http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9155-556X
Figures
Abstract
After sequential treatment with first- and third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancers frequently harbor multiple resistance mutations in exon 20 of EGFR including T790M, mediating resistance to first-generation TKIs, and at codons 792, 796, or 797 mediating resistance to third-generation TKIs. However, whether these resistance mutations are in cis or trans has therapeutic implications for patients. We analyzed a cohort of 29 patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations at codons 792, 796, or 797 to establish the configuration of these mutations. We performed hybrid capture-based, next-generation sequencing on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy tissue or liquid biopsy. 27 samples had both a T790M mutation and a mutation at codons 792, 796, or 797. In all of these cases, the mutations were found in the cis configuration; the trans configuration was not observed. Two patients’ samples harbored a mutation at codon 797 but no T790M mutation. In these two cases, longitudinal analysis showed earlier biopsies harbored EGFR T790M, which was undetectable following osimertinib treatment. Treatment of one these patients with both first- and third-generation EGFR TKIs resulted in a mixed response. Here we describe multiple configurations of EGFR T790M and third-generation TKI resistance mutations at codons 792, 796, and 797. These mutations are most commonly found in cis, which confers resistance to all current EGFR TKIs. We also describe two patients that exhibited T790M loss with acquisition of a mutation at codon 797. In addition, one of these patients, with an EGFR C797S in a lung biopsy was subsequently found to have EGFR C797N in a later biopsy of pleural fluid, highlighting the dynamic multiclonal nature of advanced NSCLC.
Citation: Goldberg ME, Montesion M, Young L, Suh J, Greenbowe J, Kennedy M, et al. (2018) Multiple configurations of EGFR exon 20 resistance mutations after first- and third-generation EGFR TKI treatment affect treatment options in NSCLC. PLoS ONE 13(11): e0208097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208097
Editor: Aamir Ahmad, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, UNITED STATES
Received: July 13, 2018; Accepted: November 12, 2018; Published: November 27, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Goldberg et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All consented data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The Western Internal Review Board (WIRB) has not authorized and patients were not consented for the release of raw sequencing data, which contains potentially identifiable information. The WIRB can be contacted at clientservices@wirb.com.
Funding: Foundation Medicine Inc. provided support in the form of salaries for authors (MEG, MM, LY, JS, JG, MK, VAM, PJS, GMF, SA, LAA), but apart from the authors listed, had no additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of Foundation Medicine Inc. authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
Competing interests: We have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: All authors affiliated with Foundation Medicine were employees and owned FMI stock (MEG, MM, LY, JS, JG, MK, VAM, PJS, GMF, SA, LAA). JPG is an External Speaker and consultant for Foundation Medicine Inc. This affiliation does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. All other authors have no other financial conflicts to disclose.
Introduction
EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have exhibited clinically significant therapeutic responses in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with tumors that harbor the most frequent EGFR driver mutations [1–3]. However, these clinical responses are often short lived, and patients commonly relapse after acquiring an EGFR T790M mutation [4]. As a result, a third generation of TKIs towards EGFR were developed that preferentially bind mutant EGFR proteins in a covalent manner [5, 6]. The most frequent mutations in EGFR that cause resistance to third-generation TKIs substitute the cysteine at codon 797 in exon 20, which prevents covalent binding [7]. Additional mutations in exon 20 at codons 792 and 796 have also been shown to confer resistance to third-generation TKIs [8]. Several mutations in other exons of EGFR have also been recently identified to confer third generation EGFR-TKI resistance (L718/G719) [9].
After treatment with available EGFR targeted therapies, a tumor could potentially harbor three co-mutations within EGFR: a driver, T790M, and third-generation TKI resistance mutation, which has therapeutic and drug development implications. Preclinical work has shown that cells with T790M and C797S mutations on different copies of EGFR (in trans) remain sensitive to first- and third-generation TKIs in combination, while cells with T790M and C797S mutations on the same copy of EGFR (in cis) are resistant to all current EGFR TKIs [10]. Two patients have been described with T790M and C797S mutations in trans who responded to treatment with first- and third-generation EGFR TKIs [11, 12]. To better understand the relationship between EGFR driver, T790M, and third-generation TKI resistance mutations in exon 20, we analyzed a cohort of 29 patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR driver and a mutation at codons 792, 796, or 797.
Methods and cohort
Study consent
This study, including the consent procedure, was reviewed and approved by the Western Institutional Review Board (WIRB, Puyallup WA, clientservices@wirb.com). Written patient consent was obtained at the time of testing. Patients were not consented for release of raw sequencing data.
Sequence analysis
Clinical samples were tested at a CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments)-certified, College of American Pathology-accredited, and New York State-accredited laboratory (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA) for comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) by next-generation sequencing [13]. Tissue samples were sequenced as previously described to a median unique coverage >250X [13]. Liquid biopsy samples were sequenced to >5000X unique coverage [14]. To identify the configuration of T790 and third-generation TKI resistance mutations in exon 20, we analyzed sequencing reads for each sample that spanned both loci. The number of reads that harbored mutations at one or both positions was tabulated and used to infer cis or trans status.
Results
Study cohort
We examined a cohort of 29 NSCLC cases with an EGFR mutation at codons 792, 796, or 797 (Table 1). The average age of the cohort was 59 and 62% (18/29) were female. Sequencing was performed on FFPE tissue in 22/29 cases and cell free DNA from liquid biopsy in 7/29 cases. We obtained the clinical history of nine patients and confirmed that all nine had received a first or second-generation EGFR TKI followed by a third-generation TKI (Fig 1A and 1B and Table 1 and S1 File). Patients responded for 6–28 months on first- or second-generation inhibitors and for 5–16 months on third-generation inhibitors (Fig 1A and 1B).
Time on therapy (filled line) plus emergence of resistance mutations (arrows) is presented for tumors (A) that had T790M loss and (B) those that retained T790M. (C) An analysis of sequencing reads spanning EGFR T790 and C797. Only reads with at least one mutation of interest were counted.
We also analyzed longitudinal samples from eight patients. In the cohort with clinical history, CGP of the original biopsy of patients 1 and 5 found the EGFR driver mutation (Table 2) but found no mutations at codons 790, 792, 796, and 797. CGP of tissue after relapse on first- and second- generation EGFR TKI was performed on patients 1, 6, and 9 and found the original EGFR driver mutation (Table 2) in addition to a T790M mutation. In the cohort without clinical history, we performed CGP on longitudinal samples from patients 18, 22, 25, and 28. In these cases, the earliest sample was unmutated at codons 792, 796, and 797.
EGFR T790M and third-generation TKI resistance mutations are in cis
We analyzed the genomic landscape of 29 patients with an EGFR driver mutation and a mutation in EGFR codon 792, 796, or 797 (Table 2). The most frequent mutation at these codons was C797S, which was found in 26/29 patients. 3 patients also exhibited multiple resistance mutations with a C797S co-occurring with L792H in two cases and a C797S and C797N observed in separate samples from the same patient (Table 2, Patient 1). Although we did not observe any samples in the present cohort harboring a mutation at codon 796, this mutation has been previously described [8]. The primary driver mutation was an EGFR exon 19 deletion in 83% (24/29) of samples while 17% (5/29) had an EGFR L858R mutation (Table 2). The T790M resistance mutation co-occurred with mutations at 792 and 797 in the same sample for 27/29 patients and 2/29 patients exhibited an initial sample with T790M and a later sample with a mutation at codon 797 but no T790M mutation (Fig 1A).
We assessed whether EGFR T790M and mutations at codons 792 or 797 were in cis or in trans by analyzing sequencing reads that spanned EGFR codons 790 to 797 and contained a mutation in codon 790, 792, or 797. In all 27 cases harboring a T790M and a mutation at codon 792 or 797, nearly all reads with a mutation at codon 792 or 797 also contained a T790M mutation (Fig 1C, 14.5–100% of sequencing reads contained both mutations). Nearly all remaining reads contained only a T790M mutation, which is consistent with the emergence of this mutation earlier in treatment. In 10 samples, we detected reads that contained only a 792 or 797 mutation, but these were at frequencies of <2%. Therefore, we concluded that T790M and codon 792 or 797 mutations for all samples were in cis.
Case studies for EGFR C797 mutation, T790M loss tumors
In two samples an EGFR C797 mutation without a T790M mutation after treatment with osimertinib was identified. Interrogation of multiple biopsies along the treatment history of these two patients showed that these patients relapsed with EGFR T790M alterations after afatinib treatment and then subsequently lost the EGFR T790M mutation after treatment with osimertinib (Fig 1A).
Patient 1: A 53-year-old woman was diagnosed with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma (T3N2M1). CGP detected an EGFR exon 19 deletion and she was started on afatanib and had a partial response. After progression at 8 months, CGP was performed on a new biopsy and showed an EGFR exon 19 deletion and T790M mutation. She started osimertinib and had a partial response but had progression at 5 months. CGP on a new biopsy found an EGFR exon 19 deletion and C797S mutation, but the EGFR T790M mutation was not detected. She was started on gefitinib and osimertinib and tolerated it well. Follow up at 3 months showed a mixed response with 2 lesions progressing, 2 lesions stable and no new lesions. At 6 months, new metastases were observed. Further CGP testing on a pleural fluid sample at 6 months found the original EGFR exon 19 deletion with no EGFR T790M or C797S mutation, but instead a C797N mutation.
Patient 2: A 41-year-old man was diagnosed with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma with metastases to the brain. Genomic testing revealed an EGFR exon 19 deletion. The patient was treated with afatinib for 23 months until progression. Liquid biopsy testing found the EGFR exon 19 deletion in addition to an EGFR T790M mutation and EGFR amplification. The patient was started on osimertinib and responded well, but progressed after 8 months. The patient stopped osimertinib treatment and started on a clinical trial with a cMet inhibitor. At that time, CGP found the original EGFR exon 19 deletion, an EGFR C797S mutation not detected in previous tests, and no evidence of the prior EGFR T790M mutation.
Discussion
EGFR T790M is the most common resistance mutation to first-generation EGFR TKIs [1–3]. These patients then receive third-generation EGFR TKIs and can relapse with a third EGFR co-mutation at codon 792, 796, or 797 [5–8]. The configuration of EGFR T790M and mutations at codons 792 or 797 was in cis in 27/27 patient samples with both mutations, suggesting that the trans configuration is rare given this treatment. These findings are consistent with data in the phase 1 AURA study where one of five patients were identified with trans T790M, C797S [7, 15]. Two isolated case reports describe trans T790M, C797S mutations in two patients who benefited from dual therapy with 1st and 3rd generation EGFR TKIs [11, 12]. In addition, T790M loss has been reported in 6 of 12 patients treated with rociletinib [16]. Thress et al. also described osimertinib resistance with either T790M loss and wildtype C797, T790M/C797S double mutant, or T790M positive and wild-type C797 [7]. Here, we report another variation on loss of T790M with the acquisition of a mutation at EGFR C797. In our cases, presumably the T790M mutation is not completely lost but only undetectable, suggesting that treatment with first- and third-generation EGFR TKIs may be an option for these patients. One of the two patients with T790M loss received this treatment and exhibited a mixed response initially with subsequent progression. We speculate that polyclonality of resistance mechanisms may explain the mixed response. While we have focused on mutations in EGFR, resistance alterations in other genes, such as MET amplification, could render a tumor non-responsive to any EGFR targeted therapy [17]. In support of this speculation, we observed switching of resistance mutations from C797S in a lung biopsy to C797N in a pleural fluid biopsy, which highlights the dynamic clonal evolution occurring in treated tumors. Indeed, a patient with 8 different osimertinib resistance mutations was recently described [8].
Recent clinical trials have led to the approval of osimertinib in a first-line setting for EGFR mutant NSCLC [18, 19]. Notably, 0/9 patients in the first-line osimertinib phase 1 trial acquired EGFR T790M. Therefore, mutations at EGFR codons 792, 796, or 797 would arise first and patients may then receive first-generation EGFR TKIs with subsequent emergence of EGFR T790M, which may affect the likelihood of observing a cis or trans configuration. Given the complexities of treatment strategy and modes of resistance, interrogating the relationship between EGFR T790M and third-generation EGFR TKI resistance mutations may be necessary to guide patient therapy.
Supporting information
S1 File. Case studies for EGFR T790M, C797 mutant tumors.
Text of case studies for patients 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208097.s001
(DOCX)
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