Figures
Abstract
In order to screen the candidate genes of Fenneropenaeus chinensis related to low-temperature tolerance, this research takes juvenile prawns of F. chinensis (P40) in low temperature stress group (4°C) and normal temperature group (18°C) as experimental materials. The results showed that a total of 127,939 Unigenes with average length of 1,190 bp were obtained by assembly, of which 46% were annotated in the Nr database. A total of 1,698 differentially expressed genes were screened by differential gene expression analysis, of which 920 genes showed up-regulated expression and 778 genes showed down-regulated expression. Both GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in spliceosomes, ribosomes, bile secretion, ABC transport pathways, and cellular nitrogen compound synthesis. A further in-depth analysis obtained 8 genes that may be associated with low-temperature traits of F. chinensis. Five of them displayed up-regulated expression, including ATP-binding cassette protein C, acid ceramidase, glutathione transferase, C-type lectin and heat shock protein HSP70. The remaining three genes, γ-butyl betaine hydroxylase, β-hexosaminidase A and long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase displayed down-regulated expression. Eight differentially expressed genes were randomly selected and the real time RT-PCR verification showed that their expression levels were consistent with the sequencing results, demonstrating the accuracy of the sequencing results. The results of this study provide basic data for revealing the molecular mechanisms of F. chinensis in response to low temperature stress and the molecular assisted breeding of F. chinensis in low temperature.
Citation: Meng X, Dong L, Shi X, Li X, Sui J, Luo K, et al. (2019) Screening of the candidate genes related to low-temperature tolerance of Fenneropenaeus chinensis based on high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0211182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211182
Editor: Peng Xu, Xiamen University, CHINA
Received: October 13, 2018; Accepted: January 8, 2019; Published: April 8, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Meng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This study was Supported by Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS (20603022017001); National Natural Science Foundation of China (41676148); Taishan Scholar Program for Seed Industry and China Agriculture Research System (CARS-48). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
As one of the most important Chinese native mariculture species, Chinese fleshy shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) belongs to Fenneropenaeus, Penaeidae, Decapoda and Crustacea. It’s naturally distributed in the Yellow Sea, Bohai Sea (including the North West coast of Korea Peninsula), as well as Rongqiu Archipelago and Zhoushan Archipelago in the northern part of the East China Sea. [1]. As early as the 1950s, China conducted research on the reproduction and development of F. chinensis and carried out large-scale research on breeding and cultivation techniques for obtaining practical production techniques of this shrimp. In the late 1990s, China began to conduct the selective breeding. New variety of F. chinensis named ‘Huanghai No. 1’, ‘Huanghai No. 2’ and ‘Huanghai No. 3’ were cultivated [2–4].
The low-temperature tolerance traits have complex molecular regulation mechanisms because they are controlled by minorgene [5]. In recent years, with the rapid development of genomics and bioinformatics as well as other disciplines, high-throughput sequencing technology has developed more and more maturely, and it is widely used in the research of functional genes digging, molecular markers and signal transduction of aquatic animals. Huang et al. [6] used RNA-seq technology to analyze the transcriptome sequences of Litopenaeus vannamei in low temperature (13°C) and normal temperature (28°C) and obtained 72 differentially expressed genes. They discovered that serine/threonine kinases signaling pathways may play an important role in cold adaptation. Hu et al. [7] screened cold tolerance related genes of Paralichthys olivaceus using transcriptome sequencing and cloned CIPR and HMGB1.
As a cold-water shrimp, Chinese fleshy shrimps (F. chinensis) can live in the temperatures between 18°C to 30°C. The optimum temperature is 25°C and the extreme survival temperature for the shrimp is 4°C [8]. Meanwhile, the nursery temperature for F. chinensis shall be not less than 14°C. Therefore, the low temperature limits the breeding season and geographical area of F. chinensis and affect the production and efficiency of cultivation. In order to explore the molecular mechanisms of F. chinensis low temperature tolerance, differentially expressed genes under low temperature stress and low-temperature-related metabolic pathways were screened in the present study by comparing transcriptome information between 40-day prawns in normal temperature group (18°C) and low temperature groups (4°C). The results can provide theoretical basis for cultivation of new variety of F. chinensis with low-temperature tolerance.
Materials and methods
Experimental materials
The experiment was conducted in the Marine Genetics and Breeding Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (Aoshanwei town, Jimo City, Qingdao) from April 2017 to June 2017. A total of 138 families of 40-day juvenile prawns belongs to G12 of new F. chinensis variety-‘Huanghai No. 2’ that produced in 2017 were selected as the experimental subjects with average body weight 0.150 ± 0.088g.
Low temperature stress experiment
The experimental material was treated with low temperature stress and sampled by a temperature-adjustable refrigerator. Thirty individual shrimps were randomly selected from each family, and they were set up as the low temperature stress group (L) and same number of individuals of each family were selected for the normal temperature control group (N). The shrimps were cultivated in a 26.5 cm×20 cm×16.5 cm storage box. The water temperature in the low temperature stress group (L) firstly decreased from room temperature of 18°C to 14°C, and then decreased at a rate of 2°C per day until it dropped to 4°C and maintained at 4°C ± 0.5°C. The water temperature in the normal temperature control group (N) was maintained at 18 ± 1°C. During the cooling period, all shrimp family members were observed every two hours. The dead shrimps were collected and the time of death, family information, body length, and body weight were recorded. In the low-temperature stress group (L), water temperature was maintained at 4°C ± 0.5°C until 16 hours later. Three shrimps were randomly sampled from each L and N group and stored in sample protector for RNA (Takara, Japan). The cumulative survival time (CDH) of shrimp was calculated using ASReml-R (unpublished data). Considering the CDH and shrimp number alive at last, the FCQAS17G120264Y family with good performance of low-temperature tolerance traits were selected as target family. Three individuals in group L and group N of this family were used for transcriptome sequencing analysis.
RNA extraction and transcriptome sequencing
Total RNA of each shrimp was extracted by the general Trizol method. RNA was examined for its mass and concentration by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo, USA). The total RNA concentration shall be greater than 250 ng/μL. OD260/OD280 is between 1.8 and 2.2, and OD260/OD230 value shall be greater than or equal to 2.0, ensuring that RNA is not degraded and polluted. Finally, Total RNA was sent to Beijing Novogene company for Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing.
Sequencing data assembly and annotation
After the quality analysis, the sequences with linker, low quality, and a ratio of N (where N indicates that the base information could not be determined) that was greater than 10% were removed from the raw data of the sequencing, thus clean data was obtained. By using Trinity software, non-parametric transcriptome splicing was performed using clean data. Each gene took the longest sequence obtained by splicing as Unigene, i.e. the reference sequence [9]. Then the Unigene sequences were compared and annotated with seven databases respectively, namely NCBI Nt, NCBI Nr, Pfam (http://pfam.sanger.ac.uk/), KOG (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CO/), Swiss-prot (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/uniprot/), KEGG (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/), and GO (http://www.geneontolorg.org/).
Differential expression analysis and GO/KEGG enrichment analysis
FPKM (expected number of Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript sequence per Millions base pairs sequenced) refers to the number of fragments per Kilobase length from a gene in per million fragments [10]. In this study, the expression of Unigene was calculated by FPKM method. The unigenes using Trinity were used as the reference assembly for subsequent analysis (ref). The clean reads of each sample were mapped to ref. After comparing and collection of the results, the number of read counts for each sample mapped to each gene was obtained and the FPKM conversion was performed. According to the FPKM value, the edgR package in R language was used to screen the genes that were significantly differently expressed. The screening values were fold change>2 and P-value<0.05 [11]. Then GO and KEGG enrichment analysis (false discovery rate, FDR≤0.05) for differentially expressed genes were conducted by GOseq R and KOBAS software packages [12,13].
Verification of transcriptome data by real time RT-PCR
Eight differentially expressed genes were randomly selected and specific primers were designed using Primer 5.0 software (Table 1). These genes were submitted to Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co, Ltd. for synthesis. By adopting TaKaRa relative fluorescence quantification kit, real time RT-PCR confirmatory experiment set up 3 parallel groups for each sample with the 18S rRNA as the reference gene. The dissolution curve was drawn after the reaction to ensure the specificity and accuracy of amplification. By using of 2-△△Ct method the relative expression of genes were analyzed [14], and compared with the sequencing data.
Results
Raw data assembly of sequencing
By the Illumina Hiseq 2500 sequencing for the total 6 samples in the low temperature group and the normal temperature group, a total of 267,810,398 original sequences were obtained, among which there were 257,507,504 clean reads and base Q30 (the value of Phred>30) accounted for 91%. After Trinity splicing, a total of 247,911 transcripts were obtained, with a splicing length ranged from 200 bp to 15,096 bp. There were 21,471 pri-miRNA with the average length of 759 bp. The N50 was 1,404 bp. Meanwhile, a total of 127,939 unigenes was obtained with splicing length ranged from 200 bp to 15,096 bp. There were 21,438 unigenes with length that was greater than 2,000 bp. The average length of unigenes were 1,190 bp, and the N50 was 1,826 bp (Table 2).
Annotation of transcriptome data
In order to obtain comprehensive gene function information, we performed gene function annotations (Table 3) on the transcriptome data of F. chinensis by seven databases including Nr, Nt, Pfam, KOG/COG, Swiss-prot, KEGG and GO. The results showed that 58,938 unigenes out of a total of 127,939 unigenes had annotations in the Nr database, accounting for 46.06%. A total of 10,129 unigenes were noted in the above seven databases, accounting for 7.91%. A total of 83,086 unigenes were annotated at least one database, accounting for 64.94% of the total unigenes.
Screening of differentially expressed genes
In this study, edgeR was used to compare the differences in gene expression abundances between the low temperature group (4°C) and the normal temperature group (18°C), and then the differentially expressed gene volcano plots were drawn. As shown in Fig 1, a total of 1,698 diferentially expressed genes were screened, of which 920 genes showed up-regulated expression under low temperature stress and 778 genes showed down-regulated expression under low temperature stress. A total of 67% of the differentially expressed genes were annotated in the Nr database.
The red dots represent genes with up-regulated expression. The green dots represent genes with down-regulated expression. The blue dots represent non differentially expressed genes.
Analysis of the most enriched GO terms
GOseq method was used in the study of this paper to enrich the 1,698 screened differentially expressed genes into 30 GO terms, and to count the number of genes in each GO term that were significantly enriched. The results are displayed as a histogram as shown in Fig 2. The differentially expressed genes are distributed in biological processes, cell classifications, and molecular functions, mainly in biological processes. In the biological processes, the three most abundantly differentially expressed genes are cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process, regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process and regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process. In the cell classification, most of them are ribosomes. In molecular functions, the structural molecule activity contains the most differentially expressed genes.
Enrichment analysis of KEGG differentially expressed genes
In vivo, different genes coordinate to exercise their biological functions. Through the significant enrichment of metabolic Pathway can determine the major biochemical metabolic pathways and signal transduction pathways involved in differentially expressed genes [13]. KEGG is the main public database of Pathway. It compares the differentially expressed genes with the KEGG database, and selects the most significant top 20 enrichment pathways for scatter plots (Fig 3). Differentially expressed genes are abundant in Spliceosomes, Ribosomes, Bile Secretion, and ABC transporters.
The vertical axis indicates the name of pathway, and the horizontal axis indicates the corresponding Rich factor of the pathway. The size of q-value is represented by the color of dots. The smaller the q-value, the closer the color is to red. The number of differentially expressed genes contained in each pathway is represented by the size of dots.
Candidate genes under low temperature
The study comprehensively analyzed the gene's differential expression fold (the higher the differential expression fold, the more significant the difference is) and the significant four pathways for differentially expressed gene enrichment, including ABC transport, sphingolipid metabolism, and glycosphingolipid biosynthetic pathway-Global Series, as well as genes involved in cold and environmental stress regulation reported in the References [15–28]. In the end, eight genes related to low temperature tolerance of Chinese fleshy shrimp were screened out from 1,698 differentially expressed genes, of which 5 showed up-regulated expression and 3 showed down-regulated expression (Table 4).
Verification of transcriptome data by real time RT-PCR
Eight different genes were randomly selected, including three low-temperature candidate genes of ATP-binding cassette protein C, hypothetical protein: γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase, and heat shock protein HSP70. Specific primers were designed for the experiment. The differentially expressed genes screened based on transcriptome data were verified by real time RT-PCR method. As shown in Fig 4, C-70339, C-50465, C-55918, C-40114, C-40552, and C-60630 all display up-regulated expression in real time RT-PCR and RNA-seq, while C-22506 and C-31994 show down-regulated expression in real time RT-PCR and RNA-seq, which also proves that the transcriptome data used in this study are reliable.
Discussion
Analysis on transcriptome of F. chinensis of low-temperature stress
It was reported that Illumina Hiseq 2500 was used in researches successfully such as small RNA, targeted sequencing, exons, transcriptome, metagenome, expression profile, genome sequencing, and long fragment sequencing and this technique is applicable to any species in the study of the group [15–16, 29–30]. In order to screen more genes that are specifically expressed under low temperature stress, the Chinese fleshy shrimp family with good low temperature tolerance was selected in this study according to the cumulative survival time (CDH). CDH can not only distinguish the different death temperatures, but also measure death at different time points at the same temperature [31–33], so it can accurately indicate the low-temperature traits.
Using Illumina Hiseq 2500 for high-throughput sequencing analysis of six individual shrimps with good tolerance to low temperature traits that belongs to the Chinese juvenile prawn family FCQAS17G120264Y, a total of 127,939 unigenes were obtained, of which 46% of the unigenes were annotated in the Nr database. A total of 1698 differentially expressed genes were obtained by differential gene expression analysis, of which 67% of the differentially expressed genes were annotated in the Nr database, which greatly enriched the transcriptome data pool of the Chinese fleshy shrimp. The functional annotations showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in spliceosome, ribosome, bile secretion and ABC transport pathways, and the synthesis of cellular nitrogen compounds under low temperature stress. The current study have shown that temperature can affect the digestive system of F. chinensis, L. vannamei, Scophthalmus maximus, and Epinephelussp [17–20], while the ABC Transporters participate in the absorption, accumulation, and excretion of various toxic substances and play an important role in the immune defense process [21]. It is speculated that low temperature stress will cause differential expression of some genes in Chinese fleshy shrimp, and affect the digestive system, immune system and synthesis of nitrogen compounds such as fatty acids, amino acids and carbohydrates in cells.
Candidate genes of F. chinensis in low temperature
Antifreeze protein (AFP)/Antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) found in fish is an early discovery of genes associated with low temperature tolerance traits [22]. There is still no report on the studies of related genes of juvenile prawn’s resistance to low temperatures currently. However, Peng Jinxia, Yin Qin et al. [23–27] studied and screened several genes related to low-temperature traits of L. vannamei, including heat shock protein genes (HSPB1, HSP10, TCP-1-Beta), metallothioneins Gene (MT), coat protein gene (COPE), DEAD-box RNA helicase gene, and adenylyltransferase (ANT2) [23–27]. Among them, ANT2 gene and heat shock protein gene have also been reported to be related to low temperature response in various aquatic animals such as Scylla paramamosain, Dissostichus mawsoni, and GIFT Oreochromis niloticus. [28, 34–35].
In this study, eight genes tolerance to low temperature Chinese fleshy shrimp were screened by analyzing the transcriptome information of the shrimps under low temperature stress. The ATP-binding cassette protein is encoded by the ABC gene and participates in the ABC transport mechanism in vivo. Fang Caiwang et al. found that the ABC transporter showed up-regulated expression when the scallop was exposed to cadmium stress, thus protecting the body from heavy metal toxicity [36]. It is consistent with the results of the study in this paper. Glutathione transferase (GST) can remove the excess free radicals (ROS) from the body and prevent oxidative damage. GST has been found to help plants resist environmental stresses such as hypothermia and is associated with resistance of Venerupis philippinarum to heavy metal stress [37–38]. The study in this paper found that GST expression increased under low temperature stress. It is speculated that low temperature induces a large number of ROS produced in the body, and high expression of GST can reduce the oxidative damage caused by low temperature. As an immune factor, C-type lectin plays an important role in innate immune defense [39]. Studies by Xia Dandan et al. showed that low or high temperature stress can cause changes in the expression of C-type lectin in S. maximus [40]. This study showed that C-type lectin was up-regulated under low temperature conditions. It was hypothesized that low temperature could damage the immune system of Chinese fleshy shrimp and cause increased expression of C-type lectin. Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase is a key enzyme for the synthesis of L-carnitine in vivo. The main function of L-carnitine is to promote β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial inner membrane and provide energy to cells. It has been researched that found L-carnitine is involved in cold stress responses in fish [41]. Heat shock proteins are a group of widely-existing heat stress proteins that are involved in the regulation of response to low temperature stress in shrimps of L. vannamei [23–24]. β -hexosaminidase A (β-HEXA) is a key enzyme in the Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthetic Pathway-Global Series. The phingoglycolipids have been reported to be involved in cell signal transduction and drought stress [42–43]. This study showed that β-HEXA is down-regulated under low temperature stress, suggesting that low temperature stress can hinder cell signal transduction. Acid ceramidase (ASAH) is involved in the regulation of the body's sphingolipid metabolism pathway, and it can be converted to sphingosine-1-phosphate hydrolysis of ceramide, and then regulate cell growth, aging, apoptosis and other functions. Studies have found that ASAH is associated with drought stress in plants [44]. The long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase (ACSBG2) can regulate the biosynthesis of fatty acids and down-regulates them under low temperature stress. It is speculated that Chinese juvenile shrimp can increase the mobility of biofilm by reducing the synthesis of long chain fatty acids, thus responding to low temperature stress [45]. Therefore, these differentially expressed genes are closely related to low-temperature tolerance traits of Chinese juvenile shrimps. However, further verification is needed for more in-depth studies.
Research meaning
Basing on transcriptome sequencing, this paper provided a comprehensive investigation of the differentially expressed genes of F. chinensis under low temperature stress. The research results are crucial for clarifying the molecular mechanism of low temperature tolerance of F. chinensis in obtaining the low temperature-resistance related genes. It will also provide theoretical support for low temperature molecularly assisted breeding of F. chinensis in China.
Acknowledgments
This study was Supported by Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS (20603022017001); National Natural Science Foundation of China (41676148); Taishan Scholar Program for Seed Industry and China Agriculture Research System (CARS-48).
References
- 1. Liu P, Li J, He YY, Kong J, Wang QY. Present situation and protective measures of genetic resources in Fenneropenaeus chinensis, Marine Fisheries Research. 2004; 25(5):80–85.
- 2. Li J, Liu P, He YY Song Q, Mou N, Wang QY. Artificial selection in the new breed of Fenneropenaeus chinensis named "Yellow Sea 1" based on fast growth trait. Journal of Fisheries of China. 2005; 29: 1–5.
- 3. Kong J, Luo K, Luan S, Wang QY, Zhang QW, Zhang TS, et al. The new variety of Fenneropenaeus chinensis”Huanghai No.2”. Journal of Fisheries of China (in Chinese). 2012; 36(12): 1854–1862.
- 4. Li J, He YY, Wang QY, Liu P, Li J, Wang XZ. Selective Breeding of Fast-Growing and Ammonia Toxicity-Resistant Chinese Shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis). Marine Fisheries Research. 2015; 36: p61.
- 5. Chu SN, Yao L. Advances on the Study of Multi-gene Expression System. China Biotechnology. 2011; 31: 116.
- 6. Huang W, Ren C, Li H, Hou D, Wang Y, Jiang X, et al. Transcriptomic analyses on muscle tissues of Litopenaeus vannamei provide the first profile insight into the response to low temperature stress, Plos One. 2017; 12(6): e0178604. pmid:28575089
- 7. Jin-Wei HU, You F, Wang Q, Wang L J, Weng SD, Xin MJ. Cloning and expression analysis of cold-tolerance related genes, CIRP and HMGB1, in Paralichthys olivaceus. Marine Sciences. 2015; 39: p29.
- 8.
Wang Q Y. Aquatic breeding theory and practice, Science Press. 2013, 42.
- 9. Grabherr M, Haas B, Yassour M, Levin J, Thompsom D, Amit I, et al. Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nature Biotechnology. 2011; 29(7): p644.
- 10. Trapnell C, Williams B, Pertea G, Mortazavi A, Kwan G, Baren M, et al. Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation. Nat Biotech. 2010; 28(5): 511–515.
- 11. Veeranagouda Y, Rival P, Prades C, Mariet C, Lenonard J, Gautier J, et al. Identification of microRNAs in Macaca fascicularis (Cynomolgus Monkey) by Homology Search and Experimental Validation by Small RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR Using Kidney Cortex Tissues. Plos One. 2015; 10(11): e0142708. pmid:26562842
- 12. Young M, Wakefield M, Smyth G, Oshlack A. Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: accounting for selection bias. Genome Biology. 2010; 11(2): R14. pmid:20132535
- 13. Kanehisa M, Araki M, Goto S, Hattori M, Hirakawa M, et al. KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Nucleic Acids research. 2008; 36 (Database issue): 480–4.
- 14. Livak K, Schmittgen T. Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method. Methods. 2001; 25(4): 402–408. pmid:11846609
- 15. Kusko R, Leclerc A, Swahn S, Lenburg M, Spira A. Comparison of Illumina and ion torrent RNA-sequencing and microarray-based approaches for profiling the transcriptome. Journal of Biomolecular Techniques. 2014; 25: S14.
- 16. Li XP, Meng XH, Luo K, Shi XL, Cao BX, Kong J. The identification of microRNAs involved in the response of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis to white spot syndrome virus infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2017; 68: 220–231.
- 17. Pan L, Wang K. Effect of temperature on growth and development, digestive enzyme activity of Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China. 1997; 17.
- 18. He P, Wei B, Zhao Y, Li Q, Chen X, Peng J. Effects of different low temperature stress on activities of digestive enzymes in Penaeus vannamei. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2017; 30:233–237.
- 19. Guerreiro I, Enes P, Rodiles A. Effects of rearing temperature and dietary short-chain fructooligosaccharides supplementation on allochthonous gut microbiota, digestive enzymes activities and intestine health of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition. 2016; 22: 631–642.
- 20. De M, Ghaffar M, Bakar Y, Das S. Effect of temperature and diet on growth and gastric emptying time of the hybrid, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, ♀×E. lanceolatus, ♂. Aquaculture Reports. 2016; 4: 118–124.
- 21. Abele R, Tampé R. The ABCs of immunology: structure and function of TAP, the transporter associated with antigen processing. Physiology. 2004; 19: 216–224. pmid:15304636
- 22. Davies P, Hew C. Biochemistry of fish antifreeze proteins. Faseb Journal Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1990; 4(8):2460–2468. pmid:2185972
- 23. Peng J, Wei B, Yin Q, Jiang X, Li M, Chen X. Sequence of HSP10 gene in Litopenaeus vannamei and its low temperature expression analysis. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2013; 44: 838–843.
- 24. Yin Q, Peng J, Cui L, Wang Z, Li K, Chen X. Molecular cloning of Litopenaeus Vannamei TCP-1-Beta gene and analysis on its relationship with cold tolerance. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 2011; 33(02):168–174.
- 25. Peng J, Fang Z, Wei B, Hu R, Li Y, Jiang W, et al. Sequence and expression analysis of metallothionein from Litopenaeus Vannamei. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 2013; 37(4): 678–683.
- 26. Peng J, Lv L, Wei B, He P, Chen X. Cloning characterization and expression analysis of a cold inducible DEAD-box RNA helicase gene in Litopenaeus Vannamei. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 2016; 40:474–480.
- 27. Peng J, Jiang X, Fang Z, Yin Q, Wei B, Chen X. Sequence and Expression Analysis of COPE Gene from Litopenaeus vannmei. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2013; 26(1): 371–376.
- 28. Yu K, Ye H, Huang C, Gong J, Yang H. Effects of different temperature and salinity on the expression of ade-nine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) mRNA in the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China Sciences. 2014; 21: 1172.
- 29. Mak S, Gopalakrishnan S, Carøe C, Geng C, Liu S, Sinding M. et al. Comparative performance of the BGISEQ-500 vs Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencing platforms for palaeogenomic sequencing. Gigascience. 2017; 6(8): 1–13.
- 30. Yin D, Ritchie M, Jabbari J, Beck T, Blewitt M, Keniry A. High concordance between Illumina HiSeq2500 and NextSeq500 for reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). Genomics Data. 2016; 10(C): 97–100.
- 31. Cnaani A, Gall G, Hulata G. Cold tolerance of tilapia species and hybrids. Aquaculture International. 2000; 8: 289–298.
- 32. Atwood H, Tomasso J, Webb K, Gatlin D. Low-temperature tolerance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: effects of environmental and dietary factors, Aquaculture. 2015; 34(3): 241–251.
- 33. Behrends L, Kingsley J, Bulls M. Cold tolerance in maternal mouthbrooding tilapias: phenotypic variation among species and hybrids, Aquaculture. 1990; 85(1): 271–280.
- 34. Liu B, Wang M, Xie J, Xu P, Zhou Q, He Y, et al. Effects of acute cold stress onserum biochemical and immune parameters and liver HSP70 gene expression in GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2011; 31, 4866–4873.
- 35. Chen Z, Cheng C, Zhang J, Cao L, Chen L, Zhou L, et al. Transcriptomic and genomic evolution under constant cold in Antarctic notothenioid fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008; 105(35): 12944–12949. pmid:18753634
- 36. Fang W, Huang Q, Ling X, Ke C, Huang H. Stress Proteins of Gill Tissue in Patinopecten yessoensis Exposed to Cadmium Salt, Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities. 2010; 31(3): 507–513.
- 37. Nishikawa M, Hosokawa K, Ishiguro M, Minamioka H, Tamura K, Hara-Nishimura I, et al. Degradation of sphingoid long-chain base 1-phosphates (LCB-1Ps): functional characterization and expression of AtDPL1 encoding LCB-1P lyase involved in the dehydration stress response in Arabidopsis, Plant & Cell Physiology. 2008; 49(11): 1758–1763.
- 38. Chen X, Zhang R, Li C, Bao Y. Mercury bioaccumulation and biomarkers identification in mercury exposed Venerupis philippinarum. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica. 2015; 46: 928–936.
- 39. Wongpanya R, Sengprasert P, Amparyup P, Tassanakajon A. A novel C-type lectin in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon functions as a pattern recognition receptor by binding and causing bacterial agglutination. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2017; 60: 103–113. pmid:27876622
- 40. Xia D, Ma A, Huang Z, Wang X, Sun Z, Cui W, et al. Effect of environmental stress on the function of C-type lectin in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), Journal of Fisheries of China. 2017; 41: 161–170.
- 41. Harpaz S, Becker K, Blum R. The effect of dietary l -carnitine supplementation on cold tolerance and growth of the ornamental cichlid fish Pelvicachromis pulcher-preliminary results. Journal of Thermal Biology. 1999; 24: 57–62.
- 42. Ng C, Carr K, Mcainsh M, Powell B, Hetherington A. Drought-induced guard cell signal transduction involves sphingosine-1-phosphate. Nature. 2001; 410(6828): 596–599 pmid:11279499
- 43. Napier JA, Michaelson L, Dunn T. A new class of lipid desaturase central to sphingolipid biosynthesis and signaling. Trends in Plant Science. 2002; 7(11): 475–478. pmid:12417141
- 44. Nishikawa M, Hosokawa K, Ishiguro M, Minamioka H, Minamioka K, Hara-Nishimura I, et al. Degradation of sphingoid long-chain base 1-phosphates (LCB-1Ps): functional characterization and expression of AtDPL1 encoding LCB-1P lyase involved in the dehydration stress response in Arabidopsis. Plant & Cell Physiology. 2008; 49(11): 1758–1763.
- 45. Kong H, Wang G, Li S. Changes of fatty acid composition in muscle and muscle cell membrane of Scylla serrata under low temperature adaptation. Journal of Fisheries of China. 2006; 30(5): 606–610.