5-HT2 receptor binding, functional activity and selectivity in N-benzyltryptamines

Miguel Toro-Sazo; José Brea; María I. Loza; Marta Cimadevila; Bruce K. Cassels

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209804

Abstract

The last fifteen years have seen the emergence and overflow into the drug scene of “superpotent” N-benzylated phenethylamines belonging to the “NBOMe” series, accompanied by numerous research articles. Although N-benzyl substitution of 5-methoxytryptamine is known to increase its affinity and potency at 5-HT₂ receptors associated with psychedelic activity, N-benzylated tryptamines have been studied much less than their phenethylamine analogs. To further our knowledge of the activity of N-benzyltryptamines, we have synthesized a family of tryptamine derivatives and, for comparison, a few 5-methoxytryptamine analogs with many different substitution patterns on the benzyl moiety, and subjected them to in vitro affinity and functional activity assays vs. the human 5-HT₂ receptor subtypes. In the binding (radioligand displacement) studies some of these compounds exhibited only modest selectivity for either 5-HT_2A or 5-HT_2C receptors suggesting that a few of them, with affinities in the 10–100 nanomolar range for 5-HT_2A receptors, might presumably be psychedelic. Unexpectedly, their functional (calcium mobilization) assays reflected very different trends. All of these compounds proved to be 5-HT_2C receptor full agonists while most of them showed low efficacy at the 5-HT_2A subtype. Furthermore, several showed moderate-to-strong preferences for activation of the 5-HT_2C subtype at nanomolar concentrations. Thus, although some N-benzyltryptamines might be abuse-liable, others might represent new leads for the development of therapeutics for weight loss, erectile dysfunction, drug abuse, or schizophrenia.

Citation: Toro-Sazo M, Brea J, Loza MI, Cimadevila M, Cassels BK (2019) 5-HT₂ receptor binding, functional activity and selectivity in N-benzyltryptamines. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0209804. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209804

Editor: James Porter, University of North Dakota, UNITED STATES

Received: October 24, 2018; Accepted: December 11, 2018; Published: January 10, 2019

Copyright: © 2019 Toro-Sazo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.

Funding: This work was supported by FONDECYT (Chile) regular research grants 1110146 and 1150868 to BKC and CONICYT doctoral grant 21140358 to MT-S. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a bioactive compound present in a large variety of plants and animals. In mammals it is an autacoid or mediator of important functions in the gut and in blood platelets where it is most abundant, but in spite of its relative scarcity in the central nervous system its most widely known functions are as a neurotransmitter. The discovery of increasingly selective 5-HT receptor inhibitors has shown that serotonin is not only involved in important peripheral functions, but is also implicated in cognition, memory, emotion, the regulation of mood, the sleep-wake cycle, food intake, sexual activity, and in migraine, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and hallucinations [1]. Serotonin activates a large number of receptor subtypes (14 to date). With the exception of the 5-HT₃ receptor which is a ligand-gated ion channel, serotonin receptors couple to G proteins, and are thus related to the release of second messengers such as cyclic adenosine, inositol phosphate(s) and arachidonic acid. However, signaling via β-arrestin recruitment is an important alternative signaling route that may be involved in different pharmacological outcomes [2].

The 5-HT₂ receptors form a close-knit trio of G_q/11 protein-coupled subtypes, with 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C showing somewhat greater sequence identity than the 5-HT_2B subtype but still with more than 50% overall sequence similarities [3]. The 5-HT_2A subtype is of particular relevance to schizophrenia and hallucination, and also seems to be involved in cognition, emotion, etc. The action of modern antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine and risperidone have a major 5-HT_2A antagonist component. In contrast, many full or partial 5-HT_2A agonists are well known hallucinogens, and classic psychedelics are believed to act primarily as 5-HT_2A receptor agonists [4,5]. Although the 5-HT_2B receptor is expressed in the central nervous system and drugs affecting its activity might be of therapeutic interest, it is now generally considered an antitarget due to the serious cardiovascular effects associated with its activation [6]. Finally, 5-HT_2C receptor agonists have attracted attention over the last decade as appetite suppressants and as possible agents for the treatment of drug abuse, erectile dysfunction, and schizophrenia [7–9]. Very recently, positive modulators have been identified as an alternative for increasing 5-HT_2C receptor signaling [10]. While a good number of 5-HT₂ receptor subtype-selective antagonists have been identified, selective agonists are relatively rare and constitute an active field of research.

The investigation more than two decades ago of two series of N-benzyl and N-(4-substituted)benzyl derivatives of the psychedelic 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and 5-methoxytryptamine suggested that these modifications induced mostly insignificant changes in 5-HT_2A receptor binding. Significant losses in affinity were observed with the 5-HT_2C receptor, leading to slight preferences for the 5-HT_2A subtype (in only some cases up to 10-fold or little more) [11]. In contrast, the finding that N-benzylation caused a 4 to 5-fold increase in potency of the weak partial agonist 3-aminoethyl-2,4-(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione at 5-HT_2A receptors, and that this effect was more marked with 2-methoxybenzyl substitution, led to the synthesis of a small set of tryptamine and phenethylamine derivatives [12–19], resulting in the discovery of the now notorious NBOMe drugs. A search in PubMed for the item “nbome” showed that at most two articles were published each year before 2010, the rate of publication rose to 25 by 2015, fell somewhat the next year, and then reached 32 in 2017, and 15 until mid-2018. Extensive structure-activity studies showed that most of the “superpotent” N-benzylated 2,5-dimethoxy-4-X-phenethylamines had negligible selectivity between 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptors [13,16–20]. This led to a quest for more 5-HT_2A-selective agonists, which was successful in very few cases [15,16].

The older literature records limited exploration of N-benzyl and N-4-substituted benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines [11], and doctoral theses addressing N-2-hydroxy- or–methoxybenzyl derivatives of tryptamine and 5-methoxytryptamine [12,14,21]. The only recent, systematic study, is the paper by Nichols [19] showing for the first time that introduction of a meta-methoxyl, methylthio or methyl group, or a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom on the benzyl substituent, is equally effective in raising 5-HT_2A receptor affinities to low nanomolar K_i values, while ortho-methoxy or -bromo substitution are somewhat less favorable. Also, both agonist and antagonist radioligand displacement from the 5-HT_2A receptor is usually favored minimally (by a factor of 2 to 4) over the 5-HT_2C subtype. In vitro (Ca²⁺ mobilization) functional assays showed that almost all these compounds are high efficacy partial to full agonists at both receptor subtypes, in most cases with a tenfold or greater preference for the 5-HT_2A receptor, and up to 40-fold for the 3-iodobenzyl derivative.

The literature records only three N-benzylated tryptamine derivatives lacking the 5-methoxy substituent, comparing them with the corresponding 5-methoxytryptamines in a rat tail artery assay [12,14]. These compounds were partial agonists at the 5-HT_2A receptor, and were 2–4 times less potent than the 5-methoxy analogs, results that might be reasonably attributed to the absence of a hydrogen bond accepting methoxyl group on the indole moiety. It should be pointed out that the orthosteric binding site of 5-HT₂ receptors contains serine, threonine and tyrosine residues that form hydrogen bonds with agonist and antagonist ligands [22,23]. It could be further conjectured that N-benzylated compounds with less interactions in the 5-HT_2A receptor’s orthosteric site might more clearly reveal effects due to unmapped interactions in the extended binding site described for the highly homologous 5-HT_2B and 5-HT_2C receptor crystal structures [22–24]. In fact Halberstadt [25], citing Braden et al. [13], points out that “compounds having low-to-moderate affinity tend to be the most sensitive to the (N-benzyl) substitution”. We therefore decided to use tryptamine instead of its 5-methoxy derivative as the starting point for the synthesis and evaluation of a more extensive series of N-benzyl compounds. Nevertheless, we also prepared and assayed a small number of 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives for comparison of our data with the literature, and to see if this substitution on the indole ring is responsible for any consistent changes in affinity or potency (Fig 1).

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Fig 1. General structure and numbering of the N-benzyltryptamines.

R⁵ = H, tryptamines; R⁵ = MeO, 5-methoxytryptamines.

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For specific substitution patterns, see Tables 1 and 2.

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Table 1. Human 5-HT₂ receptor subtype binding affinities (pK_i ± SEM, and K_i in parentheses) and 5-HT_2A/2C and (in parentheses) 5-HT_2C/2A selectivities of serotonin, tryptamine, and the synthesized compounds.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209804.t001

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Table 2. Human 5-HT₂ receptor subtype Ca²⁺ mobilization potencies (pEC₅₀ ± SEM, and EC₅₀ in parentheses) and relative efficacies (% of response to 5-HT), and 5-HT_2A/2C and (in parentheses) 5-HT_2C/2A selectivities of serotonin, tryptamine, and the synthesized compounds.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209804.t002

Results and discussion

Chemistry

All the compounds (thirty-six N-benzylated tryptamine derivatives and seven N-benzylated 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives, four of the latter described previously [11,19], were synthesized by treating appropriate benzaldehydes with tryptamine or 5-methoxytryptamine (free base) in methanol and reducing the unisolated imine intermediate with sodium borohydride, as described for phenethylamines and 5-methoxytryptamines and shown in Fig 2 [16,19,26]:

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Fig 2. Synthesis of N-(substituted)benzyltryptamines.

a: MeOH, r.t., overnight; b: NaBH₄ in small portions, r.t.

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The secondary amines thus obtained in good yields, and not requiring extensive purification, were used as their water-soluble salts (usually hydrochlorides) in receptor binding and functional pharmacological studies.

It is worth noting that the ¹H NMR spectra (in DMSO-d₆) of some salts with an ortho-hydroxyl group on the N-benzyl moiety indicate the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the protonated amine and the hydroxyl group (Fig 3).

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Fig 3. Intramolecular hydrogen bond in N-(2’-hydroxybenzyl)tryptamines.

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This steric constraint may help to understand differences in binding affinities and functional activities. A similar bond does not seem to be present in the ortho-methoxybenzylated compounds, possibly disfavored by the bulk of the O-methyl group.

Pharmacology

Binding assays.

The affinities of the products for human 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptors were evaluated by radioligand displacement from cultured cells expressing the appropriate human receptors (CHO h5-HT_2A, CHO h5-HT_2B, HeLa h5-HT_2C). [³H]Ketanserin was used for 5-HT_2A, [³H]LSD for 5-HT_2B, and [³H]mesulergine for 5-HT_2C (Table 1).

It should be noted that the affinities at 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptors were determined by displacement of antagonist radioligands, and therefore reflect binding to both active and inactive receptor conformations, while an agonist, presumably binding to an active conformation, was used for the 5-HT_2B affinity determinations. Therefore, the 5-HT_2B affinities are not strictly comparable to the others, and were not considered in the selectivity estimates.

The vast majority of the our products revealed submicromolar affinities at all three receptor subtypes, and a small number gave K_i values in the 10 nanomolar range, although these values did not seem to follow any general trend. N-benzyltryptamine (1) bound to the 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptors with rather similar affinities to those reported for N,N-dimethyltryptamine (237 and 424 nM, respectively), but significantly better than N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (1.2 and 6.5 μM, respectively) [27]. N-Benzyl-5-methoxytryptamine (37) bound to both receptors 5–15 times more strongly than N-isopropyl-N-methyl-5-methoxytryptamine (165 nM and 1.3 μM, respectively) [27].

Comparison of our tryptamine derivatives with the corresponding 5-methoxylated analogs seemed to indicate some degree of parallelism. Thus, compounds 38, 40, and 41, described recently [19], which in our hands gave similar binding results to those published, are the 5-methoxytryptamine analogs of the 2-methoxy-, 2-bromo- and 4-bromobenzyltryptamines 3, 6, and 17, respectively. While in our case the human receptors were expressed in CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells, and in the paper by Nichols et al. [19] in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, our results for compounds 40 and 41 agree with theirs within a factor of 2. In the case of 38 our results do not differ by more than 2.7 times, which seems reasonable for data from different laboratories and determined in different biological substrates.

Compounds 3 and 17, lacking the indole 5-methoxy group showed 2–4 times lower affinities than their indole-methoxylated counterparts 38 and 41, at all three receptor subtypes, in line with the observations of Heim [12] and Silva et al. [14] for 1 vs. 37. Contrary to expectations, the rather strongly binding N-(2-chlorobenzyl)tryptamine (5) had slightly greater affinity than its 5-methoxytryptamine analog 39, at least at the 5-HT_2B and 5-HT_2C receptors. (Fig 1). It may be pointed out that, as noted by Jensen [21] and Nichols [19], the supposedly very high-affinity [11] N-4-bromobenzyl-5-methoxytryptamine (41) was not at all exceptional.

Compounds 8, 10 and 11, bearing a single hydrophobic substituent at the meta position of the benzyl group (CH₃, Cl, or Br), bound rather strongly to the 5-HT₂ receptors with 2 to 8-fold 5-HT_2A/2C selectivity, as had been seen for their 5-methoxytryptamine counterparts (respectively 5j, 5h and 5e in that paper) [19]. Intriguingly, however, the 3-chlorobenzyl derivative 10 had somewhat lower affinity than the 2-chloro analog 5. In contrast, 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl substitution gave profoundly different results in the tryptamine and the 5-methoxytryptamine series: the 5-methoxytryptamine derivative (43) had the highest 5-HT_2A affinity (pK_i = 8.4) of the whole series, while N-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl)tryptamine (24) bound quite poorly to this receptor (pK_i = 6.1), and was slightly selective for the 2C subtype.

Almost half of our compounds bear an ortho-oxygen substituent on the benzyl moiety, which was introduced as a test of Heim’s “structure-activity concept” regarding the increased activity of 2-methoxybenzyl derivatives [12]. Comparing the N-benzyl- (1), N-2-hydroxybenzyl- (2) and N-2-methoxybenzyl- (3) tryptamines, 5-HT_2A (and also 5-HT_2B) affinity appeared to increase slightly in that order, although at most by a factor of 2.7. At the 5-HT_2C receptor the affinities fluctuated in the same range. These changes can hardly be considered significant. Similarly, in several pairs of compounds in which binding could be compared, introduction of an ortho hydroxyl or methoxyl group had at most a very minor effect. The only exceptions were the N-3-chlorobenzyl- (10) and N-3-bromobenzyl- (11) tryptamines, where substitution to afford the N-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzyl (28) and N-5-bromo-2-methoxybenzyl (11) and to a lesser extent N-5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl (26) analogs, was markedly damaging, at least for 5-HT_2A receptor binding. Thus, the presence of an ortho-oxygen substituent on the benzyl ring does not seem to be generally beneficial and, with the exceptions of the 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl and the 2-hydroxy-3-bromobenzyl derivatives 19 and 21, the N-disubstituted benzyltryptamines showed rather low affinities. On the other hand, in our limited 5-methoxytryptamine series, the 2-hydroxy-5-fluoro derivative 43 showed surprisingly strong 5-HT_2A receptor binding, and it also bound fairly strongly to the 5-HT_2C receptor.

Functional assays.

The functional activities of our compounds at human 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptors were determined fluorometrically as calcium mobilization in CHO h5-HT_2A and HeLa h5-HT_2C cells (Table 2).

Comparison of our results for the N-2-methoxybenzyl- (38), N-2-bromobenzyl- (40), and N-4-bromobenzyl- (41) 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives with those of Nichols et al. [19] indicates complete agreement in functional potencies in one case, and differences of somewhat more than an order of magnitude in the others, although practically full agonism at the 5-HT_2C receptor seems to be the norm. The use of different cell lines is probably responsible in part for these discrepancies, but it must be kept in mind that 5-HT₂ receptors display differential functional selectivity [28,29] and β-arrestin signaling bias [24] which are other factors to be considered.

Comparing tryptamine with 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives, the N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) derivative 3 was several hundred times less potent than its 5-methoxytryptamine analog 38 in the h5-HT_2A receptor functional assay, and the N-2-chlorobenzyl 5 was almost 40 times less potent than its counterpart 39. A comparison of 17 with 41 was not possible because the functional activity of the former was too low for quantification. At the h5-HT_2C receptor, 3 and 5 were only 2–9 times less potent than the corresponding 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives. It seems likely that while a 5-methoxyl group on the indole moiety can result in considerably higher potency at the h5-HT_2A subtype, it may have a less significant effect at the h5-HT_2C receptor.

Almost two decades ago we found that the electrophysiologically determined rank potencies of several hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic phenylisopropylamines were consistent with the 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C affinities obtained in radioligand displacement assays, and the 2C/2A affinity ratios paralleled the potency ratios reported in that work [30]. Although both the voltage-clamp assay used then and the fluorescence assay used in the present work depend on intracellular calcium release, other mechanisms are active in cells and the final result of receptor activation may not show such correlations. As far back as 1997 a modified ternary receptor model was invoked to explain discrepancies [31], and it has recently been shown that the binding profile alone can reasonably predict strong hallucinogenic effects in vivo [18,32].

As seen with respect to the affinities of these compounds for the three receptor subtypes, apparently similar molecules sometimes behave quite differently, defying interpretation. Many of these substances seem uninteresting as 5-HT₂ agonists because of their low potencies. However, a few of them exhibit low nanomolar EC₅₀ values, at either subtype, without following any obvious rule. Interest in N-benzylated phenethylamines and indoleamines has focused mainly on their possible psychedelic activities related to full or partial agonism at 5-HT_2A receptors [4]. In this regard, it is worth noting that the reported 5-HT_2A affinities of N-benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines were generally several times lower than those of the correspondingly N-benzylated 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)ethylamines, with the sole exception (30x) of the “superpotent” N-(2-methoxybenzyl) analog (25I-NBOMe), but their in vitro functional potencies did not follow this trend [19]. The rodent head twitch response is commonly believed to distinguish 5-HT_2A agonists that are psychedelic in humans from others that are not [25]. The EC₅₀ values determined for those N-benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines which elicited the response (not all did) indicated potencies at least 30 times lower than that of 25I-NBOMe [19]. One could therefore expect that very few (e.g. 38 and 43, Fig 3) of these compounds might be human hallucinogens in the low milligram dose range, significantly higher than the commonly abused NBOMe phenethylamines. Considering the binding affinities instead of the calcium mobilization data, a fair number of our compounds exhibit pK_i values greater than 7 and might show psychedelic properties at doses of a few tens of milligrams (Fig 4).

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Fig 4. Possibly psychedelic N-benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines.

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It may be noted that compound 38 was described by Nichols [19] (as 5a) and found to be the most potent 5-HT_2A receptor agonist in his series of N-benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines, with K_i = 16.6 nM, EC₅₀ = 1.9 nM and E_max = 81% (our values are 44.7 nM, 2.0 nM and 84%, respectively, in quite good agreement). It also gave an ED₅₀ = 3.15 mg/kg in the mouse head twitch response (HTR) assay which is commonly viewed as a predictor of human psychedelic activity [25]. For the sake of comparison, the potent psychedelic 25I-NBOMe (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine) exhibits a much lower K_i = 0.52 nM, almost identical IC₅₀ and relative efficacy data, but its HTR result, ED₅₀ = 0.078 mg/kg, suggests a 40-fold higher in vivo potency. Assuming that the HTR is a trustworthy model, we again see that the binding affinity seems to be a better predictor of psychedelic activity than functional potency, at least when determined as calcium mobilization.

A result that appeared with striking regularity was that almost all the compounds were partial agonists at the h5-HT_2A and full agonists at the h5-HT_2C receptor (or possibly “super agonists” eliciting a stronger response than serotonin). Moreover, a small number of these showed significant 5-HT_2C selectivity, sometimes coupled with EC₅₀ values below 100 nM.

N-(3-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)tryptamine (21), which in spite of its modest 5-HT_2A affinity is an extremely weak h5-HT_2A partial agonist (pEC₅₀ = 4.8) and a full agonist with a pEC₅₀ of 7.6 (EC₅₀ = 27 nM) at the h5-HT_2C receptor, is an extreme case that might be a particularly interesting candidate for in vivo studies. Other, less conspicuous examples, are the N-2-methoxybenzyl 3, the N-4-ethoxybenzyl 15, and the N-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl 36. These compounds are 30 to 40-fold selective with EC₅₀ values between 12 and 60 nM (pEC₅₀ 7.95 to 7.24). Less potent, but still selective, are the 2’-methoxy-5´-halo derivatives 27 and 28 (Fig 5).

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Fig 5. 5-HT_2C-selective N-benzyltryptamines.

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Although not very potent, these N-benzylated tryptamines are more 5-HT_2C/5-HT_2A selective than the approved 5-HT_2C agonist appetite suppressant lorcaserin (1(R)-8-chloro-1-methyl.2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine): K_i(2A/2C) about 8, and EC_50(2A/2C) about 20 [33] (Fig 6).

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Fig 6. Structure and 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C functional potencies of lorcaserin.

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Lorcaserin is the first drug in its class to be approved by the FDA [34] as an anorexic. Like our N-benzylated tryptamine derivatives, lorcaserin is a full 5-HT_2C agonist, and a partial agonist (about 70% efficacy) at 5-HT_2A receptors [35]. Because of its modest 5-HT_2C/5-HT_2A selectivity, lorcaserin is recommended exclusively for patients meeting specific criteria and has been placed in Schedule IV (prescription only) due to its presumed ability “to produce hallucinations, euphoria, and positive subjective responses at supratherapeutic doses” [34]. While 21 is about 3 times less potent than lorcaserin, it is much more selective vs. 5-HT_2A receptors, at which it also exhibits low efficacy, and therefore might not be expected to produce the abovementioned side effects at any reasonable dose level. Unfortunately, its appreciable affinity for the 5-HT_2B receptor militates against its acceptance, at least for prolonged use.

To summarize, our large series of N-benzylated tryptamines revealed a very broad range of affinities for the serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor subtypes spread over three orders of magnitude and generally showing little selectivity (tenfold at most, but usually much less) between the 2A and 2C subtypes. The ability of these compounds to elicit calcium mobilization was also quite variable and with no obvious correlation with their affinity. Unlike the binding studies, the functional assays exhibited significant selectivity with an unexpected bias favoring the 5-HT_2C receptor. Besides, our compounds were generally full 2C agonists and only partial agonists, sometimes with rather low efficacy, at the 2A subtype. This fact, coupled with the selective activation of 5-HT_2C receptors by several of these substances points them out as possible leads for the development of a novel series of compounds of interest in the areas of appetite reduction and the treatment of drug abuse, schizophrenia and sexual dysfunctions.

Materials and methods

Chemistry

The tryptamine used was a generous gift from Prof. Michel Lebœuf, Faculté de Pharmacie de Châtenay-Malabry, Université de Paris XI, France. 5-Methoxytryptamine and most of the aldehydes were purchased from AK Scientific Inc. (Palo Alto, CA). Some aldehydes were prepared by standard aromatic bromination or O-methylation from the above precursors. Solvents were of synthesis grade, purchased from Merck S.A. (Santiago, Chile), and were used without additional purification. Melting points were determined on a Stuart SMP 10 apparatus, and NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 400 instrument using the residual solvent signal as the internal standard.

The appropriate aromatic aldehyde (approx. 5 mmol) and the equivalent amount of tryptamine or 5-methoxytryptamine, each dissolved in MeOH (5 mL each) were placed in a 100 mL flask and allowed to react at r.t. for at least 120 min. Then solid NaBH₄ (a small molar excess) was added in small portions with stirring, and the resulting solution was stirred at r.t. for another 12 h The MeOH was removed, the solid taken up in dilute HCl, the solution made alkaline and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic extract was washed with water and dried over Na₂SO₄, the solvent was removed and the N-benzylated amine was purified by ball-to-ball distillation or column chromatography if necessary (Scheme 1).

The free bases were dissolved in the smallest possible volume of 2-PrOH, acetone, or MeOH, depending on their solubility. A small excess of 37% HCl diluted with 2-propanol was added, followed by Et₂O (at least three volumes). The precipitated salt was filtered off, washed with Et₂O and vacuum dried. Some hydroxyl-containing bases gave hygroscopic hydrochlorides, but their succinic or fumaric acid salts crystallized satisfactorily. To prepare them, the free bases were dissolved as above in acetone or MeOH, and treated dropwise, with stirring, with one equivalent or half an equivalent of a concentrated MeOH solution of succinic or fumaric acid to obtain the acid (hemisuccinate and hemifumarate) or the neutral (fumarate) salts. The resulting solutions were concentrated to dryness and the products recrystallized in acetone, CHCl₃ or CH₂Cl₂, filtered, and vacuum dried.

N-Benzyl-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (1) hydrochloride. 75% yield, m.p. 188–189°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.96 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.33 (2H, brs, NH₂⁺), 7.57 (3H, m, H3’, H5’, H7), 7.44 (3H, m, H2’, H4’, H6’) 7.36 (1H, dd, J ≈ 8 Hz, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 6.94–7.18 (2H, m, H5, H6), 4.19 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.13 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(2-Hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (2) hydrochloride. 68% yield, m.p. 222–223°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.94 (1H, s, NH-1), 10.20 (1H, s, OH), 8.85 (2H, brs, NH₂⁺), 7.53 (1H, dd, H7), 7.37 (2H, m, H4, H3’) 7.25 (1H, dd, H6’), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.10 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 6.96 (2H, m, H6, H5ʼ), 6.85 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.15 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.12 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(2-Methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (3) hydrochloride. 72% yield, m.p. 229–230°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.04 (2H, brs, NH₂⁺), 7.55 (1H, dd, H7), 7.46 (2H, m, H3ʼ, H4ʼ), 7.39 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.11 (2H, m, H6, H5ʼ), 7.00 (2H, m, H5, H6ʼ), 4.17 (2H, t, α’-CH₂), 3.82 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(2-Methylbenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (4) hydrochloride. 78% yield. m.p. 209–210°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.41 (2H, brs, NH₂⁺), 7.61 (1H, dd, H7), 7.57 (1H, dd, H6ʼ), 7.37 (1H, dd, H4), 7.30 (1H, ddd, H3ʼ), 7.27 (2H, m, H4ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.24 (1H, d, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.01 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.18 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.21 (4H, m, 2CH₂), 2.40 (3H, s, CH₃).

N-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (5) hydrochloride. 85% yield. m.p. 225–226°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 11.00 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.70 (2H, brs, NH₂⁺), 7.84 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 7.59 (1H, dd, H7), 7.55 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 7.45 (2H, m, H5ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.37 (1H, dd, H4), 7.24 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.32 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.20 (4H, m, 2CH₂).

N-(2-Bromobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (6) hydrochloride. 87% yield. m.p. 228–229°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.51 (2H, brs, NH₂⁺), 7.79 (1H, dd, H7), 7.73 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 7.59 (1H, dd, H4), 7.50 (1H, td, H6ʼ), 7.38 (2H, m, H4ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.25 (1H, s, H2), 7.10 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.01 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.32 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.21 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(3-Hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (7) neutral fumarate. 68% yield. m.p. 206–207°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.84 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.50 (1H, dd, H7), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.10 (1H, unresolved dd, H6ʼ), 6.82 (1H, unresolved d, H2ʼ), 6.80 (1H, dd, H5ʼ), 6.68 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.15 (1H, s, H2), 7.06 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.96 (1H, ddd, H5), 3.83 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 2.93 (4H, brs, 2CH₂), 6.47 (1H, s, fumarate).

N-(3-Methylbenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (8) hydrochloride. 85% yield. m.p. 189–190°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.43 (2H, brs, NH2+) 7.56 (1H, dd, H7), 7.37 (3H, m, H4ʼ, H5ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.34 (1H, dd, H4), 7.26 (1H, d, H2ʼ), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.99 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.14 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.13 (4H, brs, 2CH₂), 2.32 (3H, s, CH₃).

N-(3-Fluorobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (9) hydrochloride. 86% yield. m.p. 223–225°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.97 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.58 (2H, brs, NH₂⁺) 7.57 (1H, dd, H7), 7.55 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 7.49 (1H, unresolved dd, H5ʼ), 7.44 (1H, unresolved d, H2ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.27 (1H, unresolved dd, H6ʼ), 7.23 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.21 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(3-Chlorobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (10) hydrochloride. 83% yield. m.p. 209–211°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.62 (2H, brs, NH₂⁺) 7.74 (1H, s, H2ʼ), 7.58 (2H, m, H7, H4ʼ), 7.47 (2H, unresolved signals, H5ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.20 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(3-Bromobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (11) hydrochloride. 88% yield. m.p. 216–218°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.54 (2H, brs, NH2+) 7.86 (1H, s, H2ʼ), 7.59 (3H, m, H7, H4ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.40 (2H, unresolved signals, H4, H6ʼ), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.10 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.97 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.20 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(4-Hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (12) (free base). 95% yield. m.p. n.d. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.76 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.48 (1H, dd, H7), 7.32 (1H, dd, H4), 7.09 (1H, s, H2), 7.08 (2H, d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.05 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.95 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.68 (2H, d, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 3.61 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 2.84 (2H, t, CH2), 2.76 (2H, t, CH₂).

N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (13) hydrochloride. 78% yield. m.p. 199–200°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.26 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.55 (1H, dd, H7), 7.49 (2H, d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.99 (3H, m, H5, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 4.11 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.77 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.10 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(4-Methylbenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (14) hydrochloride. 73% yield. m.p. 213–214°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.97 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.41 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.56 (1H, dd, H7), 7.46 (2H, d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (2H, d, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.21 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.98 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.13 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.12 (4H, brs, 2CH₂), 2.32 (3H, s, CH₃).

N-(4-Ethoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (15) hydrochloride. 82% yield. m.p. 206–208°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.38 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.56 (1H, dd, H7), 7.49 (2H, d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.21 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.98 (3H, m, H5, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 4.07 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 4.00 (2H, unresolved quadruplet, ethoxyl CH2) 3.11 (4H, brs, 2CH2), 1.32 (3H, t, ethoxyl CH₃).

N-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (16) hydrochloride. 85% yield. m.p. 229–230°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.97 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.52 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.62 (2H, overlapping d, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.58 (1H, overlapping dd, H7), 7.50 (2H, overlapping d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.99 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.19 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.13 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(4-Bromobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (17) hydrochloride. 86% yield. m.p. 238–240°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.96 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.43 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.65 (2H, d, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.55 (3H, m, H2ʼ, H6ʼ, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.17 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.13 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (18) hydrochloride. 90% yield. m.p. 212–214°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.80 (2H, brs, NH2+), 8.28 (2H, d, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.89 (2H, d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.59 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.35 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.17 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (19) neutral succinate. 58% yield. m.p. 109–111°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.83 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.49 (1H, dd, H7), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.15 (1H, s, H2), 7.06 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.97 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.86 (1H, dd, H5ʼ), 6.71 (2H, overlapping dd, H4ʼ, H6ʼ), 3.94 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.75 (3H, s, OCH₃), 2.91 (4H, brs, 2CH₂), 2.32 (2H, s, succinate).

N-(2,3-Dimethoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (20) hydrochloride. 70% yield. m.p. 210–212°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.35 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.56 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.20 (1H, overlapping dd, H5ʼ), 7.12 (2H, overlapping dd, H4ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.09 (1H, overlapping ddd, H6), 6.99 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.17 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.83 (3H, s, OCH3-3ʼ), 3.79 (3H, s, OCH3-2ʼ), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH2).

N-(3-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (21) neutral succinate. 75% yield. m.p. 141–142°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.83 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.50 (1H, dd, H7), 7.37 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.17 (1H, s, H2), 7.05 (2H, overlapping ddd, H6, H6ʼ), 6.96 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.64 (1H, t, H5ʼ), 3.99 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 2.89 (4H, brs, 2CH₂), 2.39 (2H, s, succinate).

N-(3-Fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (22) neutral succinate. 72% yield. m.p. 151–152°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.82 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.50 (1H, dd, H7), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.16 (1H, s, H2), 7.06 (2H, overlapping ddd, H6, H4ʼ), 6.97 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.91 (1H, dd, H5ʼ), 6.70 (1H, quadruplet, H6ʼ), 3.99 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 2.90 (4H, brs, 2CH₂), 2.35 (2H, s, succinate).

N-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (23) acid fumarate. 48% yield. m.p. 183–185°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.89 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.51 (1H, dd, H7), 7.35 (1H, dd, H4), 7.17 (1H, s, H2), 7.07 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.01 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 6.97 (1H, overlapping ddd, H5), 6.93 (1H, overlapping dd, H4ʼ), 6.70 (1H, d, H3ʼ), 3.95 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 2.96 (4H, brs, 2CH₂), 2.17 (3H, s, CH₃-5ʼ), 6.49 (2H, s, fumarate).

N-(5-Fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (24) hydrochloride. 62% yield. m.p. 185–186°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.82 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.50 (1H, dd, H7), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.16 (1H, s, H2), 7.07 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.01 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 6.98 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.91 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 6.72 (1H, dd, H6ʼ), 3.90 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 2.90 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(5-Fluoro-2-methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (25) hydrochloride. 70% yield. m.p. 179–180°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.32 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.55 (1H, dd, H7), 7.47 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (2H, m, H2, H6ʼ), 7.09 (2H, m, H6, H3ʼ), 6.99 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.15 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.80 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (26) hydrochloride. 45% yield. m.p. 188–189°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.95 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.53 (1H, dd, H7), 7.47 (1H, d, H3ʼ), 7.32 (1H, dd, H4), 7.13 (2H, m, H6, H4ʼ), 7.05 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.96 (1H, s H2,), 5.98 (1H, s, H6ʼ), 3.43 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.07 (4H, m, 2CH₂).

N-(5-Bromo-2-methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (27) hydrochloride. 50% yield. m.p. 192–193°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 11.00 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.29 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.76 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 7.57 (2H, overlapping dd, H7, H4ʼ), 7.37 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (2H, m, H6, H3ʼ), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.15 (2H, t, α’-CH₂), 3.81 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(5-Chloro-2-methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (28) hydrochloride. 72% yield. m.p. 184–185°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 11.00 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.29 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.65 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 7.57 (1H, dd, H7), 7.46 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.37 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (2H, m, H6, H3ʼ), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.15 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.82 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.15 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(2,5-Dimethoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (29) hydrochloride. 86% yield. m.p. 175–176°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.22 (2H, brs, NH₂⁺), 7.55 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.21 (1H, overlapping d, H6ʼ), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6,), 6.99 (2H, overlapping dd, H3ʼ, H4ʼ), 6.95 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.13 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH3-2ʼ), 3.73 (3H, s, OCH3-5ʼ), 3.13 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(5-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (30) hydrochloride. 76% yield. m.p. 194–196°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.95 (1H, s, NH-1), 8.00 (1H, s, H6ʼ), 7.88 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.53 (1H, dd, H7), 7.35 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.08 (1H, ddd, H6,), 6.98 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.29 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 4.02 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.05 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(4-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (31) hydrochloride. 66% yield. m.p. 192–194°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.81 (1H, s, NH-1), 8.99 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.54 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (2H, overlapping dd, H4, H5ʼ), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.16 (1H, d, H3ʼ), 7.09 (1H, overlapping ddd, H6), 7.04 (1H, overlapping dd, H6ʼ), 7.00 (1H, overlapping dd, H5), 4.11 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.12 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(2,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (32) hydrochloride. 73% yield. m.p. 184–186°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.03 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.54 (1H, dd, H7), 7.38 (2H, overlapping dd, H4, H5ʼ), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, overlapping ddd, H6), 6.99 (1H, overlapping ddd, H5), 6.61 (1H, d, H3ʼ), 6.57 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 4.07 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.80 (3H, s, OCH3-2ʼ), 3.78 (3H, s, OCH3-4ʼ), 3.11 (4H, brs, 2CH2).

N-(6-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (33) hydrochloride. 62% yield. m.p. 195–196°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 11.07 (1H, s, NH-1), 11.01 (1H, s, OH), 9.09 (2H, brs, NH₂⁺), 7.55 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (1H, s, H2), 7.19 (1H, dd, H5ʼ), 7.13 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.08 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.07 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.29 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.17 (4H, brs, 2CH2).

N-(6-Fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (34) neutral succinate. 58% yield. m.p. 159–161°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.82 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.49 (1H, dd, H7), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.15 (1H, s, H2), 7.11 (1H, dd, H5ʼ), 7.06 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.97 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.58 (2H, overlapping dd, H3ʼ, H4ʼ), 3.97 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 2.90 (4H, brs, 2CH₂), 2.35 (2H, s, succinate).

N-(3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (35) hydrochloride. 65% yield. m.p. 183–184°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.97 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.82 (1H, d, H4ʼ), 7.71 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 7.57 (1H, dd, H7), 7.38 (1H, dd, H4), 7.24 (1H, s, H2), 7.10 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.02 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.23 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH₂), 3.18 (2H, unresolved t, CH₂), 3.11 (2H, unresolved t, CH₂).

N-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (36) hydrochloride. 83% yield. m.p. 238–240°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.97 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.34 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.56 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.31 (1H, dd, H2ʼ), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.08 (1H, overlapped d, H6ʼ), 7.06 (1H, overlapping ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, d, H5ʼ), 6.97 (1H, overlapped ddd, H5), 4.10 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.78 (3H, s, OCH3-3ʼ), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH3-4ʼ), 3.12 (4H, brs, 2CH2).

N-Benzyl-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (37) hydrochloride. 84% yield. m.p. 233–234°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.80 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.51 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.60 (2H, m, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.42 (3H, m, H3ʼ, H4ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.24 (1H, d, H7), 7.16 (1H, s, H2), 7.10 (1H, d, H4), 6.73 (1H, dd, H6), 4.18 (2H, t, α’-CH₂), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH₃-5), 3.10 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(2-Methoxybenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-il)ethyl]amine (38) hydrochloride. 71% yield. m.p. 240–241°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.81 (1H, s, NH-1), 8.79 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.49 (1H, dd, H6ʼ), 7.39 (1H, ddd, H5ʼ), 7.25 (1H, d, H7), 7.16 (1H, s, H2), 7.06 (2H, m, H4, H3ʼ), 6.98 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 6.74 (1H, dd, H6), 4.10 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.79 (3H, s, OCH3-2ʼ), 3.75 (3H, s, OCH3-5), 3.07 (4H, brs, 2CH2).

N-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (39) hydrochloride. 85% yield. m.p. 193–194°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.82 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.64 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.83 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 7.56 (1H, ddd, H5ʼ), 7.45 (2H, overlapped dd, H3ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.25 (1H, d, H7), 7.19 (1H, d, H2), 7.12 (1H, s, H4), 6.75 (1H, dd, H6), 4.32 (2H, s, α’-CH₂), 3.77 (3H, s, OCH₃-5), 3.17 (4H, m, 2CH₂).

N-(2-Bromobenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (40) hydrochloride. 83% yield. m.p. 206–207°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.79 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.56 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.80 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 7.73 (1H, dd, H6ʼ), 7.50 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 7.37 (1H, ddd, H5ʼ), 7.26 (1H, d, H7), 7.20 (1H, s, H2), 7.11 (1H, d, H4), 6.75 (1H, dd, H6), 4.32 (2H, s, α’-CH₂), 3.77 (3H, s, OCH₃-5), 3.17 (4H, m, 2CH₂).

N-(4-Bromobenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (41) hydrochloride. 80% yield. m.p. 240–241°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 10.80 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.36 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.66 (2H, dd, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.53 (2H, dd, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.25 (1H, d, H7), 7.17 (1H, s, H2), 7.06 (1H, d, H4), 6.74 (1H, dd, H6), 4.18 (2H, s, α’-CH₂), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH₃-5), 3.09 (4H, brs, 2CH₂).

N-(2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (42) acid fumarate. 48% yield. m.p. 196–197°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.74 (1H, s, NH-1), 7,22 (1H, d, H7), 7.13 (1H, s, H2), 7.00 (1H, d, H4), 6.92 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 6.78 (2H, m, H3ʼ, H4ʼ), 6.72 (1H, dd, H6), 6.53 (2H, s, fumarate), 4.02 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.74 (3H, s, OCH3-5ʼ), 3.66 (3H, s, OCH3-5), 3.00 (4H, brs, 2CH).

N-(5-Fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (43) neutral fumarate. 55% yield. m.p. 200–201°C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.66 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.22 (1H, d, H7), 7.11 (1H, s, H2), 7.04 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 6.97 (1H, d, H4), 6.90 (1H, d, H3ʼ), 6.73 (2H, m, H6, H6ʼ), 6.51 (1H, s, fumarate), 3.92 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.74 (3H, s, OCH3-5), 2.89 (4H, brs, 2CH2).

Pharmacology

Binding studies

Competition binding to the human 5-HT_2A receptor.

Serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor competition binding experiments were carried out in polypropylene 96-well plates. In each well were incubated 60 μg of membranes from a CHO-5-HT_2A cell line prepared in our laboratory, 1 nM [³H]ketanserin (47.3 Ci/mmol, 1 mCi/ml, Perkin Elmer NET791250UC), studied compounds and standard. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of methysergide 1 μM (Sigma M137). The reaction mixture (Vt: 250 μL/well) was incubated at 37°C for 30 min, 200 μL was transferred to a GF/B 96-well plate (Millipore, Madrid, Spain) pretreated with 0.5% of PEI and treated with binding buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH = 7.4), and was filtered and washed six times with 250 μL wash buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH = 6.6), and 35 μL of Universol Scintillation cocktail (Perkin Elmer, Alcobendas, Spain) were added to each well before counting in a microplate beta scintillation counter (Microbeta Trilux, PerkinElmer, Madrid, Spain).

Competition binding to the human 5-HT_2B receptor.

Serotonin 5-HT_2B receptor competition binding experiments were carried out in polypropylene 96-well plates. In each well were incubated 5 μg of membranes from a CHO-5-HT_2B cell line prepared in our laboratory, 1 nM [³H]LSD (75.9 Ci/mmol, 1 mCi/ml, Perkin Elmer NET638250UC), studied compounds and standard. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 5-HT 50 μM (Sigma H9523). The reaction mixture (Vt: 250 μL/well) was incubated at 37°C for 30 min, 200 μL was transferred to a GF/C 96-well plate (Millipore, Madrid, Spain) pretreated with 0.5% of PEI and treated with binding buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, ascorbic acid 0.1%, CaCl₂ 4 mM, pH = 7.4), and was filtered and washed four times with 250 μL wash buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH = 7.4), and 35 μL of Universol Scintillation cocktail (Perkin Elmer, Alcobendas, Spain) were added to each well before counting in a microplate beta scintillation counter (Microbeta Trilux, PerkinElmer, Madrid, Spain).

Competition binding to the human 5-HT_2C receptor.

Serotonin 5-HT_2C receptor competition binding experiments were carried out in polypropylene 96-well plates. In each well were incubated 3 μg of membranes from a Hela-5-HT_2C cell line prepared in our laboratory, 1.25 nM [³H]mesulergine (83.1 Ci/mmol, 1 mCi/ml, Perkin Elmer NET1148250UC), studied compounds and standard. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of mianserin 10 μM (Sigma M2525). The reaction mixture (Vt: 250 μL/well) was incubated at 27°C for 60 min, 200 μL was transferred to a GF/C 96-well plate (Millipore, Madrid, Spain) pretreated with 0.5% of PEI and treated with binding buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH = 7.5), and was filtered and washed four times with 250 μL wash buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH = 6.6), and 35 μL of Universol Scintillation cocktail (Perkin Elmer, Alcobendas, Spain) were added to each well before counting in a microplate beta scintillation counter (Microbeta Trilux, PerkinElmer, Madrid, Spain).

Functional studies

Functional activities were assessed by measuring Ca²⁺ release in CHO-5-HT_2A or HeLa-5-HT_2C cells. The day before the assay, 2000 (5-HT_2A) or 10000 (5-HT_2C) cells/well were seeded in 384 well black plates (Greiner 781091). The cells were incubated with 25 μL of Fura-2 QBTTM Calcium Kit (Molecular Devices), in buffer supplemented with 5 mM probenecid (Invitrogen) for 1 h at 37°C. Changes in fluorescence due to intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization (λ_ex = 340 nm, λ_ex = 380 nm; λ_em = 540 nm) were measured using a calcium imaging plate reader system (FDSS7000EX, Hamamatsu) every second after the establishment of a baseline. The agonist Ca²⁺ peak in response to agonist addition occurred from 10 to 20 s following stimulation.

Statistics

Data were adjusted to non-linear fitting using Prism V2.1 software (Graph Pad Inc., Chicago, USA). K_i values were calculated using the Cheng-Prusoff equation.

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Figures

Abstract

Introduction

Results and discussion

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Binding assays.

Functional assays.

Materials and methods

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Binding studies

Competition binding to the human 5-HT2A receptor.

Competition binding to the human 5-HT2B receptor.

Competition binding to the human 5-HT2C receptor.

Functional studies

Statistics

References

Competition binding to the human 5-HT_2A receptor.

Competition binding to the human 5-HT_2B receptor.

Competition binding to the human 5-HT_2C receptor.