate of 6.4% which is in contrast to the rate observed in previous studies (which ranges from 19% to 34%) [15–17]. Several variables were significantly related to in-hospital mortality such as Killip Class II-IV, Heart rate > 100bpm, systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg and TIMI risk score > 6 which was consistent with previous observations [7,18]. However, in contrast to previously published data [15], diabetes and hypertension were not significantly correlated to in-hospital mortality in the multivariate analysis.
Post discharge mortality rate at an average of 1 year was analysed to be 20.3% which is less than the rate reported from other similar studies (which range from 33 to 50.7% [19,20]). Almost one-fifth of those discharged suffered from another MI during the follow up period, suggesting that those with a baseline TIMI score of 6 or higher were likely to experience reoccurrence of MI and thus, have a greater likelihood of increased mortality.
We concluded that the TIMI risk score is highly predictive of in hospital and post-discharge mortality with a c-statistics of 0.709 and 0.689 respectively.
In our study, out of 404 patients who underwent PPCI, 40.3% (n = 163) were identified as high risk (TIMI Score ≥ 6) after the procedure. Stratification before the procedure, or while monitoring the follow up of high risk patients can also aid in deciding the appropriate intervention where an early triage may distinguish an invasive strategy which might significantly reduce mortality.
Thune et al. in the DANish trial in Acute Myocardial Infarction-2 (DANAMI-2) stratified patients according to TIMI score: 25% of patients were high risk (TIMI ≥5). After a 3 year follow-up, there was a remarkable reduction of mortality in patients who underwent primary PCI over thrombolytic therapy in high-risk group (25% mortality for PCI vs. 32.6% for fibrinolysis, p = 0.02) with no significant difference in low-risk patients (8% for PCI vs. 5.6% for fibrinolysis, p = 0.11) [22].
Moreover, the importance of stratification and TIMI score can also be judged from our analysis where post-discharge mortality was at least two times more (30.9%) in patients discerned as high risk when compared to those in the low risk strata (13.2%) further implying the need to have better targeted treatment and early management of those identified at an increased risk.
This confirms that TIMI risk score can be used as an early risk stratification tool to identify patients in which early therapeutic interventions could improve long term survival outcome, hence improving patient care. Since TIMI solely relies on objective assessment, it may particularly be important in female patients who often present with atypical symptoms, no chest pain and non‐diagnostic ECGs, making diagnosis difficult [21].
Furthermore, our findings can also be beneficial for clinicians where an existing validated risk tool provides an inexpensive method to evaluate patients. This is particularly useful for a developing country like Pakistan where majority of the population is catered by publicly funded health-care system which is already limited in scope [23].
Limitations
Although bias was tried to be kept to a minimum, there are various limitations in this study that should be considered. Firstly, we did not analyse short term 30-day mortality. Comparing short term with long term post discharge mortality could have given a better prediction of the accuracy of TIMI risk score. Secondly, large cohorts from multiple settings are ideal to assess the validity of risk scores. Our analysis was only subjected to a small cohort from one cardiac care centre of the country therefore, our results may not be applicable to different hospital settings and patient population. Thirdly, loss-to-follow up data was large where post discharge mortality could only be compared in 212 patients as compared to the 404 patients that underwent PPCI. Fourthly, we only analysed all-cause mortality. Lastly, as no data regarding medication and adherence to the prescribed therapies were observed, therefore, potential confounding impact of these cannot be ruled out. Although TIMI score is validated for predicting all-cause mortality, further information about cause of death would have helped identify individual risk factors that may contribute to mortality in PPCI patients later in life.
Conclusion
Our study validates the accuracy of TIMI risk score in elderly female patients by corroborating both in-hospital and long-term discriminative value, suggesting the use of this score in clinical setting to provide targeted treatment and monitor prognosis of a high-risk patient accordingly.
References
- 1. Rogers WJ, Frederick PD, Stoehr E, Canto JG, Ornato JP, Gibson CM, et al. Trends in presenting characteristics and hospital mortality among patients with ST elevation and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006. Am Heart J. 2008 Dec 1;156(6):1026–34. pmid:19032996
- 2. Mehta RH, Sadiq I, Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Avezum Á, Spencer F, et al. Effectiveness of primary percutaneous coronary intervention compared with that of thrombolytic therapy in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2004 Feb 1;147(2):253–9. pmid:14760322
- 3. Littnerova S, Kala P, Jarkovsky J, Kubkova L, Prymusova K, Kubena P, et al. GRACE Score among Six Risk Scoring Systems (CADILLAC, PAMI, TIMI, Dynamic TIMI, Zwolle) Demonstrated the Best Predictive Value for Prediction of Long-Term Mortality in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0123215. pmid:25893501
- 4. Lansky AJ, Hochman JS, Ward PA, Mintz GS, Fabunmi R, Berger PB, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention and adjunctive pharmacotherapy in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2005;111:940–53. pmid:15687113
- 5. Cenko E, Yoon J, Kedev S, Stankovic G, Vasiljevic Z, Krljanac G, et al. Sex differences in outcomes after STEMI: effect modification by treatment strategy and age. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 May 1;178(5):632–639. pmid:29630703
- 6. Morrow DA, Antman EM, Charlesworth A, Cairns R, Murphy SA, de Lemos JA, et al. TIMI risk score for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: an intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct 24;102(17):2031–7. pmid:11044416
- 7. Gevaert SA, De Bacquer D, Evrard P, Convens C, Dubois P, Boland J, et al. Gender, TIMI risk score and in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI: results from the Belgian STEMI registry. EuroIntervention. 2014 Jan 22;9(9):1095–101. pmid:24457280
- 8. Abelin AP, David RB, Gottschall CA, Quadros AS. Accuracy of dedicated risk scores in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in daily clinical practice. Can J Cardiol. 2014 Jan 1;30(1):125–31. pmid:24238848
- 9. Lev EI, Kornowski R, Vaknin-Assa H, Porter A, Teplitsky I, Ben-Dor I, et al. Comparison of the predictive value of four different risk scores for outcomes of patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Jul 1;102(1):6–11. pmid:18572028
- 10. Lee PY, Alexander KP, Hammill BG, Pasquali SK, Peterson ED. Representation of elderly persons and women in published randomized trials of acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2001 Aug 8;286(6):708–13. pmid:11495621
- 11. Jafar TH, Jafary FH, Jessani S, Chaturvedi N. Heart disease epidemic in Pakistan: women and men at equal risk. Am Heart J. 2005 Aug 1;150(2):221–6. pmid:16086922
- 12. Hafiz AM, Jan MF, Mori N, Gupta A, Bajwa T, Allaqaband S. Contemporary Clinical Outcomes of Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Elderly versus Younger Patients Presenting with Acute ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Interv Cardiol. 2011 Aug;24(4):357–65. pmid:21414028
- 13. de Boer SP, Roos-Hesselink JW, van Leeuwen MA, Lenzen MJ, van Geuns RJ, Regar E, et al. Excess mortality in women compared to men after PCI in STEMI: an analysis of 11,931 patients during 2000–2009. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Sep 20;176(2):456–63. pmid:25127966
- 14. De Luca L, Marini M, Gonzini L, Boccanelli A, Casella G, Chiarella F, et al. Contemporary trends and age‐specific sex differences in management and outcome for patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Nov 23;5(12):e004202. pmid:27881426
- 15. Sappa R, Grillo MT, Cinquetti M, Prati G, Spedicato L, Nucifora G, et al. Short and long-term outcome in very old patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol. 2017 Dec 15;249:112–8. pmid:28935461
- 16. Fach A, Bünger S, Zabrocki R, Schmucker J, Conradi P, Garstka D, et al. Comparison of outcomes of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention analyzed by age groups (< 75, 75 to 85, and> 85 Years);(Results from the Bremen STEMI Registry). Am J Cardiol. 2015 Dec 15;116(12):1802–9. pmid:26602071
- 17. Shah P, Najafi AH, Panza JA, Cooper HA. Outcomes and quality of life in patients≥ 85 years of age with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Jan 15;103(2):170–4. pmid:19121431
- 18. Damman P, Woudstra P, Kuijt WJ, Kikkert WJ, Hoef TP, Grundeken MJ, et al. Short‐and Long‐Term Prognostic Value of the TIMI Risk Score after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST‐segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Interv Cardiol. 2013 Feb;26(1):8–13. pmid:22971136
- 19. Antoniucci D, Valenti R, Santoro GM, Bolognese L, Moschi G, Trapani M, et al. Systematic primary angioplasty in octogenarian and older patients. Am Heart J. 1999 Oct 1;138(4):670–4.
- 20. Valente S, Lazzeri C, Salvadori C, Chiostri M, Giglioli C, Poli S, et al. Effectiveness and safety of routine primary angioplasty in patients aged≥ 85 years with acute myocardial infarction. Circ J. 2008;72(1):67–70. pmid:18159102
- 21. Graham G. Acute coronary syndromes in women: recent treatment trends and outcomes. Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology. 2016 Jan;10:CMC-S37145.
- 22. Thune JJ, Hoefsten DE, Lindholm MG, Mortensen LS, Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, et al. Simple risk stratification at admission to identify patients with reduced mortality from primary angioplasty. Circulation. 2005 Sep 27;112(13):2017–21. pmid:16186438
- 23. Kurji Z, Premani ZS, Mithani Y. Analysis of the health care system of Pakistan: lessons learnt and way forward. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2016;28(3):601. pmid:28712245