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Abstract
Introduction
Globally, it is estimated that around 20–25% adult population has metabolic syndrome. Individuals who have metabolic syndrome are up to five times more susceptible for chronic diseases than those who have no metabolic syndrome. In Ethiopia there is no sufficient information regarding the magnitude and factors of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to assess prevalence and associated factors of metabolic syndrome among residents of Mizan-Aman town, South West, Ethiopia.
Methods
The community based cross-sectional study was held at Mizan-Aman town residents. Systematic random sampling was employed to select each household and lottery method was used to select one individual from the household. Data were cleaned, coded and entered by EPI-INFO version 3.5.4 and were transported to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. To indicate the strength of association, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used.
Results
In this study from a total of 558 respondents 534 were completed the interview correctly, which gives a response rate of 95.7%. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 9.6%. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that physical inactivity [AOR = 2.61, 95% CI (1.22, 5.58)], age from 18 to 28 years [AOR = 0.36, 95% CI (0.14, 0.90)], being male [AOR = 0.46, 95% CI (0.22, 0.96)] and educational status with cannot write and read [AOR = 0.15, 95% CI (0.04,0.53)], from grade 1 to 8 [AOR = 0. 17, (0.11,0.55)], from grade 9 to12 [AOR = 0.11, (0.03, 0.38)] and from diploma to degree [AOR = 0. 13, (0.01, 0.36)] were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome.
Citation: Kerie S, Menberu M, Geneto M (2019) Metabolic syndrome among residents of Mizan-Aman town, South West Ethiopia, 2017: A cross sectional study. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0210969. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210969
Editor: Adewale L. Oyeyemi, University of Maiduguri College of Medical Sciences, NIGERIA
Received: June 27, 2018; Accepted: January 4, 2019; Published: January 31, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Kerie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All data underlying the study are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This research was funded by Mizan- Tepi university. MTU@edu.et.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: ATP III, Adult Treatment Panel; HDL, High Density Lipoprotein; LDL, Low Density Lipoprotein; FGL, Fasting Glucose level; TG, Triglycerides; WC, Waist Circumference; U.S.A, United States of America; WHO, World Health Organization; METS, Metabolic Syndrome; DM, Diabetic Miletus; IPAQ, International physical activity questionnaire
Introduction
Metabolic syndrome is the constellation of metabolic abnormalities which includes central obesity, decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, elevated blood pressures and hyperglycemia [1]. Globally, it is estimated that around 20–25% adult population has metabolic syndrome [2]. Metabolic syndrome increases the magnitudes of cardiovascular disorder and stroke by three to ten times and diabetic mellitus by ten times [3]. Among all diabetic type two ill individuals, 80% also had metabolic syndrome [4]. It is thought to be a driver of the modern day epidemics of diabetes and cardiovascular disorder and has become a major public health challenge around the world [1].
Studies conducted on prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome produce various results. For instance, it ranges from 8% in India to 24% in USA among men and from 7% in France to 43% in Iran among women [1]. Metabolic syndrome becomes increasing in the developing world due to lifestyle change resulting from industrialization and migration of rural to urban by decreasing levels of physical activity and intake of energy [5].
In Africa the prevalence of metabolic syndrome ranges from 17% to 25% [6]. Metabolic syndrome is not only increasing the risk of developing non-communicable diseases; but also increases the cost of treatment for non-communicable diseases. It will increase the economic burden of hypertension and other non-communicable diseases by 59% to 179% by 2020 [7]. Even though the metabolic syndrome brings such high diseases and economic burden, we can decrease and prevent it by simple lifestyle modification like weight reduction and using anti-athereogenic diet [7].
The primary means to decrease the burden and consequence of non-communicable diseases like DM and CVD is the identification and prevention of common risk factors. Metabolic syndrome is the most known and prominent risk factor of non- communicable diseases.
Despite; crucially of knowing magnitude and associated factors of metabolic syndrome for prevention of non-communicable diseases, there is currently a gap in the literature, as no studies of metabolic syndrome have previously been conducted in Ethiopia in the general community. Thus, this study will provide evidence regarding the magnitude and factors of metabolic syndrome in the general community of Ethiopia.
Materials and methods
Study design and period
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted on 534 participants in Mizan-Aman town, located in South West Ethiopia. Mizan-Aman is located 581 km from Addis Ababa. There are 1 health center, 2 health posts, 11 medium private clinics, 3 rural private clinics, and one teaching referral hospital in Mizan-Aman town. The data were collected from May, 1 to July 30, 2017 for three consecutive months.
Sample size and procedure
The number of samples required for this study was calculated for each specific objective by considering double population proportion formula by using Epi-Info version-7 for associated factors and the single population proportion formula was employed for the dependent variable. For single population proportion formula, we consider the following assumptions (Table 1):
- ➢ ni = initial sample size required for the study
- ➢ Z = standard normal distribution (Z = 1.96) with confidence interval of 95% and
- ➢ P = 18% [8]. Therefore, p is taken as 18% to calculate the sample size.
- ➢ d = tolerable margin of error (d) = 0.05
We took maximum sample size (n = 338). Since it is multi-stage this sample size was multiplied by the design effect (n = 507) and by adding 10% non-response rate our final sample size is 558.
Finally, proportional sample size was taken from each two sub cities as per the total population.
Systematic random sampling was employed to select each household and lottery method was used to select one individual from the household.
Data collection procedure
The data collection has three components: first there were questionnaires to collect socio-demographic and other independent variables, second, simple physical anthropometric measurement and lastly bio-chemical measurement. Physical anthropometric measurement and blood sample collection were carried out by trained nurses and laboratory technicians. Blood pressure was done by using digital measuring device. Then three BP measurements were taken after participants sitting for at least five minutes. Waist circumference was taken at the midpoint between the lower margins of lowest palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest (hip bone). Five ml blood sample was taken from each participant before breakfast by employing infection prevention procedure. Fasting glucose level (FGL) was done by using Gluco-meter and serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL, were measured at Jimma university specialized hospital laboratory department.
Measurements
Metabolic syndrome was screened from the community by using ATP III. ATP III is standardized tool which is recommended by the international diabetes federation to screen metabolic syndrome in the community [8]. Stress was measured by using perceived stress scale. It is developed in 1983 and it has 10 items with a total score of 40 [10]. Physical activity was also measured by using international physical activity questionnaire. It has 7 items which assess health enhancing physical activity, minimal activity and inactivity [11].
Data quality control
The questionnaire was translated to Amharic and translated back to English. Four days Training was given for data collectors. Pre-test done on (5%) of our sample size in Mizan-Aman town residents who were not part of the study participant. Based on the finding of the pre-test, the questioner was revised. The participants were informed about confidentiality of their information. The data collectors were supervised daily and the filled questionnaires were checked daily by the principal investigators for completeness and errors were identified and corrected.
Statistical analysis
The collected data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, median, standard deviation and Percentage) were used to describe socio-demographic characteristics of the study population. Then bivariate logistic regression techniques were done to see the crude association between the independent variables and the Dependent variable. Result from bivariate analysis of p<0. 2 were moved to multivariate analysis to control the effects of confounding and to identify predictors of metabolic syndrome.
A P value of < 0.05 was used as the criterion for statistical significance and OR with 95% confidence interval was used to indicate the strength of association.
Ethical consideration
The ethical approval letter was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Mizan-Tepi University. Permission letter was taken from town administration. Name and address of the participants were not taken, and participants were informed about the aim of the study, the advantages of the study, and their rights even to stop in the middle of the procedure. Participants also were informed about absent of direct benefits from the study.
However, their participation in this study is very important for achievement of the study and for paving the way for development of the intervention project to prevent metabolic syndrome in Mizan-Aman town. No risk will occur on them because of their participation in this study. All results getting from them; will be kept confidential using password and there will be no need of recording their identities. Finally, written informed consent was taken before data collection.
Result
Socio demographic characteristics of respondents
From a total of 558 respondents 534 participants were included in the study, which makes the response rate of 95.7%. Among the respondents, 278 (52.1%) were in the age range of 18–28 years with mean age of 30.91 years with standard deviation of +10.9, more than half of participants 271 (50.7%) were male, 305 (57.1%) were Benchi, 336 (62.9%) were currently married, 195 (36.5%) had educational levels of from grade 1 to grade 8, majority 381 (71.3%) were protestant religion followers (Table 2).
Life style related characteristics of respondents
Among all respondents only 203 (38%) are doing adequate exercise, the majority of them had intermediate stress 472 (88.4%) and 67 (12.5%) are currently alcohol users (Table 3).
(n = 534).
Laboratory and physical examination findings of respondents
There are three laboratory findings (blood glucose level, HDL, TG) and two physical examination findings (blood pressure and waist circumference). More than half of participants had reduced levels of high density lipoprotein 272 (50.9%) while, 122 (22.8%) of them had hyper-triglyceride, 90 (16.9%) had hypertension and 38 (7.1%) of them had elevated fast glucose level. More than one quarter of participants had an abnormal waist circumference (Table 4).
Factors associated with metabolic syndrome
In bivariate analysis sex, educational status, age, current khat chewing, current alcohol drinking and exercise had P value < 0.25 and included in multiple logistic regression analysis.
During multiple logistic regressions; lack of adequate exercise [AOR = 2.61, 95% CI (1.22, 5.58)], age from 18 to 28 years [AOR = 0.36, 95% CI (0.14, 0.90)], being male [AOR = 0.46, 95% CI (0.22, 0.96)] and educational status with cannot write and read [AOR = 0.15, 95% CI (0.04,0.53)], from grade 1 to 8 [AOR = 0.17, (0.11,0.55)], from grade 9 to12 [AOR = 0.11, (0.03, 0.38)] and from diploma to degree [AOR = 0.13, (0.01, 0.36)] were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (Table 5).
Discussion
Among all participants, 9.6% with 95% CI (7.01, 12.19) had metabolic syndrome. Physical activity, sex, educational status and age of participant were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. In this study magnitude of metabolic syndrome is in line with a study done in Japan which was 7.8% [12]. But, it is found to be low when it is compared with studies done in the USA (29.4%), Nepal (22.5%), Canada (52.5%), Ghana (15%) and Nigeria (18%) [13–17]. The possible reason for this discrepancy may be the difference in sample size, study period, and study setting. For example, in Ghana the sample size was 176 while in this study the sample size was 534. Moreover, in the USA, Canada and Nepal abusing alcohol is more common than in Ethiopia, which is the most known factor that accelerate the chance to develop metabolic syndrome. Magnitude of metabolic syndrome in this study is higher than when it is compared with the finding of a study conducted at Cameron (less than 2%) [18]. The possible reason for this discrepancy may be the above study includes both urban and rural residents, whereas our study includes only urban residents. Living in urban increases risk of developing metabolic syndrome by increasing sedentary life style.
Physical activity was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. Participants who have physical inactivity are 2.61 times more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than those who had adequate physical activity. Having regular physical activity is one mechanism of decreasing metabolic syndrome components like obesity, type II DM and hypertension. Even, after we develop metabolic syndrome regular physical activity is one means of preventing complication of metabolic syndrome [19]. Previous Studies support that adequate physical activity is the non-pharmacological treatment of genetic obesity and type II DM and it is also non-pharmacological prophylaxis of metabolic syndrome. Since exercise has anti-inflammatory effect, it is the best means of prevention of chronic low-grade inflammation which is caused by metabolic syndrome [20]. Some studies prove that regular physical activity is the cornerstones of prevention of metabolic syndrome and risk factors of cardiovascular disorder and diabetics Miletus. The individual with physical activities are 53% less risk for metabolic syndrome than those who didn’t do physical activities [21].
Age of participants was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. Participants whose age are with a range of 18 to 28 years are 64% less likely to develop metabolic syndrome than those who has age is greater than or equal to 40 years. Age and risk of developing metabolic syndrome are directly proportional. When age increases risk of developing metabolic syndrome also increases [22]. Mostly metabolic syndrome starts from middle age [23]. Among men’ and women whose age is older than 65 years more than 3l.5% and 59.8% of them full fills the criteria of metabolic syndrome, respectively. Some studies also prove that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is higher among female than male [24].
Sex was also significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. Males are 54% less likely to develop metabolic syndrome when compared to females. The possible reason may be Ethiopian cultures does not encourage females to do physical activity which makes them more vulnerable to metabolic syndrome than males.
The other variable which was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome was educational status of participants. Individuals with educational status of below degree are up to 89% less likely to develop metabolic syndrome than those with educational status of degree and above.
The possible reason may be, those individuals who have higher educational status are mostly employed. This employment, in turn, forces them to be in office. As known office work is not allowing physical activity rather than a sedentary life. The sedentary life is the most prominent and independent factors of metabolic syndrome [25].
Conclusion
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this study was found to be high. Age, physical activity, educational status and sex were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. Physical activity was found to be the means of metabolic syndrome prevention.
Acknowledgments
We would like to give our thanks to Mizan Tepi University for giving this opportunity. We would also like to extend our thanks to the town administration for their cooperation throughout the data collection period. Last but not least we owe our heartfelt gratitude to Jimma university laboratory department for their collaboration to get the final laboratory result of this study and the data collectors and study participants.
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