http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4520-4130
Figures
Abstract
Background
In people living with HIV (PLHIV) who are on anti-retroviral therapy (ART), it is essential to identify persons with high blood viral loads (VLs) (≥1000 copies/ml), provide enhanced adherence counselling (EAC) for 3 months and assess for VL suppression (<1000 copies/ml).
Objective
Our study objectives were to determine the proportion who had a high viral load in those people who underwent viral load testing between 1 August 2016–31 July 2017 at Wilkins Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe. Of those with high viral load to assess; a) the proportion who enrolled for EAC, the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with enrolment for EAC and, b) the proportion who achieved viral load suppression and demographic, clinical characteristics associated with viral load suppression.
Design
Retrospective cohort study using routinely collected programme data. Data was collected from PLHIV who were on ART and had a high viral load from 1 August 2016 to 31 July 2017.
Results
Of 5,573 PLHIV on ART between 1 August 2016 and 31 July 2017, 4787 (85.9%) had undergone VL testing and 646 (13.5%) had high VLs. Of these 646, only 489 (75.7%) were enrolled for EAC, of whom 444 (69%) underwent a repeat VL test at ≥ 3 months with 201 (31.2%) achieving VL suppression. The clinical characteristics that were independently associated with higher probability of VL suppression were: a) undergoing 3 sessions of EAC; b) being on 2nd line ART. Initial VL levels >5,000 copies/ml were associated with lower probability of viral suppression.
Conclusion
The routine VL testing levels were high, but there were major programmatic gaps in enrolling PLHIV with high VLs into EAC and achieving VL suppression. The full potential of EAC on achieving viral load suppression has not been achieved in this setting. The reasons for these gaps need to be assessed in future research studies and addressed by suitable changes in policies/practices.
Citation: Bvochora T, Satyanarayana S, Takarinda KC, Bara H, Chonzi P, Komtenza B, et al. (2019) Enhanced adherence counselling and viral load suppression in HIV seropositive patients with an initial high viral load in Harare, Zimbabwe: Operational issues. PLoS ONE 14(2): e0211326. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211326
Editor: Orna Mor, State of Israel Ministry of Health, ISRAEL
Received: May 20, 2018; Accepted: January 12, 2019; Published: February 5, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Bvochora et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The data contains sensitive HIV patients’ information that was obtained from the Zimbabwe’s National AIDS Programme and the City of Harare Health Services Department. The authors have permission from the Harare City Health Department and Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ) to share only the aggregate analysed results and not individual patient records. Therefore, anyone interested in accessing the individual patient wise de-identified data is requested to contact directly the Harare City Health Department director and MRCZ chairperson (whose address/contact details are as follows) for permission to access the de-identified individual patient data and give reference to MRCZ Approval Number MRCZ/E/173: Director of Health Services: Dr Prosper Chonzi, Harare City Health department (Email Address: prochonzi@gmail.com); Chairman: Dr S Munyati, Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (Email address: mrcz@mrcz.org.zw).
Funding: This study was funded by: the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID); La Fondation Veuve Emile Metz-Tesch (Luxembourg); the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through Challenge TB; The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) and the National AIDS Council Zimbabwe. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Globally, since the beginning of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the 1980s, about 35 million people are estimated to have died due to HIV infection and by the end of 2016, an estimated 36.7 million [95% CI: 30.8–42.9 million] people were living with HIV (PLHIV) [1]. The burden of the HIV epidemic varies considerably in the world with 64% of the global HIV burden concentrated in sub-Saharan African countries.
In PLHIV, viral load (expressed as HIV RNA copies/mL of blood) is a direct indicator of viral replication. Higher viral loads lead to greater fall in CD4 cell count, and this increases the risk of becoming ill due to opportunistic infections [2]. Suppressing viral load in PLHIV to less than 1000 copies/ml of blood (henceforth called ‘viral suppression’) is essential for reducing morbidity, mortality and transmission [3].
Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV replication and by doing so, it has transformed HIV infection from a deadly disease into a manageable chronic illness [2]. The recent HPTN052 clinical trial has shown that viral suppression due to ART can reduce HIV transmission by up to 96% [4]. In order to maximise the benefits of ART globally, the second and third targets of the Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 target call on at least 90% of PLHIV to be on ART and 90% of those on ART to have viral suppression by 2020 [3].
World Health Organisation (WHO) currently recommends periodic assessment of viral loads (at least once a year) in all PLHIV on ART and to achieve viral load suppression in those with high plasma viral loads (≥1000 copies/ ml) by addressing the common reasons for it [2]. Poor adherence to ART is the most common reason for high viral load and, therefore, WHO recommends enhanced adherence counselling (EAC) to address this problem [5]. The other common reasons for high viral load include drug resistance, malabsorption, drug–drug interactions, drug-associated side effects and addressing these reasons may require a change in the ART regimen [6]. WHO recommends that, if the viral load is high, EAC be carried out, followed by a second/repeat viral load test after 3 months. If the viral load levels remains high, virological treatment failure is concluded and patient should have a switch in ART regimen. Studies have shown that EAC leads to viral suppression in over 70% of patients with high initial viral loads [7].
Zimbabwe, a country in Southern Africa with a population of approximately 13 million people in 2012 [8], is one of the country worst affected by the HIV epidemic [9]. The HIV prevalence among adults 15–64 years is 14.6% which estimates to approximately 1.2 million PLHIV. About 75% of the PLHIV know their HIV status, and 86.6% of those who know their status are on ART. It is estimated that 15% of those on ART have high viral load [10]. The Zimbabwe National ART programme guidelines were adopted from the 2016 WHO guidelines and recommends management of persons with high viral load through EAC, adherence-monitoring, followed by a repeat viral load test and subsequently a switch in ART regimen if the viral load remains high [2]. However, whether these guidelines are being followed or not under routine program conditions is unknown. Therefore, we undertook an operational research study at Wilkins Hospital which was the first site to start routine viral load monitoring in Harare city health department, to assess progress in the implementation of the national guidelines.
Our study objectives were to determine the proportion who had a high viral load in those people who underwent viral load testing between 1 August 2016–31 July 2017. Of those with high viral load we assessed a) the proportion who enrolled for EAC, the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with enrolment for EAC and, b) the proportion who achieved viral load suppression and the demographic, clinical characteristics associated with viral load suppression.
Methodology
Setting
The study was conducted at Wilkins Hospital, Harare city from October 2017 to March, 2018. As per the national guidelines, the ART clinic at Wilkins hospital uses a fixed-dose combination once-daily pill of Tenofovir v+ Lamuvidine (or Emtricitabine) + Efavirenz (TDF+3TC (or FTC)+EFV) as the preferred first-line ART regimen among adult PLHIV and abacavir+lamuvidine+efavirenz (or Lopinavir/r) (ABC + 3TC + EFV (or Lop/r)) as the preferred first-line ART regimen in children living with HIV. Second-line ART in adults consists of two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI). The choice of NRTI depends on the drug intake history. If the patient fails on a TDF + 3TC (or FTC)-based first-line regimen, AZT + 3TC is used as the NRTI backbone in second-line regimens and vice-versa in combination with a heat-stable fixed-dose combinations of ATV/r or LPV/r boosted PI.
The ART clinic of this hospital started conducting routine viral load testing of all PLHIV (either on first line regimen or second line regimen) from 1 August 2016 onwards as per the national guidelines. The national guidelines stipulate that PLHIV who do not have an initial viral load and are on ART for more than six months be tested for viral load. Viral load tests are also conducted to confirm treatment failure if there is a clinical deterioration. Those with viral load ≥1000 copies/ml are referred for enrolment for EAC. EAC consists of three sessions done on a monthly basis. After three EAC sessions, each client is assessed for adherence and a repeat viral load test is done. If the viral load is supressed (< 1000 copies/ml of blood), the client is continued on the same ART regimen. On the other hand, if the repeat viral load is high (≥ 1000 copies/ml of blood) despite good adherence to therapy, the client is referred to the ART medical officer for a change in the ART regimen. Children (age <15 years) with high viral load are also enroled for EAC and their adult care-givers are counselled on the importance of adherence.
Patient population
The study population comprised of PLHIV who were on ART and had a high viral load during the period 1 August 2016 to 31 July 2017.
Data variables, sources of data and data collection
For the first objective, we collected aggregated data on the number of patients who were currently alive and receiving ART from the electronic patient monitoring system (EPMS). We obtained information on the number who underwent viral load testing from the laboratory records of the hospital. We then line-listed all patients with high viral loads from the laboratory records and obtained individual client level information from the ART registers, individual patients ART booklets and EAC registers. The individual patient level information obtained included ART number, name, age, sex, date of HIV diagnosis, date of ART enrolment, date of ART initiation, dates of viral load testing, reason for doing viral load testing (routine or for confirmation of treatment failure) ART regimen, CD4 cell count levels, WHO stage, presence/absence of TB disease, cryptococcal co-infection at the time of initial high viral load, EAC enrolment and the number of EAC sessions attended. By using the date of ART initiation and last clinic visit date we derived the duration on ART. We also collected information on whether the patients had undergone repeat viral load testing, the results of the repeat viral load testing and whether the patient had undergone change in the ART regimen.
Data analysis
Data from the ART registers, laboratory records and EAC registers were single-entered into an electronic data collection form created in EpiData Entry (version v2.2.3.187, The EpiData Association, Denmark). The data entered in EpiData was cross-checked with client information in the EPMS and wherever there was a discrepancy we referred to the original records and made the corrections. The data are summarized by numbers and proportions.
The primary outcomes were: a) “enrolment into EAC” which was defined as attendance of one or more EAC sessions, and, b) “viral load suppression” defined as viral load <1000 copies/mL at the time of repeat viral load test which is generally performed at/after 3 month. The primary focus of our analysis was in identifying which of the measured demographic and clinical characteristics are independently associated (predictors) with “enrolment into EAC” and for “viral load suppression”. The associations between measured demographic and clinical factors with “enrolment into EAC” and “viral load suppression” are expressed as crude/unadjusted risk ratios and adjusted risk ratios. We adjusted for all those variables that were previously known to be associated with the outcome or those which had a p-value of <0.2 in the bivariable analysis. We used multivariable binomial log regression models (or Poisson regression models if the log binomial models failed to achieve convergence with robust standard error estimates) to obtain the risk ratios and adjusted risk ratios. Due to high missingness of data and in order to retain the whole eligible number of records with an outcome of interest for the binomial log regression models, all data points with missing data were replaced with an arbitrary value “9” and reported in this manuscript as “Not recorded”. for each variable All analyses were done in STATA statistical software (SE version 15.0, StataCorp, Texas, USA).
Ethics approval
We obtained approval from the National AIDS and Tuberculosis Unit and Harare City Research Board for conducting this study. We also obtained ethics approval from Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ) and the Ethics Advisory Group of The Union, Paris, France. As the study involved review of records, we were given waiver by the ethics committees from obtaining informed consent from the study participants. All data collected in this study were kept confidential and only the study investigators had access to the individual patient data.
Results
There were 5,573 PLHIV who were alive and receiving ART care at Wilkin’s hospital between 1 August 2016 and 31 July 2017. Of these, 4787 (85.9%) had undergone viral load testing at least once during the study period. Of those tested, 646 (13.5%) had high viral loads “Fig 1”. The demographic and clinical characteristics of these 646 PLHIV with high viral loads are described in Table 1.
Of the 646 PLHIV with high viral loads, 489 (75.7%) were enrolled for EAC “Fig 1”. Of those enrolled for EAC, 30 (6%) attended one, 54 (11%) attended two and 405 (83%) attended three EAC sessions. Blood samples were collected for repeat viral load testing at or after 3 months in 487 (84.9% among those who underwent EAC compared to 45.9% in those who did not undergo EAC, Chi-square test p-value <0.01). In those whose blood samples were collected for repeat viral load testing, results were available for 444 (91.1%). Of those 444 with repeat viral load test results, 201 (45.2%) had viral load suppression (47.1% in those who underwent EAC and 33.9% in those who did not undergo EAC, Chi-square test p-value = 0.05).
Patient characteristics associated with enrolment for EAC (Table 2)
In bivariable analysis, age, reason for viral load test, WHO stage, CD4 cell count, initial viral load levels were statistically associated with enrolment to EAC, but none of them were independently associated with enrolment for EAC in multivariable analysis.
Patient characteristics associated with viral load suppression (Tables 3 and 4)
Overall of the 646 PLHIV with initial high viral load, 201 (31.2%) had viral load suppression on repeat viral load testing. The characteristics that were independently associated with higher probability of viral suppression were: a) undergoing 3 sessions of EAC compared to non-attendance of EAC; b) being on 2nd line versus being on 1st line ART at the time of initial high viral load test. Initial viral load levels >5,000 copies/ml were associated with lower probability of viral suppression when compared to having viral loads between 1000–5,000 copies/ml “Table 3”.
Since ascertainment of viral load suppression is dependent on PLHIV having a repeat viral load test, we assessed the patient characteristics associated with viral load suppression in only those PLHIV who had a repeat viral load test result (n = 444). The demographic and clinical factors that were independently associated with higher probability of viral suppression in this sub-group were: a) CD4 cell count >350 cells/mm3; b) being on 2nd line ART regimen at the time of initial high viral load test result. Those with initial viral load levels >5000 copies per ml had a lower probability of viral load suppression when compared to those between 1000–5000 copies per ml “Table 4”. Enrolment for EAC (and the number of sessions attended) did not have an independent association with viral load suppression in this sub-group of PLHIV who had undergone repeat viral load testing.
Discussion
This is one of the first studies from Zimbabwe assessing the management of PLHIV on ART with high viral load under routine programme settings. The study results show that 86% of the PLHIV on ART at the Wilkin’s hospital had undergone a viral load test, 14% of those who underwent a viral load test had high viral loads which is similar to other studies [11]. Of those with high viral loads, three quarters had enrolled for EAC, two thirds had undergone a repeat viral load testing at 3 months (or later) and only about one third had achieved viral load suppression. Of those without viral load suppression at 3 months (or later), about three quarters had a change in ART regimen. The implications of the study are as follows:
First, 86% of the patients had undergone a viral load test and 14% had high viral loads. This implies that out of all the patients who were on ART at this study site, only 74% had a ‘confirmed’ viral load suppression. This is far below the 90% target for viral load suppression envisaged under the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets [3]. For increasing the proportion with ‘confirmed’ viral load suppression to 90%, viral load testing levels must increase from the present 86%. The National AIDS programme must investigate if there are any local constraints for conducting viral load tests (e.g., in commodities, training needs, patient factors) and undertake appropriate measures to improve the testing levels.
Second, three-quarters of the patients with high viral load levels got enrolled into EAC and of those enrolled four out of five patients attended all the three sessions. Which means that of those PLHIV with high viral load, only 63% (~6 out of 10 patients with high viral load) underwent EAC as per the national guidelines. There is a potential threat that the remaining four in ten patients with high viral loads may develop adverse ART treatment outcomes [12] or of reversing the potential ART gains of reduced HIV transmission in the community [13]. As per our study results, none of the routinely recorded demographic and clinical characteristics were independently associated with enrolment into EAC. The other patient and health system constraints for enroling and retaining PLHIV on EAC are unknown. Identifying the constraints in our setting is an area for future research. Anecdotal evidence points towards deficiencies in the referral process from the clinicians responsible for their clinic reviews to primary care counsellors who offer EAC.
Third, of those with high viral loads, about two thirds (69%) underwent repeat viral load testing at 3 months or later. Patients who attended EAC were more likely to undergo the repeat viral load testing when compared to those who did not enrol for EAC. A previous study has shown that those who are adherent are more likely to undergo repeat VL testing [14].
Fourth, only about one third of the study population (with high initial viral loads) achieved viral suppression at 3 or more months. This is much lower than viral suppression rates reported elsewhere [7]. Grossly, those who underwent EAC were more likely to achieve viral load suppression than those who did not undergo EAC “Fig 1 and Table 3”. However in our subsequent analysis, in which we restricted our analysis to those who had undergone repeat viral load testing “Table 4”, we did not observe EAC as one of the factors associated with viral load suppression and this result is similar with other studies [6]. This indicates that EAC has limited effect on improving adherence in our setting or that the high viral loads seen in our settings is not due to poor adherence. Further studies are needed to sort this out. As a first step, we recommend a content analysis of the EAC counselling sessions to assess if these sessions are appropriate for identifying and correcting adherence related issues.
Lastly, being on 2nd line ART (when compared to being on 1st line ART) was independently associated with viral suppression. This could be due to poor initial adherence levels which was perhaps corrected by enrolment into EAC [15]. In addition, lower levels of resistance to 2nd line ART (as shown in previous studies) [16] might have also contributed to the better response to therapy [12]. The other clinical factor that was independently associated with viral suppression was having viral load levels between (1000 to 5000 copies/ml) when compared to those with viral load >5000 copies/ml. Previous studies from other parts of the world show that initial viral load levels may be a good predictor of virological failure in patients with high adherence levels.[17] (i.e., patients with high baseline adherence levels may not benefit from EAC). Future studies in our setting could consider capturing information on baseline adherence levels and assess the effectiveness of EAC in supressing viral load in patients with different baseline adherence levels.
The major strength of the study was usage of routine programme data over a period of one year with information collected on all patients who were on ART at this hospital without any exclusion. We collected data from the records which are the first/primary level of documentation of the patient information in this setting. These primary records are routinely audited by the National AIDS programme for its accuracy and consistency. Therefore, we strongly believe that the data collected in our study reflects what is happening in reality in this setting.
The major limitation of our study is that as our study methodology involved review of records, and hence our analysis and interpretation of the data are limited to only those variables that are routinely collected from patients/care givers and captured in the patient records. Some of the important variables like socio-economic status of the patient, education status of the patient, distance of patients’ residence to the ART centres, patients clinical condition and so on, which could have played a major role in initial viral load testing, enrolment for EAC, repeat viral load testing and viral suppression, were not available. Since we did not measure these other variables, we are unable to account for the influence of these factors in our analysis. Therefore, whether the association estimates for demographic and clinical characteristics with the key outcome variables presented in our study is an underestimate or an overestimate is unknown.
In conclusion, at Wilkin’s hospital in Harare, about 14% of the patients who underwent viral load testing had high viral loads and only one third of these patients had viral load suppression at 3 months or later. The factors that were statistically associated with viral load suppression on repeat testing at 3 or more months were enrolment to EAC, having relatively lower levels of viral load and being on 2nd line ART regimen. The study highlights several gaps in routine viral load testing, enrolment into EAC & repeat viral load testing. Due to these gaps, the role of EAC in achieving viral load suppression under routine programmatic conditions appears to be very limited. The reasons for these gaps needs to be assessed in future research studies and addressed by suitable changes in policies/practices.
Acknowledgments
This research was conducted through the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT), a global partnership led by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases at the World Health Organization (WHO/TDR). The training model is based on a course developed jointly by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) and Medécins sans Frontières (MSF). The specific SORT IT program which resulted in this publication was implemented by the Centre for Operational Research, The Union, and Paris, France. Mentorship and the coordination/facilitation of this particular SORT IT workshop was provided through the Centre for Operational Research, The Union, Paris, France; the Department of Tuberculosis and HIV, The Union, Paris, France; the University of Washington, School of Public Health, Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, USA; and AMPATH, Eldoret, Kenya.
I would like to thank the Wilkins Opportunistic Infections Clinic clinicians, Ruvimbo Mashingaidze Prisca Ndawona, Chido Kaseke, Cliana Kahwema, Henry Sanedi, Nicholas Dube, Honest Bvochora, Constance Bvochora, Daniel Nsingo and Justice Mudavanhu for their contributions.
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