Impact of Itga2-Gp6-double collagen receptor deficient mice for bone marrow megakaryocytes and platelets

Daniela Semeniak; Kristina Faber; Patricia Öftering; Georgi Manukjan; Harald Schulze

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216839

Abstract

The two main collagen receptors on platelets, GPVI and integrin α2β1, play an important role for the recognition of exposed collagen at sites of vessel injury, which leads to platelet activation and subsequently stable thrombus formation. Both receptors are already expressed on megakaryocytes, the platelet forming cells within the bone marrow. Megakaryocytes are in permanent contact with collagen filaments in the marrow cavity and at the basal lamina of sinusoids without obvious preactivation. The role of both collagen receptors for megakaryocyte maturation and thrombopoiesis is still poorly understood. To investigate the function of both collagen receptors, we generated mice that are double deficient for Gp6 and Itga2. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that the deficiency of both receptors had no impact on platelet number and led to the expected lack in GPVI responsiveness. Integrin activation and degranulation ability was comparable to wildtype mice. By immunofluorescence microscopy, we could demonstrate that both wildtype and double-deficient megakaryocytes were overall normally distributed within the bone marrow. We found megakaryocyte count and size to be normal, the localization within the bone marrow, the degree of maturation, as well as their association to sinusoids were also unaltered. However, the contact of megakaryocytes to collagen type I filaments was decreased at sinusoids compared to wildtype mice, while the interaction to type IV collagen was unaffected. Our results imply that GPVI and α2β1 have no influence on the localization of megakaryocytes within the bone marrow, their association to the sinusoids or their maturation. The decreased contact of megakaryocytes to collagen type I might at least partially explain the unaltered platelet phenotype in these mice, since proplatelet formation is mediated by these receptors and their interaction to collagen. It is rather likely that other compensatory signaling pathways and receptors play a role that needs to be elucidated.

Citation: Semeniak D, Faber K, Öftering P, Manukjan G, Schulze H (2019) Impact of Itga2-Gp6-double collagen receptor deficient mice for bone marrow megakaryocytes and platelets. PLoS ONE 14(8): e0216839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216839

Editor: Lucia R. Languino, Thomas Jefferson University, UNITED STATES

Received: April 23, 2019; Accepted: July 29, 2019; Published: August 9, 2019

Copyright: © 2019 Semeniak et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript.

Funding: The study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Projektnummer 374031971 – TRR 240 to HS. (https://www.dfg.de) The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Blood platelets are key regulators to maintain vascular integrity and seal wounds after vessel injury. Recognition of subendothelial matrix proteins like collagen that become exposed after vessel injury is a trigger to bind and activate platelets, allow adhesion and aggregation and finally mediate thrombus formation under distinct flow and shear conditions. Platelets are derived from bone marrow (BM) megakaryocytes (MKs) that can transform their cytoplasmic content at the endothelial barrier of the microvasculature, where they shed proplatelets and platelets into the blood stream [1]. Within the BM, MKs are in permanent contact with proteins of the extracellular matrix, especially collagens, fibronectins, laminins or cross-linking proteins like perlecan or nidogen [2, 3]. Several collagen receptors are expressed during MK differentiation from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to mature MKs and finally platelets. LAIR-1 and DDR-1 are expressed on early precursors and for human cells co-expressed with CD34 [4, 5]. During MK maturation these markers are downregulated and concomitantly GPVI and the α2 integrin become upregulated. Circulating platelets express only these two receptors on their cell surface. Many assay systems have been developed to study the role of both receptors for adhesion under static and flow conditions as well as for thrombus formation in several systems focusing on different shear rates. Platelet adhesion on collagen under high shear does not require the two integrin receptors α2β1 and αIIbβ3 [6]. Platelet-collagen adhesion under flow, however, depends on the presence of α2β1 [7], but not for platelet-platelet aggregate formation on adherent platelets. The α2β1 integrin is not required for thrombus formation [8], but, of note, integrin α2 still harbors non-redundant functions under certain experimental settings [9].

Both, GPVI and α2β1 have thus non-redundant functions and our current understanding states that GPVI is the central receptor for collagen on platelets [10]. As antibodies directed against GPVI (like JAQ1) can deplete the receptor from the surface of circulating platelets without affecting the peripheral platelet count [6], this system has been used in parallel to the genetic ablation of α2β1 [11, 12], allowing to generate platelets that are double-deficient for both receptors [13].

GPVI is a type I transmembrane receptor with a short cytoplasmic tail providing a docking site for Src family kinases (SFK). It is associated with the FcRγ chain which contains a classical immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). Phosphorylation on tyrosine residues within this motif mediates Syk binding and finally activation of the LAT signalosome and PLCγ2 [14]. GPVI-deficient platelets have been generated and studied extensively [15]. On mouse platelets, loss of the FcRγ chain leads to concomitant lack of GPVI on the cell surface and FCER1G-null mice have been used as an animal model for GPVI-deficiency [16]. Of note, FcRγ-deficient animals might not fully reflect the GP6-null phenotype [9].

LAIR-1 is expressed on nearly all immune cells as well as on early hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In humans, it becomes downregulated concomitantly with CD34, when the stem cells differentiate into the megakaryocytic lineage [17–19]. LAIR-1 is a type I receptor with two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM)s in its cytoplasmic domain. LAIR-1 binds to the collagen GPO motif with higher affinity than GPVI and can—when co-expressed—counteract the stimulatory effect of GPVI [20]. Mice lacking LAIR-1 show a defect in MKs, harbor a mild thrombocytosis and their platelets are surprisingly hyper-responsive, although LAIR-1 itself is undetectable in platelets. The underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated [4].

Several groups studied the effect of extracellular matrix proteins on proplatelet formation, mostly indicating that collagen type I is a negative regulator, while collagen type IV supports proplatelet formation. Recently, we developed mixed substrate assays to delineate which subtype is dominant and how this signal is transduced. Our data strongly support that collagen type I (and type III) transduce an inhibitory signal via GPVI [3]. As Gp6-null animals do not show any premature or ectopic proplatelet formation into the marrow cavity, we suggest that other signals besides GPVI contribute to the inhibition and provide part of a composite brake to prevent ectopic proplatelet release.

In this report, we aimed to study megakaryocyte maturation and thrombopoiesis in animals lacking both late collagen receptors GPVI and α2β1. Our results imply that MK maturation, their localization within the bone marrow or their association to the sinusoids is mediated by these receptors, but that both receptors are dispensable for the distribution of MKs within the bone marrow and for platelet formation.

Materials and methods

Animal husbandry

Mice were housed in cages (max. 5 mice per cage) containing sawdust bedding and a nest made from paper tissues. The cages were kept at 23°C and underwent a 12-hour light phase followed by a 12-hour dark phase. Mice were maintained following the guidelines for animal care and welfare according to Tierschutz-Versuchstierverordnung. Living mice were not subjected to any experimental procedure, but organs or tissues of dead mice were removed for analysis. Mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under isofluran anesthesia. Euthanasia was performed in a separate area away from other animals and all efforts were made to minimize suffering.

This method is not subject to regulatory approval by the district government of Lower Franconia (Bezirksregierung Unterfranken), but is only due for notification at the City of Würzburg, Department of "Verbraucherschutz, Veterinärwesen, Lebensmittelüberwachung" (Consumer Protection, Veterinary Issues, Foodstuff Inspection). A general ethics waiver is granted by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University Würzburg, Stephanstraße 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany. Gp6-null and Itga2-null mice were used as recently described [3].

Flow cytometry

Expression levels of platelet surface receptors, activation of αIIbβ3 integrin (CD41/61) or P-selectin exposure (CD62P) upon platelet stimulation with different agonists was determined by bleeding mice (100 μl) from the retrobulbar plexus of isoflurane-anesthetized mice into heparin filled reaction tubes. 1 ml of Hepes-Tyrodes buffer (HTB) was added and 50 μl of diluted blood given to 10 μl of the respective fluorophore-conjugated antibody and incubated for 15 min in the dark. The reaction was stopped by adding 500 μl PBS and analyses were performed at a FACSCalibur flow cytometer using Cell Quest software (BD Biosciences). For the measurement of integrin activation and granule secretion, the remaining blood was washed twice with HTB. 50 μl of washed platelets were incubated with 7 μl agonist (final concentrations: 3 μM U46619; 10 μM ADP; 0.001 to 0.1 U/mL thrombin, or 0.1 to 10 μg/mL collagen related peptide [CRP-X_L]) for 6 min at 37°C and 6 min at room temperature (RT) in a flow cytometry tube containing fluorophore-conjugated anti-αIIbβ3 and anti-P-selectin antibodies. By adding 500 μl PBS the reaction was stopped and analyses performed as described above.

For dense granule degranulation analyses, mice were bled 1:10 in acidic citrated dextrane (ACD), 25 μM mepacrine was added and samples were incubated for 30 min in the dark at 37°C. The reaction was stopped with 1.5 ml HTB. Measurement was performed at a FACSCelesta flow cytometer with FACS Diva software (vers. 8.0.1.1) by recording a mepacrine-unloaded sample for 60 sec followed by analysis of the mepacrine-loaded sample for 60 sec. Afterwards, degranulation was triggered by 0.1 U/ml thrombin and the decline of the mepacrine-based fluorescence signal was recorded for 180 sec indicating delta granule release.

MK ploidy analysis was performed on a FACSCelesta flow cytometer. Bone marrow was flushed out of femura and tibia bones from four mice, unspecific binding sites were blocked with an anti-Fc receptor antibody (2.4G2) for 20 min and MKs stained for additional 20 min with an anti-αIIbβ3 antibody. Samples were washed, fixed with 0.5% paraformaldehyde (PFA) and permeabilized with 0.1% Tween. DNA was stained with propidium iodide (PI) solution containing RNase over night at 4°C in the dark.

Blood parameter

For platelet count and size as well as other blood parameters two drops of blood were taken from the retrobulbar plexus of isoflurane-anesthetized mice and analyzed by a scilVetabcPlus⁺ hemacytometer (Horiba materials).

Immunofluorescence

Mice were sacrificed and femora and tibia isolated. Bones were fixed in 4% PFA for 4 h at 4°C prior and transferred to a serial gradient of sucrose solutions of 10, 20 and 30% (w/v), each for 24 h at 4°C and finally embedded in SCEM medium into cryo mold dishes, deep-frozen and kept at -80°C until sectioning. For IF-staining, organs were sliced into 10 μm sections on Kawamoto adhesive films with a cryotom (Leica CM1900) and fixed on superfrost glass slides as described recently [3]. For IF-staining, sections were thawed and rehydrated for 20 min in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Unspecific binding was prevented using a blocking buffer, sections were incubated with primary antibodies (GPVI and α2β1 from Emfret; Eibelstadt, Germany); CD105 from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA); collagen I from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), or collagen IV from Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany) for 45 min at RT. Slides were washed three times for 5 min with PBS containing 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0.1% Tween20 and incubated with the respective secondary antibodies (anti-rat IgG Alexa 546 and 647; anti-rabbit IgG Alexa 647 and Alexa 568, or anti-goat IgG Alexa 647; all Life Technologies Carlsbad, CA, USA) for 45 min at RT. Blocking and antibody- incubation steps were repeated for each protein of interest. Nuclei were stained after drying the sections using DAPI-containing mounting medium Fluoroshield (Sigma-Aldrich; Schnelldorf, Germany).

Images were taken using a TCS SP8 confocal laser-scanning microscope (Leica Microsystems CMS, Wetzlar, Germany) with a 40x oil objective (NA 1.3) for a general map or a 63x oil objective (NA 1.4) with digital zoom for detailed records. Image documentation and analysis was performed with LAS X software, for MK measurements, images were processed with FIJI software [21]. For quantification analysis of bone marrow immunofluorescence stainings, we analyzed at least ten femur sections of three mice per genotype. At least ten visual fields distributed over the complete femur bone were randomly selected, excluding a bias of distinct bone areas.

Data acquisition and statistical analyses

Statistical calculations were performed with GraphPad Prism (version 7, GrapPad Software, San Diego, USA). Results are shown as mean ± SD from three individual experiments, unless indicated otherwise. Significant differences of pairwise comparison of means against a specified control were determined using ANOVA, differences between cell size distributions of different groups were compared by Kolmogorov-Smirnov-test and frequency distributions by χ²-test. P-values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant with: p<0.05 (*), p<0.01 (**) and p<0.001 (***).

Results

Gp6-null and Itga2-null mice were present in our facility and interbred to allow littermate controls for single knockout (ko) lines as well as for the corresponding wildtype (wt) mice. Mice were intercrossed in a C57BL/6 background to minimize the effect of strain differences. Platelet count and platelet size, as determined by the mean platelet volume (MPV), were both unaffected in the double ko (dko) mice compared to single ko and wt mice (Fig 1A and 1B). Blood parameters were evaluated by two distinct blood cell counters and, despite some variations in few values (especially the white blood count), the red blood cell lineage and the leukocytes were overall unaffected in the dko mice (Fig 1C). Deletion of GPVI, α2 integrin or both collagen receptors on the platelet surface did not lead to an altered expression of von Willebrand receptor subunits GPIb, IX, V, the tetraspanin CD9, the integrin receptor αIIbβ3, or the hem-ITAM receptor CLEC-2 (Fig 1D). Absence of the collagen receptors was confirmed using antibodies directed against GPVI or α2 integrin and resulted in a nearly abrogated fluorescence signal in the respective blood samples. As shown for α2 integrin deficiency, we found compensatory upregulation of α5 integrin in mice lacking α2 integrin or in the dko platelets (Fig 1E). Glycoprotein expression in dko platelets was not further impacted beyond that of single deficient platelets. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that platelets from mice double deficient for both collagen receptors do not show any significant alterations in the platelet surface receptor expression, with the exception of slight upregulation of α5 integrin subunit, which is attributed to the constitutive Itga2-null phenotype.

Download:

Fig 1. Platelet and blood parameter analysis in Itga2/Gp6 double deficient mice.

(A) Mice lacking collagen receptors GPVI and/or α2β1 integrin showed an unaltered platelet count and (B) platelet size compared to wt controls. (C) Other blood parameters were also not influenced in dko mice. WBC = white blood cell concentration; RBC = red blood cell concentration; Hgb = hemoglobin; HCT = hematocrit; MCV = mean corpuscular volume; MCH = mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC = mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW = red blood cell distribution width. (D) No significant differences in receptor expression were found by flow cytometric analysis. (E) The absence of collagen receptors on the platelet surface was confirmed. Only the fibronectin receptor α5β1 showed higher MFI values in α2β1 single ko and dko compared to wt. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Asterisks mark statistically significant differences of the mean compared to wt mice (*** P < 0.001). Data of three independent experiments, each determined with 5 vs. 5 mice, were averaged.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216839.g001

Next, we studied platelet reactivity of dko platelets compared to the single ko platelets. Stimulation with 10 μM ADP alone or when ADP was combined with 3 μM of the thromboxane A2 receptor agonist U46619, αIIbβ3 integrin activation, monitored by binding of the epitope-specific antibody clone JON/A was unaffected (Fig 2A). We found that the dko platelets showed a slight hyperreactivity for alpha granule release in the ADP/U46619 co-stimulated platelets, as monitored by CD62P exposure, but the differences were statistically not significant. Overall, platelets of dko mice thus showed no further effect beyond the Gp6^-/- and Itga2^-/- single knockouts (Fig 2B). When thrombin concentration was increased from 0.001 to 0.1 U/ml, we detected unaltered integrin activation (binding of JON/A antibody) and for CD62P exposure, as compared to single ko or wt platelets. As expected, the reactivity toward 1 or 10 μg/ml CRP-X_L was abrogated in GP6^-/- or in double deficient platelets. Finally, we asked whether dense granules were affected and used a mepacrine assay, where we monitored MFI values of unstained platelets, mepacrine-loaded platelets under resting conditions, and mepacrine-loaded platelets after stimulation with 0.1 U/ml thrombin for 180 seconds. We could not detect any difference between the three transgenic lines compared to the wt littermate controls (Fig 2C), suggesting that depletion of both collagen receptors does not lead to an overall change in platelet receptor expression, in reactivity to G-protein coupled receptors or in platelet granule composition or release.

Download:

Fig 2. Ability of Itga2^-/-/Gp6^-/- mice for integrin activation and degranulation.

(A) Integrin αIIbβ3 activation was analyzed by binding of the epitope-specific JON/A-PE antibody, which showed the expected decrease of MFI in Gp6^-/- and dko mice upon CRP-X_L stimulation. (B) Platelet α-degranulation was measured by P-selectin exposure and Gp6^-/- and dko mice displayed decreased MFI values upon GPVI stimulation compared to wt. (C) The uptake and release of dense granule contents was measured by a mepacrine assay and no alterations were present in single ko and dko compared to wt. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Asterisks mark statistically significant differences of the mean compared to wt mice (*** P < 0.001; * P < 0.05). Data of three independent experiments, each determined with 5 vs. 5 mice, were averaged.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216839.g002

So far, our experiments clearly showed that none of both collagen receptors is required for platelet production. Moreover, the circulating platelets show an unaltered reactivity to all tested agonists with the exception of the GPVI-driven agonist CRP-X_L. In order to exclude that the normal platelet count in double deficient mice was due to upregulation of bone marrow MKs, we studied their appearance in femur bones. Sections were fixed and subjected to specific antibodies. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI prior to analysis by laser scanning-immunofluorescence microscopy. Both collagen receptors are expressed at low-copy numbers on MKs and we confirmed absence of GPVI, α2 integrin or both collagen receptors by co-staining sections with the respective antibodies, which resulted in the expected staining pattern: Itga2^-/- MKs showed no positive staining for α2 integrin and Gp6^-/- MKs no signal for GPVI, respectively. Dko MKs were negative for both proteins (Fig 3A). The unaltered platelet count in the peripheral blood was fully reflected by an unaltered MK number with about 12 MKs per visual field and the same MK area of about 320 μm² (Fig 3B). MK ploidy was also unaltered in dko deficient animals as shown by PI staining (Fig 3C). These results suggest that MK maturation was unaltered in dko mice. Finally, we addressed whether lack of both collagen receptors would affect the localization within the bone marrow. To address this, femur sections were stained with anti-endoglin antibody (CD105), as a bona fide marker for bone marrow sinusoidal endothelial cells. The fraction of vessel-resident MKs was determined in comparison to marrow cavity-borne MKs. We found that almost half of MKs were in direct contact with vessels (Fig 3D), which is in agreement with previous studies [2, 3, 22] and that this is independent of the expression of both collagen receptors. Taken together, our results imply that both GPVI and α2 integrin are not required to generate MKs from hematopoietic stem cells under steady state conditions, that those MKs have an inconspicuous degree of maturation and that the MKs from double deficient animals localize to bone marrow sinusoids comparable to their wt littermate controls.

Download:

Fig 3. MK characterization and distribution within bone marrow of mice lacking the main collagen receptors GPVI and integrin α2.

(A) Absence of GPVI and/or α2β1 (magenta) on the surface of MKs within bone marrow was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining of femur bone sections. MKs were identified by counterstaining GPIX (cyan). GPVI staining by JAQ1 antibody was not detectable in Gp6^-/- and dko MKs, as expected. Vice versa, no fluorescence signal was present in Itga2^-/- and dko mice when α2β1 was stained with LEN/B antibody. Nuclei were visualized with DAPI staining. Scale bars represent 20 μm. One of three representative experiments is shown. (B) Determination of MK number and size showed no differences between dko and wt controls. (C) Also the contact of MKs towards vessels and (D) the maturation state, measured by ploidy levels, were unaltered in dko and wt mice. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Data of three independent experiments, each determined with 3 vs. 3 mice, were averaged.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216839.g003

GPVI and the α2 integrin have been shown to mediate the adhesion of platelets or MKs to collagen filaments. Spreading on a collagen-coated surface was stronger for α2 integrin, rather than GPVI [3]. Thus, we next asked whether lack of both receptors on megakaryoblasts and megakaryocytic progenitor cells leads to a change in association with collagen filaments. Therefore, we stained femur sections with antibodies specific for either the collagen type I or type IV isoforms together with CD105 for the bone marrow endothelial cells and DAPI (Fig 4). We carefully characterized the used collagen antibodies and ensured that they are type-specific and do not show relevant cross-reactivity in respect to other collagen isoforms (for more details see also figures in [3]). We could not detect any obvious differences when sections from double deficient animals were compared to the wt controls or in respect to the type of interaction with the sinusoids (Fig 4A and 4B). Taken together, these results clearly suggest that the two collagen receptors are not required to guide maturing MKs within the bone marrow or to direct them toward the MK vascular niche or the transendothelial passage.

Download:

Fig 4. MK contact to collagens type I and IV within bone marrow of Gp6/Itga2 double deficient mice.

Collagen type I (A) or type IV (B) were stained together (blue) with endoglin (CD105), shown in red, and MKs (GPIX) in green. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (grey). Both collagen types are present at vessels and within the marrow cavity and enwrap MKs. No obvious differences in distribution or quantity of collagens were detectable between dko and wt mice. Scale bars represent 20 μm. One of three representative experiments is shown.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216839.g004

Finally, we aimed to address whether lack of both collagen receptors on MKs affects the degree to which MKs are in direct contact with filaments from either collagen type I or type IV. MKs were classified according to the degree of filament interaction: one group has a rather low degree of interaction (less than 50%) with collagen filaments, while the other group comprises MKs with 50% contact or more. We determined the percentage of surface area for each MK. Our analysis clearly revealed that MKs deficient for both collagen receptors lose contact to collagen type I. While about 50% of the wt MKs were in high contact with type I filaments, in dko mice only 30% showed a pattern of interaction, while 70% had only low contact (Fig 5A). Strikingly, when we co-stained for collagen type IV filaments, approximately 50% of MKs of either genotype were in high contact (Fig 5B), suggesting that the loss of contact is specific for collagen type I.

Download:

Fig 5. Degree of MK contact to collagen type I and IV within the marrow cavity and at the vascular niche.

(A) The collagen type I contact to MKs was overall reduced in dko mice, whereas (B) Col IV contact was comparable to wt controls. While (C) in the marrow cavity the contact of collagen type I or type IV revealed no significant alterations between wt and dko mice, (D) at bone marrow sinusoids MKs had less contact to collagen type I, but demonstrated an unaltered contact to collagen type IV. Error bars indicate standard deviation. Asterisks mark statistically significant differences of the mean compared to WT controls (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01). At least 10 sections and 10 visual fields per section of 3 different mice were analyzed.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216839.g005

In order to exclude that this finding was confounded by the location of MKs within the bone marrow, we classified the degree of contact for every single MK in respect to those located in the marrow cavity and those that were vessel-associated MKs. For MKs situated in the marrow cavity, we found a slight shift in regard to MK association with collagen type I over type IV in dko mice (Fig 5C), however, this effect was not statistically significant. In contrast, those MKs of dko animals that were situated at the vascular niche, were less densely packed with collagen type I, which reflects the finding described above. This difference became even more evident, when collagen types I and IV were directly compared for vessel-associated MKs: lack of both collagen receptors led to MKs less densely associated with collagen type I compared to type IV (Fig 5D). These findings suggest that the expression of collagen receptors on MKs affects the direct interaction with collagen filaments. This association is more prominent for type I filaments compared to type IV filaments and becomes more relevant at the vascular niche compared to MKs residing within the marrow cavity.

Discussion

The interaction of collagen with platelets has been broadly investigated over the last decades and key receptors and signaling pathways identified [10]. In contrast, the role of matrix proteins, like collagen, for MK signaling and proplatelet formation is much less well studied. There exist different approaches to study MK matrix interactions, which depend in part on the MK source (fetal liver, cord blood, bone marrow) and are typically performed ex vivo or in vitro [23, 24]. The recent development of new bone cutting and staining methods [25], the availability of more subtype-specific antibodies, together with novel microscopic approaches that allow the acquisition of overview images of whole bones by maintaining high resolution images for detail analyses, has enabled the in-depth analysis of MK matrix interactions in situ. These advancements now allow to deduce an organ-wide information on biological processes [26].

The bone marrow contains a dense network of multiple matrix proteins, many of them expressed as spatially (or temporally) distinct isotypes with different to oppositional effects (as typically described for collagens type I and type IV). According to this established model of megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, hematopoietic stem cells, that reside in a quiet state at a vessel-distant side close to the bone (osteoblastic niche), do migrate within the marrow cavity in response to stimuli and differentiate into terminally mature cells when they reach the endothelial blood-bone marrow barrier, where final platelet biogenesis occurs [27]. Recent data from complementing microscopy approaches have challenged this model as the dense vascular system present in long bones does not provide much space for migration [22]. While the latter model still has some shortcomings, it might provide an explanation of limited movement of MKs within the marrow cavity.

The inert reaction of MKs to collagens within the bone marrow has been a conundrum for many years. While platelets deficient for one or two collagen receptors have been analyzed in multiple excellent studies, the role of collagen receptor-deficient MKs within the bone marrow has not yet been addressed. In this report, we aimed to address how HSC and megakaryocytic progenitor cells that are blind for direct collagen binding can find the vascular niche and release proplatelets and platelets.

Ectopic platelet production into the marrow

All nucleated blood cells and red blood cells are released as (almost) mature cells into the circulation. Platelets, in contrast, constitute subcellular fragments and are released from MKs, which function as a reservoir for platelet membranes, granules and cytoskeletal proteins. Up to 1000 mature platelets are derived from a single MK [28]. The blood-bone marrow barrier is of special interest for this transition, as under healthy conditions we do not observe that platelets become prematurely (or ectopically) released into the bone marrow cavity rather than across the endothelial barrier into the blood stream. Some mice that lack regulatory proteins have been described to prematurely release platelet: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WAS) [29], casein kinase 2β (CK2B) [30], or Adhesion and Degranulation promoting Adaptor Protein (ADAP) [31]. The underlying mechanism, however, remains poorly described. Proplatelet formation can also be observed in vitro, either using fetal liver-derived MKs [32], bone marrow-derived MKs with the addition of hirudin [33], or the bone marrow explant model [34]. Our previous work has identified that the most promising matrix protein candidates to modulate proplatelet formation in vivo (i.e. collagen type IV, laminin, fibronectin) have no stimulatory effect in vitro. In contrast, collagen type I (and to a lesser degree type III) have the power to inhibit (or to attenuate) proplatelet formation in vitro, which might explain why we only observed an altered association of dko MKs with type I collagen. This action is dominant over collagen type IV (or laminin) and the inhibitory signaling was mainly mediated by collagen receptor GPVI [3]. As the α2 integrin is the major adhesive receptor for collagen, but did not affect the inhibition of proplatelet formation, we suggest a model where binding of type I and IV collagens differs between the marrow cavity and the vascular niche. 50 to 70% of mature MKs are found at the vessels in 2D-sections as well as in 3D light sheet fluorescence microscopy [2, 3, 22], where they are enwrapped with type IV rather than type I filaments. This model allows to explain why proplatelet formation occurs at the vascular niche instead of into the marrow cavity. We suggest a model where proplatelet formation is set on hold with several brakes on (to prohibit premature release), rather than awaiting one specific signal that triggers proplatelet formation. The observation that Gp6-null mice do not show any premature proplatelets into the marrow cavity, may be explained by the presence of one or several additional brake(s). Of note, integrin α2β1 is no such second brake in this manner, as shown by normal MKs in the dko animals.

In our study a constitutive knockout of the collagen receptor integrin α2β1 was used, based on the mouse line published by Holtkötter and colleagues in 2002 [11]. This mouse line has no obvious platelet phenotype, but shows an increase in α5 integrin expression, which is in line with our observations. Habart et al. reported on a conditional ITGA2-knockout mouse line [35], using a Pf4-Cre transgene to generate a selective megakaryocyte/platelet-specific knockout. This mouse shows an overall similar phenotype compared to the two reported constitutive ITGA2-null lines [11, 12]. However, Habart and colleagues reported on a significantly reduced platelet size, not described in the two full knockout lines. This discrepancy between constitutive and conditional ITGA2 knockout mice is difficult to explain, but could be due to expression of alpha2-integrin in the conditional mouse line in other cell types, including other blood cells like monocytes, or endothelial cells of the vasculature. Indeed, various phenotypes in other organ systems have been reported in mice lacking ITGA2 [36]. Moreover, the genetic background of the used transgenic Cre mice might additionally affect the platelet count or the receptor density on megakaryocytes and platelets. In the recently described novel megakaryocytic- and platelet specific Gp1ba-Cre line, Nagy and colleagues could show that already the heterozygous Cre mice have a slightly increased platelet volume [37]. Finally, single nucleotide polymorphisms modulating human platelet size (and/or count) have been detected in distinct cohort and WGAS studies, of which ITGA2 is indeed a crucial regulator of platelet size [38–40], suggesting that further research is required to understand the role of integrin alpha2 on platelet size.

Does co-localization mean "binding to collagen"?

The herein presented results for platelet function studies of double-deficient platelets rest on well-established flow cytometric assays. Experiments assessing MK interactions with matrix proteins, however, were for a long time limited to in vitro adhesion assays using cultured MKs. In contrast to these rather artificial conditions, our results are based on the in situ analyses of MK-matrix localization in native femora by high resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy. Our technique omits the decalcification step, which is known to destroy selective epitopes and may thus lead to artifacts. The use of bone sections with a thickness of 7 to 10 μm furthermore allows to acquire a small stack of z-images. Our antibodies directed against different collagens are well-characterized and show only a minimal overlap for the distinct types [3]. Many crosslinking proteins that can bind to several collagen types suggest that our overlap for filaments is quite realistic. Nonetheless, the general question remains whether, based on our images, we can conclude that a direct interaction exists between collagen and the MK.

We were to some degree surprised that MKs of dko mice, which do not express any of the collagen receptors on their surface, still associate with (single) collagen filaments. We cannot exclude that other receptors on the MK surface that have collagen binding capacity on their own (i.e. GPV) mediate this interaction [41]. Other β1-integrin family integrins might bind collagen indirectly due to interaction with their main ligand: MKs and platelets express the receptor for laminin (α6β1-integrin) or fibronectin (α5β1-integrin), the latter of which is known to be upregulated in Itga2-null and dko mice. Finally, the mere density of collagen filaments could result into the impression that MKs are in permanent contact with these filaments without any special receptor-based interaction. However, our data indicate that interactions between MKs and collagen type I are specifically altered when both receptors are missing (Fig 5A and 5D), suggesting that there is some direct binding of type I collagen to its collagen receptors.

Other collagen receptors (compensatory mechanisms)

Our work has focused on the two collagen receptors that are expressed on both, platelets and megakaryocytes: the α2 integrin and GPVI. Early MKs do express other collagen receptors that are not expressed on platelets: DDR-1 has been detected on human MKs [5] and we could confirm the presence of DDR-1 on MKs in mouse femur sections (Fig 6A). However, we detected a positive staining for DDR-1 mainly in GPIX-negative cells, independent of the presence or absence of collagen receptor expression. This makes DDR-1 an unlikely candidate for MK-collagen interactions in the bone marrow. LAIR-1 is a better characterized collagen receptor that belongs to the ITIM receptor family. Platelets of mice lacking LAIR-1 are still hyperreactive upon collagen stimulation, although the receptor is absent on platelets [4]. When we co-stained LAIR-1 and MKs (GPIX) within bone marrow of wt and dko mice, we could detect single GPIX-negative cells that were strongly positive for LAIR-1, likely being early megakaryocytic progenitor cells. In addition, the more mature MKs showed a rather faint staining for LAIR-1. Nevertheless, the staining pattern was comparable between wt and dko animals, indicating that LAIR-1 is without much doubt not a compensatory collagen receptor in the compound absence of GPVI and α2 integrin (Fig 6B). A second ITIM bearing receptor that may be of interest, is G6B-b. Although this receptor shares some signaling similarities with GPVI (phosphorylation of Src), it inhibits the phosphorylation of Syk and LAT downstream of Src family kinases. Full G6b-b knockout leads to a downregulation of GPVI [42], most likely due to receptor shedding.

Download:

Fig 6. Expression pattern of early collagen receptors DDR-1 and LAIR-1 in mice double deficient for collagen receptors Gp6 and Itga2.

Either DDR-1 (A) or LAIR-1 (B) were stained together (magenta) with GPIX, a lineage marker for MKs (cyan). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (grey). (A) DDR-1 is expressed within bone marrow, but only in GPIX-negative cells. (B) Single bone marrow cells are markedly positive for LAIR-1, whereas all GPIX-positive MKs and sinusoids were only weakly positive. No obvious differences in distribution or quantity of these receptors were detectable between dko and wt mice. Scale bars represent 20 μm. One of three representative experiments is shown.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216839.g006

Another interesting observation has been reported in a study where platelets were removed from the circulation by either anti-GPIIb/IIIa or anti-GPIb antibody application. Those platelets that are newly formed (on day 4–5 after depletion) do express GPVI on the cell surface, but the receptor cannot fully signal in response to GPVI agonists and downstream signaling molecules Syk and LAT do not become phosphorylated. The newly formed platelets failed to fully adhere on immobilized collagen in a flow chamber assay [43]. The authors suggest that GPVI signaling is masked on newly released platelets and becomes activated when platelets are already in the circulation. This principle could also explain why bone marrow MKs do not become activated in response to collagen filaments.

Further hints for the existence of a compensatory—or at least an additional—signal in this context is that proplatelet formation of wildtype MKs seeded on collagen type I is not completely abrogated [3], indicating that other receptors do contribute. Of note, GPV can also bind collagen and Gp5-deficient platelets are unable to adhere to collagen type I under static and flow conditions [41], indicating a role for GPV when GPVI and α2β1 are absent.

Our study is the first to use a genetic double knockout mouse model to study the effect of MK differentiation and maturation within bone marrow in respect to platelet biogenesis. In summary, the two main collagen receptors alone are thus dispensable for platelet production and not responsible for the prevention of ectopic platelet release. Our results furthermore clearly imply that MK-collagen interactions are dispensable for MK guidance within the marrow cavity or MK migration towards the blood vessels. These findings reveal that collagen receptor signaling in MKs differs substantially from peripheral platelets.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Nadine Winter for excellent technical support and Bernhard Nieswandt and Irina Pleines for critical comments on the manuscript.

References

1. Junt T, Schulze H, Chen Z, Massberg S, Goerge T, Krueger A, et al. Dynamic visualization of thrombopoiesis within bone marrow. Science. 2007;317(5845):1767–70. pmid:17885137.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
2. Malara A, Currao M, Gruppi C, Celesti G, Viarengo G, Buracchi C, et al. Megakaryocytes contribute to the bone marrow-matrix environment by expressing fibronectin, type IV collagen, and laminin. Stem Cells. 2014;32(4):926–37. Epub 2013/12/21. pmid:24357118; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4096110.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
3. Semeniak D, Kulawig R, Stegner D, Meyer I, Schwiebert S, Bosing H, et al. Proplatelet formation is selectively inhibited by collagen type I through Syk-independent GPVI signaling. J Cell Sci. 2016;129(18):3473–84. pmid:27505889.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
4. Smith CW, Thomas SG, Raslan Z, Patel P, Byrne M, Lordkipanidze M, et al. Mice Lacking the Inhibitory Collagen Receptor LAIR-1 Exhibit a Mild Thrombocytosis and Hyperactive Platelets. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2017;37(5):823–35. pmid:28336561.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
5. Abbonante V, Gruppi C, Rubel D, Gross O, Moratti R, Balduini A. Discoidin domain receptor 1 protein is a novel modulator of megakaryocyte-collagen interactions. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(23):16738–46. Epub 2013/03/27. pmid:23530036; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3675607.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
6. Gruner S, Prostredna M, Schulte V, Krieg T, Eckes B, Brakebusch C, et al. Multiple integrin-ligand interactions synergize in shear-resistant platelet adhesion at sites of arterial injury in vivo. Blood. 2003;102(12):4021–7. pmid:12893753.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
7. Sarratt KL, Chen H, Zutter MM, Santoro SA, Hammer DA, Kahn ML. GPVI and alpha2beta1 play independent critical roles during platelet adhesion and aggregate formation to collagen under flow. Blood. 2005;106(4):1268–77. pmid:15886326; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1895202.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
8. He L, Pappan LK, Grenache DG, Li Z, Tollefsen DM, Santoro SA, et al. The contributions of the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin to vascular thrombosis in vivo. Blood. 2003;102(10):3652–7. pmid:12893751.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
9. Marjoram RJ, Li Z, He L, Tollefsen DM, Kunicki TJ, Dickeson SK, et al. alpha2beta1 integrin, GPVI receptor, and common FcRgamma chain on mouse platelets mediate distinct responses to collagen in models of thrombosis. PloS One. 2014;9(11):e114035. pmid:25415203; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4240667.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
10. Nieswandt B, Watson SP. Platelet-collagen interaction: is GPVI the central receptor? Blood. 2003;102(2):449–61. Epub 2003/03/22. pmid:12649139.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
11. Holtkotter O, Nieswandt B, Smyth N, Muller W, Hafner M, Schulte V, et al. Integrin alpha 2-deficient mice develop normally, are fertile, but display partially defective platelet interaction with collagen. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(13):10789–94. Epub 2002/01/15. pmid:11788609.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
12. Chen J, Diacovo TG, Grenache DG, Santoro SA, Zutter MM. The alpha(2) integrin subunit-deficient mouse: a multifaceted phenotype including defects of branching morphogenesis and hemostasis. Am J Pathol. 2002;161(1):337–44. pmid:12107118; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1850700.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
13. Gruner S, Prostredna M, Aktas B, Moers A, Schulte V, Krieg T, et al. Anti-glycoprotein VI treatment severely compromises hemostasis in mice with reduced alpha2beta1 levels or concomitant aspirin therapy. Circulation. 2004;110(18):2946–51. pmid:15505105.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
14. Dutting S, Bender M, Nieswandt B. Platelet GPVI: a target for antithrombotic therapy? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2012;33(11):583–90. pmid:22901552.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
15. Bender M, Hagedorn I, Nieswandt B. Genetic and antibody-induced glycoprotein VI deficiency equally protects mice from mechanically and FeCl(3) -induced thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9(7):1423–6. Epub 2011/05/04. pmid:21535392.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
16. Takai T, Li M, Sylvestre D, Clynes R, Ravetch JV. FcR gamma chain deletion results in pleiotrophic effector cell defects. Cell. 1994;76(3):519–29. pmid:8313472.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
17. Meyaard L. The inhibitory collagen receptor LAIR-1 (CD305). J Leukoc Biol. 2008;83(4):799–803. pmid:18063695.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
18. Steevels TA, Westerlaken GH, Tijssen MR, Coffer PJ, Lenting PJ, Akkerman JW, et al. Co-expression of the collagen receptors leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 and glycoprotein VI on a subset of megakaryoblasts. Haematologica. 2010;95(12):2005–12. Epub 2010/08/18. pmid:20713462; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2995557.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
19. Xue J, Zhang X, Zhao H, Fu Q, Cao Y, Wang Y, et al. Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 is expressed on human megakaryocytes and negatively regulates the maturation of primary megakaryocytic progenitors and cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;405(1):128–33. pmid:21216234.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
20. Tomlinson MG, Calaminus SD, Berlanga O, Auger JM, Bori-Sanz T, Meyaard L, et al. Collagen promotes sustained glycoprotein VI signaling in platelets and cell lines. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(11):2274–83. pmid:17764536.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
21. Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):676–82. pmid:22743772; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3855844.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
22. Stegner D, vanEeuwijk JMM, Angay O, Gorelashvili MG, Semeniak D, Pinnecker J, et al. Thrombopoiesis is spatially regulated by the bone marrow vasculature. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):127. pmid:28743899; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5527048.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
23. Melford SK, Turner M, Briddon SJ, Tybulewicz VL, Watson SP. Syk and Fyn are required by mouse megakaryocytes for the rise in intracellular calcium induced by a collagen-related peptide. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(44):27539–42. Epub 1997/11/05. pmid:9346887.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
24. Briddon SJ, Melford SK, Turner M, Tybulewicz V, Watson SP. Collagen mediates changes in intracellular calcium in primary mouse megakaryocytes through syk-dependent and -independent pathways. Blood. 1999;93(11):3847–55. pmid:10339492.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
25. Kawamoto T. Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants. Arch Histol Cytol. 2003;66(2):123–43. Epub 2003/07/09. pmid:12846553.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
26. Schulze H, Stegner D. Imaging platelet biogenesis in vivo. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2018;2(3):461–8. pmid:30046750; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6046590.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
27. Avecilla ST, Hattori K, Heissig B, Tejada R, Liao F, Shido K, et al. Chemokine-mediated interaction of hematopoietic progenitors with the bone marrow vascular niche is required for thrombopoiesis. Nat Med. 2004;10(1):64–71. pmid:14702636
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
28. Italiano JE Jr., Lecine P, Shivdasani RA, Hartwig JH. Blood platelets are assembled principally at the ends of proplatelet processes produced by differentiated megakaryocytes. J Cell Biol. 1999;147(6):1299–312. pmid:10601342
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
29. Sabri S, Foudi A, Boukour S, Franc B, Charrier S, Jandrot-Perrus M, et al. Deficiency in the Wiskott-Aldrich protein induces premature proplatelet formation and platelet production in the bone marrow compartment. Blood. 2006;108(1):134–40. Epub 2006/03/09. pmid:16522820.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
30. Munzer P, Walker-Allgaier B, Geue S, Langhauser F, Geuss E, Stegner D, et al. CK2beta regulates thrombopoiesis and Ca(2+)-triggered platelet activation in arterial thrombosis. Blood. 2017;130(25):2774–85. pmid:28928125.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
31. Spindler M, van Eeuwijk JMM, Schurr Y, Nurden P, Nieswandt B, Stegner D, et al. ADAP deficiency impairs megakaryocyte polarization with ectopic proplatelet release and causes microthrombocytopenia. Blood. 2018;132(6):635–46. pmid:29950291.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
32. Shivdasani R, Schulze H. Culture, Expansion and Differentiation of Murine Megakaryocytes. Current Protocols in Immunology. Supplement 67: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005. p. 22F.6.1–F.6.12.
33. Strassel C, Eckly A, Leon C, Moog S, Cazenave JP, Gachet C, et al. Hirudin and heparin enable efficient megakaryocyte differentiation of mouse bone marrow progenitors. Exp Cell Res. 2012;318(1):25–32. pmid:22008103.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
34. Eckly A, Strassel C, Cazenave JP, Lanza F, Leon C, Gachet C. Characterization of megakaryocyte development in the native bone marrow environment. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;788:175–92. Epub 2011/12/02. pmid:22130708.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
35. Habart D, Cheli Y, Nugent DJ, Ruggeri ZM, Kunicki TJ. Conditional knockout of integrin alpha2beta1 in murine megakaryocytes leads to reduced mean platelet volume. PloS One. 2013;8(1):e55094. pmid:23359821; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3554675.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
36. Zeltz C, Gullberg D. The integrin-collagen connection—a glue for tissue repair? J Cell Sci. 2016;129(4):653–64. pmid:26857815.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
37. Nagy Z, Vogtle T, Geer MJ, Mori J, Heising S, Di Nunzio G, et al. The Gp1ba-Cre transgenic mouse: a new model to delineate platelet and leukocyte functions. Blood. 2019;133(4):331–43. pmid:30429161.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
38. Kunicki TJ, Nugent DJ. The genetics of normal platelet reactivity. Blood. 2010;116(15):2627–34. pmid:20610812; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2974578.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
39. Kunicki TJ, Williams SA, Nugent DJ. Genetic variants that affect platelet function. Current Opinion in Hematology. 2012;19(5):371–9. pmid:22872156.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
40. Kunicki TJ, Williams SA, Nugent DJ, Yeager M. Mean platelet volume and integrin alleles correlate with levels of integrins alpha(IIb)beta(3) and alpha(2)beta(1) in acute coronary syndrome patients and normal subjects. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2012;32(1):147–52. pmid:22015659.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
41. Moog S, Mangin P, Lenain N, Strassel C, Ravanat C, Schuhler S, et al. Platelet glycoprotein V binds to collagen and participates in platelet adhesion and aggregation. Blood. 2001;98(4):1038–46. Epub 2001/08/09. pmid:11493449.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
42. Mazharian A, Wang YJ, Mori J, Bem D, Finney B, Heising S, et al. Mice lacking the ITIM-containing receptor G6b-B exhibit macrothrombocytopenia and aberrant platelet function. Science Signaling. 2012;5(248):ra78. Epub 2012/11/01. pmid:23112346.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
43. Gupta S, Cherpokova D, Spindler M, Morowski M, Bender M, Nieswandt B. GPVI signaling is compromised in newly formed platelets after acute thrombocytopenia in mice. Blood. 2018;131(10):1106–10. pmid:29295843; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5863702.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar

[ref1] 1. Junt T, Schulze H, Chen Z, Massberg S, Goerge T, Krueger A, et al. Dynamic visualization of thrombopoiesis within bone marrow. Science. 2007;317(5845):1767–70. pmid:17885137.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[2] View Article

[3] PubMed/NCBI

[4] Google Scholar

[ref2] 2. Malara A, Currao M, Gruppi C, Celesti G, Viarengo G, Buracchi C, et al. Megakaryocytes contribute to the bone marrow-matrix environment by expressing fibronectin, type IV collagen, and laminin. Stem Cells. 2014;32(4):926–37. Epub 2013/12/21. pmid:24357118; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4096110.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[6] View Article

[7] PubMed/NCBI

[8] Google Scholar

[ref3] 3. Semeniak D, Kulawig R, Stegner D, Meyer I, Schwiebert S, Bosing H, et al. Proplatelet formation is selectively inhibited by collagen type I through Syk-independent GPVI signaling. J Cell Sci. 2016;129(18):3473–84. pmid:27505889.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[10] View Article

[11] PubMed/NCBI

[12] Google Scholar

[ref4] 4. Smith CW, Thomas SG, Raslan Z, Patel P, Byrne M, Lordkipanidze M, et al. Mice Lacking the Inhibitory Collagen Receptor LAIR-1 Exhibit a Mild Thrombocytosis and Hyperactive Platelets. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2017;37(5):823–35. pmid:28336561.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[14] View Article

[15] PubMed/NCBI

[16] Google Scholar

[ref5] 5. Abbonante V, Gruppi C, Rubel D, Gross O, Moratti R, Balduini A. Discoidin domain receptor 1 protein is a novel modulator of megakaryocyte-collagen interactions. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(23):16738–46. Epub 2013/03/27. pmid:23530036; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3675607.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[18] View Article

[19] PubMed/NCBI

[20] Google Scholar

[ref6] 6. Gruner S, Prostredna M, Schulte V, Krieg T, Eckes B, Brakebusch C, et al. Multiple integrin-ligand interactions synergize in shear-resistant platelet adhesion at sites of arterial injury in vivo. Blood. 2003;102(12):4021–7. pmid:12893753.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[22] View Article

[23] PubMed/NCBI

[24] Google Scholar

[ref7] 7. Sarratt KL, Chen H, Zutter MM, Santoro SA, Hammer DA, Kahn ML. GPVI and alpha2beta1 play independent critical roles during platelet adhesion and aggregate formation to collagen under flow. Blood. 2005;106(4):1268–77. pmid:15886326; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1895202.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[26] View Article

[27] PubMed/NCBI

[28] Google Scholar

[ref8] 8. He L, Pappan LK, Grenache DG, Li Z, Tollefsen DM, Santoro SA, et al. The contributions of the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin to vascular thrombosis in vivo. Blood. 2003;102(10):3652–7. pmid:12893751.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[30] View Article

[31] PubMed/NCBI

[32] Google Scholar

[ref9] 9. Marjoram RJ, Li Z, He L, Tollefsen DM, Kunicki TJ, Dickeson SK, et al. alpha2beta1 integrin, GPVI receptor, and common FcRgamma chain on mouse platelets mediate distinct responses to collagen in models of thrombosis. PloS One. 2014;9(11):e114035. pmid:25415203; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4240667.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[34] View Article

[35] PubMed/NCBI

[36] Google Scholar

[ref10] 10. Nieswandt B, Watson SP. Platelet-collagen interaction: is GPVI the central receptor? Blood. 2003;102(2):449–61. Epub 2003/03/22. pmid:12649139.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[38] View Article

[39] PubMed/NCBI

[40] Google Scholar

[ref11] 11. Holtkotter O, Nieswandt B, Smyth N, Muller W, Hafner M, Schulte V, et al. Integrin alpha 2-deficient mice develop normally, are fertile, but display partially defective platelet interaction with collagen. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(13):10789–94. Epub 2002/01/15. pmid:11788609.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[42] View Article

[43] PubMed/NCBI

[44] Google Scholar

[ref12] 12. Chen J, Diacovo TG, Grenache DG, Santoro SA, Zutter MM. The alpha(2) integrin subunit-deficient mouse: a multifaceted phenotype including defects of branching morphogenesis and hemostasis. Am J Pathol. 2002;161(1):337–44. pmid:12107118; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1850700.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[46] View Article

[47] PubMed/NCBI

[48] Google Scholar

[ref13] 13. Gruner S, Prostredna M, Aktas B, Moers A, Schulte V, Krieg T, et al. Anti-glycoprotein VI treatment severely compromises hemostasis in mice with reduced alpha2beta1 levels or concomitant aspirin therapy. Circulation. 2004;110(18):2946–51. pmid:15505105.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[50] View Article

[51] PubMed/NCBI

[52] Google Scholar

[ref14] 14. Dutting S, Bender M, Nieswandt B. Platelet GPVI: a target for antithrombotic therapy? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2012;33(11):583–90. pmid:22901552.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[54] View Article

[55] PubMed/NCBI

[56] Google Scholar

[ref15] 15. Bender M, Hagedorn I, Nieswandt B. Genetic and antibody-induced glycoprotein VI deficiency equally protects mice from mechanically and FeCl(3) -induced thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9(7):1423–6. Epub 2011/05/04. pmid:21535392.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[58] View Article

[59] PubMed/NCBI

[60] Google Scholar

[ref16] 16. Takai T, Li M, Sylvestre D, Clynes R, Ravetch JV. FcR gamma chain deletion results in pleiotrophic effector cell defects. Cell. 1994;76(3):519–29. pmid:8313472.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[62] View Article

[63] PubMed/NCBI

[64] Google Scholar

[ref17] 17. Meyaard L. The inhibitory collagen receptor LAIR-1 (CD305). J Leukoc Biol. 2008;83(4):799–803. pmid:18063695.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[66] View Article

[67] PubMed/NCBI

[68] Google Scholar

[ref18] 18. Steevels TA, Westerlaken GH, Tijssen MR, Coffer PJ, Lenting PJ, Akkerman JW, et al. Co-expression of the collagen receptors leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 and glycoprotein VI on a subset of megakaryoblasts. Haematologica. 2010;95(12):2005–12. Epub 2010/08/18. pmid:20713462; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2995557.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[70] View Article

[71] PubMed/NCBI

[72] Google Scholar

[ref19] 19. Xue J, Zhang X, Zhao H, Fu Q, Cao Y, Wang Y, et al. Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 is expressed on human megakaryocytes and negatively regulates the maturation of primary megakaryocytic progenitors and cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;405(1):128–33. pmid:21216234.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[74] View Article

[75] PubMed/NCBI

[76] Google Scholar

[ref20] 20. Tomlinson MG, Calaminus SD, Berlanga O, Auger JM, Bori-Sanz T, Meyaard L, et al. Collagen promotes sustained glycoprotein VI signaling in platelets and cell lines. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(11):2274–83. pmid:17764536.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[78] View Article

[79] PubMed/NCBI

[80] Google Scholar

[ref21] 21. Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):676–82. pmid:22743772; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3855844.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[82] View Article

[83] PubMed/NCBI

[84] Google Scholar

[ref22] 22. Stegner D, vanEeuwijk JMM, Angay O, Gorelashvili MG, Semeniak D, Pinnecker J, et al. Thrombopoiesis is spatially regulated by the bone marrow vasculature. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):127. pmid:28743899; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5527048.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[86] View Article

[87] PubMed/NCBI

[88] Google Scholar

[ref23] 23. Melford SK, Turner M, Briddon SJ, Tybulewicz VL, Watson SP. Syk and Fyn are required by mouse megakaryocytes for the rise in intracellular calcium induced by a collagen-related peptide. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(44):27539–42. Epub 1997/11/05. pmid:9346887.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[90] View Article

[91] PubMed/NCBI

[92] Google Scholar

[ref24] 24. Briddon SJ, Melford SK, Turner M, Tybulewicz V, Watson SP. Collagen mediates changes in intracellular calcium in primary mouse megakaryocytes through syk-dependent and -independent pathways. Blood. 1999;93(11):3847–55. pmid:10339492.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[94] View Article

[95] PubMed/NCBI

[96] Google Scholar

[ref25] 25. Kawamoto T. Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants. Arch Histol Cytol. 2003;66(2):123–43. Epub 2003/07/09. pmid:12846553.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[98] View Article

[99] PubMed/NCBI

[100] Google Scholar

[ref26] 26. Schulze H, Stegner D. Imaging platelet biogenesis in vivo. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2018;2(3):461–8. pmid:30046750; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6046590.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[102] View Article

[103] PubMed/NCBI

[104] Google Scholar

[ref27] 27. Avecilla ST, Hattori K, Heissig B, Tejada R, Liao F, Shido K, et al. Chemokine-mediated interaction of hematopoietic progenitors with the bone marrow vascular niche is required for thrombopoiesis. Nat Med. 2004;10(1):64–71. pmid:14702636
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[106] View Article

[107] PubMed/NCBI

[108] Google Scholar

[ref28] 28. Italiano JE Jr., Lecine P, Shivdasani RA, Hartwig JH. Blood platelets are assembled principally at the ends of proplatelet processes produced by differentiated megakaryocytes. J Cell Biol. 1999;147(6):1299–312. pmid:10601342
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[110] View Article

[111] PubMed/NCBI

[112] Google Scholar

[ref29] 29. Sabri S, Foudi A, Boukour S, Franc B, Charrier S, Jandrot-Perrus M, et al. Deficiency in the Wiskott-Aldrich protein induces premature proplatelet formation and platelet production in the bone marrow compartment. Blood. 2006;108(1):134–40. Epub 2006/03/09. pmid:16522820.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[114] View Article

[115] PubMed/NCBI

[116] Google Scholar

[ref30] 30. Munzer P, Walker-Allgaier B, Geue S, Langhauser F, Geuss E, Stegner D, et al. CK2beta regulates thrombopoiesis and Ca(2+)-triggered platelet activation in arterial thrombosis. Blood. 2017;130(25):2774–85. pmid:28928125.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[118] View Article

[119] PubMed/NCBI

[120] Google Scholar

[ref31] 31. Spindler M, van Eeuwijk JMM, Schurr Y, Nurden P, Nieswandt B, Stegner D, et al. ADAP deficiency impairs megakaryocyte polarization with ectopic proplatelet release and causes microthrombocytopenia. Blood. 2018;132(6):635–46. pmid:29950291.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[122] View Article

[123] PubMed/NCBI

[124] Google Scholar

[ref32] 32. Shivdasani R, Schulze H. Culture, Expansion and Differentiation of Murine Megakaryocytes. Current Protocols in Immunology. Supplement 67: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005. p. 22F.6.1–F.6.12.

[ref33] 33. Strassel C, Eckly A, Leon C, Moog S, Cazenave JP, Gachet C, et al. Hirudin and heparin enable efficient megakaryocyte differentiation of mouse bone marrow progenitors. Exp Cell Res. 2012;318(1):25–32. pmid:22008103.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[127] View Article

[128] PubMed/NCBI

[129] Google Scholar

[ref34] 34. Eckly A, Strassel C, Cazenave JP, Lanza F, Leon C, Gachet C. Characterization of megakaryocyte development in the native bone marrow environment. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;788:175–92. Epub 2011/12/02. pmid:22130708.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[131] View Article

[132] PubMed/NCBI

[133] Google Scholar

[ref35] 35. Habart D, Cheli Y, Nugent DJ, Ruggeri ZM, Kunicki TJ. Conditional knockout of integrin alpha2beta1 in murine megakaryocytes leads to reduced mean platelet volume. PloS One. 2013;8(1):e55094. pmid:23359821; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3554675.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[135] View Article

[136] PubMed/NCBI

[137] Google Scholar

[ref36] 36. Zeltz C, Gullberg D. The integrin-collagen connection—a glue for tissue repair? J Cell Sci. 2016;129(4):653–64. pmid:26857815.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[139] View Article

[140] PubMed/NCBI

[141] Google Scholar

[ref37] 37. Nagy Z, Vogtle T, Geer MJ, Mori J, Heising S, Di Nunzio G, et al. The Gp1ba-Cre transgenic mouse: a new model to delineate platelet and leukocyte functions. Blood. 2019;133(4):331–43. pmid:30429161.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[143] View Article

[144] PubMed/NCBI

[145] Google Scholar

[ref38] 38. Kunicki TJ, Nugent DJ. The genetics of normal platelet reactivity. Blood. 2010;116(15):2627–34. pmid:20610812; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2974578.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[147] View Article

[148] PubMed/NCBI

[149] Google Scholar

[ref39] 39. Kunicki TJ, Williams SA, Nugent DJ. Genetic variants that affect platelet function. Current Opinion in Hematology. 2012;19(5):371–9. pmid:22872156.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[151] View Article

[152] PubMed/NCBI

[153] Google Scholar

[ref40] 40. Kunicki TJ, Williams SA, Nugent DJ, Yeager M. Mean platelet volume and integrin alleles correlate with levels of integrins alpha(IIb)beta(3) and alpha(2)beta(1) in acute coronary syndrome patients and normal subjects. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2012;32(1):147–52. pmid:22015659.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[155] View Article

[156] PubMed/NCBI

[157] Google Scholar

[ref41] 41. Moog S, Mangin P, Lenain N, Strassel C, Ravanat C, Schuhler S, et al. Platelet glycoprotein V binds to collagen and participates in platelet adhesion and aggregation. Blood. 2001;98(4):1038–46. Epub 2001/08/09. pmid:11493449.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[159] View Article

[160] PubMed/NCBI

[161] Google Scholar

[ref42] 42. Mazharian A, Wang YJ, Mori J, Bem D, Finney B, Heising S, et al. Mice lacking the ITIM-containing receptor G6b-B exhibit macrothrombocytopenia and aberrant platelet function. Science Signaling. 2012;5(248):ra78. Epub 2012/11/01. pmid:23112346.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[163] View Article

[164] PubMed/NCBI

[165] Google Scholar

[ref43] 43. Gupta S, Cherpokova D, Spindler M, Morowski M, Bender M, Nieswandt B. GPVI signaling is compromised in newly formed platelets after acute thrombocytopenia in mice. Blood. 2018;131(10):1106–10. pmid:29295843; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5863702.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[167] View Article

[168] PubMed/NCBI

[169] Google Scholar

Figures

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and methods

Animal husbandry

Flow cytometry

Blood parameter

Immunofluorescence

Data acquisition and statistical analyses

Results

Discussion

Ectopic platelet production into the marrow

Does co-localization mean "binding to collagen"?

Other collagen receptors (compensatory mechanisms)

Acknowledgments

References