http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-3734
Figures
Abstract
Previous reports of lung function in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with liver disease have shown worse, similar, or even better forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), compared to CF patients without liver disease. Varying definitions of CF liver disease likely contribute to these inconsistent relationships reported between CF lung function and liver disease. We retrospectively evaluated spirometric data in 179 subjects (62% male; 58% Phe508del homozygous) with severe CF liver disease (CFLD; defined by presence of portal hypertension due to cirrhosis). FEV1 values were referenced to both a normal population (FEV1% predicted) and CF population (CF-specific FEV1 percentile). We utilized a linear mixed model with repeated measures to assess changes in lung function (before and after diagnosis of CFLD), relative to both the normal and CF populations. At diagnosis of CFLD, the mean FEV1 was 81% predicted, or at the 53rd percentile referenced to CF patients without CFLD. There was a significant difference in post-CFLD slope compared to pre-CFLD slope (post–pre) using FEV1% predicted (-1.94, p-value < 0.0001). However, there was insignificant evidence of this difference using the CF-specific FEV1 percentile measure (-0.99, p-value = 0.1268). Although FEV1% predicted values declined in patients following CFLD diagnosis, there was not significant evidence of lung function decline in CF-specific FEV1 percentiles. Thus, the observed study cohort indicates diagnosis of severe CFLD was not associated with worsened CF lung disease when compared to a large CF reference population.
Citation: Polineni D, Piccorelli AV, Hannah WB, Dalrymple SN, Pace RG, Durie PR, et al. (2018) Analysis of a large cohort of cystic fibrosis patients with severe liver disease indicates lung function decline does not significantly differ from that of the general cystic fibrosis population. PLoS ONE 13(10): e0205257. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205257
Editor: Amit Gaggar, University of Alabama-Birmingham, UNITED STATES
Received: May 14, 2018; Accepted: September 22, 2018; Published: October 11, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Polineni et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This study was funded by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (https://www.niddk.nih.gov/) DK066368 (MRK); Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (https://www.cff.org/) CFF-KNOWLE00AO (MRK). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal genetic disorder in Caucasians, affecting an estimated 30,000 persons in the United States [1]. Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene cause abnormal ion transport at the apical membrane of airway epithelial cells, resulting in hyperviscous airway mucus [2, 3], and similar pathophysiology may occur in additional organs. Severe CF liver disease (CFLD) with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis is the most common non-pulmonary cause of mortality in CF (after pulmonary disease and transplantation complications) [4–6]. While many CF patients have some degree of liver abnormality, only 5% develop severe CF liver disease with portal hypertension (CFLD) due to cirrhosis [7]. Severity of CF lung disease, and decline in lung function, reflect both heritable and environmental factors [8, 9], and the presence of CFLD has been hypothesized to influence lung function.
The relationship between lung function and liver disease in CF has been unclear, however, as previous studies have reported variable results. For example, studies have reported that CF patients with liver disease have milder lung disease than those without liver disease [10, 11], and there is a slower deterioration of FEV1 in subjects with liver disease compared to matched CF controls [12]. However, other case-control studies report findings of worse FEV1 in children with liver disease compared to those without [13, 14]. In contrast, a prospective study of the impact of hepatic disease on the clinical course of CF subjects followed over a median 14 years showed no significant difference between subjects with or without CF liver disease in the frequency of FEV1% predicted <60% [15], which is congruent with additional studies showing no correlation between liver disease and lung disease [16, 17]. Taken together, the divergent findings on the relationship between hepatic disease and lung function may be due to variable definitions of CF liver disease.
To explore the relationship between lung function and liver disease in CF, we elected to analyze patients with an extreme phenotype of CF liver disease (severe CFLD; defined by portal hypertension and cirrhosis), to validate the presence of CFLD in the study population. We have previously identified and characterized a cohort of rigorously phenotyped severe CFLD patients, providing a detailed description of severe liver disease in the CF population [18]. In a subset of these severe CFLD patients from the United States and Canada with spirometric data, we analyzed FEV1 measurements 1) before, 2) at (or immediately prior to), and 3) after diagnosis of CFLD to determine the relationship between severe CFLD and lung function. Because it is well known that there is substantial lung function decline in adolescents and young adults in CF (but not in normal populations), in addition to FEV1% predicted, we used a CF-population specific FEV1 measure to define lung function.
Methods
Study design and participants
Severe CFLD subjects described in this analysis were enrolled in the Genetic Modifier Study of Severe CF Liver Disease from 34 North American CF Centers from the United States (n = 145 CFLD patients) and Canada (n = 34 CFLD patients), with a coordinating center at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as previously described [7]. The respective Institutional Review Boards of all participating institutions approved this study, and are listed in S1 Table. All subjects provided written informed consent (subjects ≥ 18 years old) or assent (subjects < 18 years old); and, informed consent was obtained from subjects’ parents or guardian for subjects < 18 years old.
Inclusion/Exclusion criteria
All subjects had a diagnosis of CF confirmed by sweat chloride test and/or CFTR genotyping. Diagnosis of severe CFLD was confirmed among subjects two years or older by 1) imaging evidence of hepatic parenchymal abnormalities (ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging) consistent with cirrhosis (including heterogeneous liver parenchyma), and 2) evidence of portal hypertension (esophageal varices at endoscopy, portosystemic collateral vascularization on imaging, or splenomegaly determined by physical exam or imaging), with no alternative diagnosis for liver disease or portal hypertension present. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) post-liver transplant in CFLD patients were not included in the analysis. No subjects were excluded due to their self-defined race.
Validation of CFLD study criteria
Case report form data (obtained from subjects’ medical records by the CF coordinator or principal investigator at each center) and source data (i.e. subjects’ radiology, endoscopy, and clinical records), were independently reviewed by two physicians with expertise in severe CFLD (Drs. Peter Durie and Simon Ling), to ensure inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly met.
Lung function
We retrospectively examined spirometry data (FEV1% predicted and CF-specific FEV1 percentile) [19, 20] in a cohort of 179 subjects with severe CFLD as defined above. FEV1 measurements were obtained from spirometry measures performed in subjects ≥ six years old. All available FEV1 measures recorded prior to and/or after CFLD diagnosis were captured for analysis. In cases of spirometric testing pre- and post- administration of a short acting bronchodilator, only the pre-bronchodilator values were retained for analysis. FEV1 values, measured in liters (L), were referenced to a normal (non-CF, healthy) population [19] when calculating the FEV1% predicted. To analyze lung function, and lung function decline relative to patients with CF, we utilized a disease specific equation [20] to reference FEV1 measures to a CF population matched by age, gender, and height, and calculated CF-specific FEV1 percentiles.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed in subjects with FEV1 measures pre- and post- diagnosis of severe CFLD (Pre-/Post- cohort). We further performed analysis including those patients who only had FEV1 measures post-severe CFLD diagnosis (Post cohort) (S2 Table). For the Pre-/Post- cohort, lung function was analyzed to model the slope of lung function decline, and to compare the slope of decline pre- versus post-severe CFLD diagnosis. The Pre-/Post- cohort data were analyzed using a piecewise linear mixed model, which assumed that the lung function measurement (either FEV1% predicted, or CF-specific FEV1 percentile) followed a linear regression on time (years) before or after diagnosis of CFLD, where the slope could be different before versus after diagnosis of severe CFLD. The Post cohort was also analyzed to model the rate of lung function decline after severe CFLD diagnosis, including an additional 61 subjects with post-severe CFLD diagnosis lung function measures. The Post cohort data were analyzed with a linear mixed model, which assumed that the lung function measurement (either FEV1% predicted, or CF-specific FEV1 percentile) followed a linear regression on time (years) after severe CFLD diagnosis. The models of both the Pre-/Post- cohort and the Post cohort included age of severe CFLD diagnosis as a covariate, as well as the interaction between age of severe CFLD diagnosis and time of PFTs relative to severe CFLD diagnosis (i.e., time before CFLD for the Pre-/Post- cohort and time after CFLD for the Post cohort). Subject-specific random effects for intercept and pre- and post-severe CFLD diagnosis slopes for the Pre-/Post- cohort, or post-severe CFLD diagnosis slope for the Post cohort, were included in the model. The model assumed an unstructured covariance for the 2 x 2 covariance matrix of the random intercept and slope. In the linear mixed model analyses we tested whether pre- and post-CFLD slopes differed from zero in both cohorts, and whether pre- and post-CFLD slopes differed from each other in the Pre-/Post- cohort. Residual plots of the linear mixed models were assessed to determine influential outliers according a Cook’s Distance boundary >4/n; based on this criterion, no influential observations were found in either cohort.
Role of the funding source
The sponsors of the study had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, writing of the manuscript, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The corresponding author had full access to all study data and bears final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
Results
We studied a cohort of 179 subjects with severe CFLD (62% male; 58% Phe508del homozygous), with 8,249 measures of spirometry (1,840 pre-diagnosis, 6,409 post-diagnosis measures) (Table 1). In a subset of this cohort, 118 subjects had spirometry data captured both pre- and post-severe CFLD diagnosis (Pre-/Post- cohort), totaling 6,528 measures of spirometry (average of 55 measures per subject). An additional 61 subjects had spirometry values obtained exclusively after severe CFLD diagnosis. Taken together with the Pre-/Post- cohort, this constitutes the Post cohort (n = 179). The distribution of age at severe CFLD diagnosis for both cohorts is shown in S1 Fig. The average age at CFLD diagnosis for the Pre-/Post- and Post cohorts was 13.3 ± 4.7 years and 11.7 ± 5.2, respectively (Table 1). Spirometry values were collected over a median 4.3 years (range 0.3–16.8) before CFLD diagnosis, and a median 8.0 years (range 0.2–29.0) after diagnosis, totaling 8,249 FEV1 values informing the slopes of lung function decline model determined by our model (Table 1).
To analyze the relationship of lung function and severe CFLD in a longitudinal manner before and after severe CFLD diagnosis, we examined the slope of lung function decline relative to both a normal (non-CF, healthy) reference population (FEV1% predicted) and a CF-specific reference population (CF-specific FEV1 percentile: matched for gender, age and height) (Table 2). Model representation is shown for a ten-year timespan, five years before and five years after diagnosis of CFLD using the average age of CFLD diagnosis. In a linear mixed model using lung function measures from the Pre-/Post- cohort, the mean FEV1 five years prior to severe CFLD was 87.8 ± 2.1% predicted when referenced to a normal population (Fig 1A). When we referenced the severe CFLD FEV1 values to a CF population, the mean FEV1 five years prior to CFLD diagnosis was in the 52nd percentile (or average for CF patients) (Fig 1A). The FEV1% predicted values demonstrated a negative slope with lung function declining before (-1.31% predicted/yr, 95% CI -2.03, -0.58) and after (-3.25% predicted/yr, 95% CI -3.82, -2.69) CFLD diagnosis (Table 2; Fig 1A). These slopes of lung function over time in severe CFLD were significantly different from zero both before and after CFLD diagnosis (p = 0.0004 and p<0.0001, respectively). Further, lung function decline following CFLD diagnosis was significantly worse than lung function decline prior to CFLD diagnosis (difference in slopes -1.94% predicted/yr, 95% CI -2.88, -1.00; p<0.0001) (Table 2; Fig 1A).
(A) Points are estimated mean values (±SE), of outcome plotted at t = -5 years (before CFLD diagnosis), t = 0 years (time of CFLD diagnosis), and t = 5 years (after CFLD diagnosis) for a patient age 13.3 years (average age at CFLD diagnosis). CF-specific FEV1 percentile (solid line) and FEV1% predicted (dashed line) are shown in 118 CFLD subjects with lung function values before and after CFLD diagnosis. (B) Averaged data at t = 0 and t = 5 years (±SE), including an additional 61 patients with post-CFLD diagnosis lung function values (total subjects, n = 179).
However, when FEV1 was referenced as CF-specific FEV1 percentile values (calculated referencing a large CF population), values after CFLD diagnosis compared to those before CFLD diagnosis suggested no difference in slope of lung function over time (-0.99% predicted/yr, 95% CI -2.25, 0.28; p = 0.1268) (Table 2; Fig 1A). We further included the FEV1 measurements of an additional 61 patients with spirometry measures (n = 1,721) recorded exclusively after severe CFLD diagnosis (n = 179 subjects; Table 2; Fig 1B). In 179 patients with severe CFLD, the average CF-specific FEV1 percentile at severe CFLD diagnosis was 50.2 ± 2.1 percentile, and five years after diagnosis was 48.0± 1.8 percentile. This large cohort of severe CFLD patients suggested the slope of CF-specific FEV1 percentile after severe CFLD diagnosis did not differ from zero (-0.45% predicted/yr, 95% CI -0.97, 0.07; p = 0.0902; Table 2; Fig 1B). While there is a modest trend toward significance (p = 0.0902), the analysis of our data yields slope constants that do not vary (and thus the difference from zero does not further approach significance) even with increased years of analysis under the model.
Discussion
We studied a large cohort of stringently phenotyped CF subjects with an extreme form of liver disease (severe “CFLD”; cirrhosis with portal hypertension) to rigorously test for association of CFLD with lung function decline in CF. Because lung function decline is recognized to be greatest during the adolescent age in CF [21], referencing the slope of lung function decline in severe CFLD to that of decline in the general CF population was critical. Using 8,249 measures of FEV1 from 179 severe CFLD subjects, and a mixed-effects linear model in statistical analysis, we indicate that severe CFLD is not associated with an adverse effect on lung disease severity or decline in lung function when compared to the lung function values of a broad CF population. Indeed, analysis of FEV1 measures pre- and post- severe CFLD diagnosis across this large cohort demonstrates that mean lung function, and lung function decline, in severe CFLD patients are approximately at average for CF patients without CFLD. Our findings demonstrate a significant decline in lung function in severe CFLD patients referenced to a healthy population (FEV1% predicted). However, CF-specific FEV1 percentiles are at approximately the 50th percentile at baseline, and remain stable, when referenced to the general CF population, indicating a similar rate of lung function decline in non-CFLD and severe CFLD subjects. Unique to our study, we calculated CF-specific FEV1 by referencing FEV1 measures to age, gender, and height matched subjects in a United Sates population of 21,000 CF subjects [20].
We acknowledge several modest limitations of our study. First, in comparing lung function of patients with severe CFLD to that of the CF reference (Kulich) cohort, we recognize that as many as 3–5% of those CF reference patients may have severe CFLD, and ~10% will have “pancreatic sufficient” genotypes [22]. However, the magnitude (if any) of impact on the CF percentiles will be small and would not impact the calculated slope decline. We additionally recognize that the age of diagnosis of severe CFLD may lag behind occurrence of portal hypertension, however because our model was developed to assess lung function slope five years before and five years after diagnosis of CFLD, our model would detect impact on lung function in this surrounding period. Finally, we also recognize that our conclusions relate largely to CFLD patients without ascites, as only a small minority (6.7%) of our patients had ascites existing at the time of CFLD diagnosis. In principle, the presence of ascites may adversely impact lung function due to limited diaphragmatic excursion. However, our model of FEV1 trend over a five-year period following CFLD diagnosis showed that lung function remains at the average CF-specific FEV1 percentile, even with the inclusion of these most severe cases of CFLD with ascites.
In summary, our cross-sectional cohort study indicates that subjects with severe CFLD have lung function, and lung function decline, on par with age, gender, and height matched CF subjects in a large United States CF population. These findings suggest that there is no underlying genetic risk, neither protective nor detrimental, in severe CFLD subjects, for development of better (or worse) pulmonary disease relative to non-severe CFLD counterparts. The results of this study indicate that patients with severe CFLD fare neither better nor worse in lung disease severity or decline than a reference CF population. Despite this evidence, because severe liver disease, in itself, yields additional comorbidities including immunologic and hematologic complications (e.g., thrombocytopenia, hypercoagulability), conclusions regarding the overall prognosis in CFLD vs CF patients without liver disease cannot be drawn on the basis of pulmonary prognosis, or rates of lung function decline, alone. Indeed, such comorbidities in CFLD must be factored into the complex considerations for lung transplantation, as pulmonary disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CF. We conclude that young patients with severe CFLD demonstrate significant FEV1% predicted decline, a phenomenon which is already well known to occur in adolescents and young adults with CF [21], and we further indicate that this decline in severe CFLD subjects does not differ from a vast CF reference population. Thus, nationally recommended guidelines for CF pulmonary health management, including screening and chronic treatment of disease, should be considered in the care of all patients with CF independent of the presence, or absence, of liver disease.
Supporting information
S1 Fig. Distribution of age at CFLD diagnosis.
“Post” cohort includes 179 CFLD subjects with known age of severe liver disease diagnosis (white bars). Inset of “Pre-/Post-” cohort (black bars) is comprised of a subset (n = 118) of CFLD subjects with lung function measures both before and after severe CFLD diagnosis.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205257.s001
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S1 Table. Full name of sub-site and local approving IRBs.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205257.s002
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S2 Table. Lung function and age measurements.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205257.s003
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Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. We wish to thank the enrolling sites of the Genetic Modifier Study of Severe Liver Disease in Cystic Fibrosis, and the respective study investigators and research coordinators. We thank Dr. Mark D. Schluchter for his critical review and feedback on this manuscript. We especially thank the patients, and their families, who participated in this study.
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