http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5373-5164
Figures
Abstract
Introduction
The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2106261 in the transcription factor gene ZFHX3 (16q22), a major regulator of inflammation, has been reported linking to atrial fibrillation (AF) by genome-wide association studies. Inflammation is known to be a strong predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence after ablation, so we examined the association of the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 to inflammation marker expression and recurrence after AF ablation.
Methods
We genotyped ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 and compared the minor (T) allele frequency between 362 paroxysmal AF (PAF) patients underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and 627 non-AF controls. We also analyzed associations between ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 genotype and recurrence rate after pulmonary vein isolation and the inflammation markers.
Results
The minor (T) allele frequency of the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 was significantly higher in AF patients than non-AF controls (odds ratio 1.52, p = 2.2×10−5). Multivariable analysis revealed that the minor allele (T) decreased AF recurrence rate after pulmonary vein isolation (hazard ratio 0.53, p = 0.04). Further, neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression levels were lower in PAF patients with the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele (TT+TC) than in CC patients (N/L ratio: CC 2.22 ± 0.08, TT+TC 1.98 ± 0.06, p = 0.018; CRP: CC 0.103 ± 0.009 mg/dl, TT+TC 0.076 ±0.007 mg/dl, p = 0.016; IL-6: CC 60.3 ± 3.0 pg/ml, TT+TC 52.8 ± 2.3 pg/ml, p = 0.04).
Citation: Tomomori S, Nakano Y, Ochi H, Onohara Y, Sairaku A, Tokuyama T, et al. (2018) Maintenance of low inflammation level by the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele contributes to reduced atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation. PLoS ONE 13(9): e0203281. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203281
Editor: Tomohiko Ai, Indiana University, UNITED STATES
Received: May 24, 2018; Accepted: August 19, 2018; Published: September 4, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Tomomori et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Catheter ablation is a well established treatment strategy for patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) [1]. Hypertension, left atrial dilatation, and non-paroxysmal AF are known predictors of recurrence after AF ablation [2, 3]. Markers of inflammation such as neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also associated with recurrence after AF ablation [4, 5]. In addition, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on chromosome 16q22 in the transcription factor gene ZFHX3 (rs2106261, C>T, transition C to T) has been associated with AF by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) [6, 7]. The ZFHX3 protein is a regulatory factor for STAT3-mediated signal transduction through its interaction with the protein inhibitor of activated STAT3, and STAT3 is an important mediator of the inflammatory process [8]. The contribution of the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 to AF recurrence after catheter ablation has been examined but the results are controversial. One study reported that ZFHX3 SNPs were associated with AF recurrence after catheter ablation [9], but another reported that SNPs in ZFHX3 did not predict clinical recurrence after catheter ablation [10]. Here, we investigated the contribution of ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 to inflammation marker expression and recurrence after AF ablation.
Material and methods
Participants
This is a retrospective single-center study on the association between AF recurrence after AF ablation and ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 genotype. We enrolled 362 paroxysmal AF (PAF) patients (270 males and 92 females, mean age 62 ± 11 years) who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) at Hiroshima University Hospital from November 2009 to July 2015 and 627 non-AF controls (313 males and 314 females, mean age 53 ± 10 years) from Hiroshima University Hospital. The control patients were all Japanese ethnicity and volunteers treated for diseases unrelated to heart function at Hiroshima University. Those with structural heart diseases or AF were excluded by interview. The Institutional Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science at Hiroshima University approved all procedures involving human genome use. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
We replicated the GWAS-reported association of ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 with AF risk and compared the allele frequencies of this SNP between PAF subjects and non-AF controls. Subsequently, we analyzed the relationships between recurrence rate after first-time pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 genotype. We excluded 46 patients because they had received prior RFCA or had structural heart diseases, and ultimately 316 PAF patients were included for the analysis of recurrence rate. We also examined the relationships between ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 genotype and the inflammation markers N/L ratio, CRP, and interleukin-6(IL-6).
Genotyping
Peripheral blood was obtained from all participants and genomic DNA extracted from leukocytes using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) according to the standard protocol. We genotyped the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 in all participants using TaqMan assays as previously described [11, 12]. For typing rs2106261, we used forward primer CGCGCCGAGGCCAACCATCCATTAAAATATCCAA and reverse primer ATGACGTGGCAGACTCAACCATCCATTAAAATATCCAAG. We also used Invader oligo GGATCTTGCATGGCCTCGTAGTGAGGTGAT, signal prove-G CGCGCCGAGGGACAATTCTCTGGACGAG, and signal prove-T ATGACGTGGCAGACAACAATTCTCTGGACGAGC.
Echocardiography
Transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography were performed at our institution using a commercially available system (Vivid E9, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA or iE33, Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA) before RFCA. Experienced echocardiographers blinded to the genotyping results conducted all echocardiographic examinations and analyzed echocardiographic parameters [13].
Electrophysiological study and RFCA
Anti-arrhythmia drugs (AADs) other than amiodarone were discontinued at least five half-lives before RFCA. PVI and bidirectional cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation were performed on all PAF subjects as previously reported [14]. Continuous PVI was performed using an open-irrigation 3.5-mm tip deflectable catheter (THERMOCOOL; Biosense Webster) under guidance of a 3D electro-anatomical mapping system (CARTO3, Biosense Webster) with computed tomography integration (CARTOMERGE, Biosense Webster) to achieve electrical isolation of the left- and right-side pulmonary veins. We confirmed PVI entrance and exit block, and then rechecked it under isoproterenol plus adenosine triphosphate infusion. We also performed a bidirectional CTI block with an endpoint of bidirectional conduction block in all patients following PVI.
After RFCA, an electrophysiological study was performed during stable sinus rhythm using three 5-French-gauge quadripolar electrode catheters, each with a 5-mm inter-electrode distance positioned at the high right atrium (HRA), His bundle, and right ventricle. The atrial signal to the His bundle (AH) and signal from the His bundle to the first ventricular activation interval (HV) were measured on the baseline intracardiac electrocardiography (ECG). The sinus node recovery time (SNRT) was measured as the recovery interval after 30-s stimulation from the HRA. The corrected SNRT (CSRT) was defined as the recovery interval in excess of the sinus cycle (i.e., CSRT = maxSNRT − sinus cycle length).
Post-RFCA management and follow-up
We examined all AF patients in the outpatient clinic at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after AF ablation. We checked whether they felt palpitation and chest discomfort, and performed ECG on every visit. If the patients felt palpitation, we lent them a portable electrocardiography monitor (ECG) for 1 month and checked for the presence of AF. The 24-h Holter recording combination with a portable ECG was performed at 3 and 6 months after AF ablation and every 6 months thereafter. We performed the same level of monitoring in all patients. Recurrence of AF was defined as a palpitation episodes lasting > 30 s or AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia episodes lasting > 30 s but excluded AF episodes within 3 months after RFCA (early recurrence) [15].
Measurement of laboratory parameters
White blood cell (WBC) count and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) were measured one day before RFCA. The total WBC number and differential counts were measured using the XE-5000 system (Sysmex). The N/L ratio was computed as the absolute neutrophil count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count. Plasma levels of hs-CRP were determined by immunoturbidimetry (JCA-BM6070 BioMajesty, JEOL). Blood samples were also collected one day before RFCA to measure plasma IL-6 levels. The samples were centrifuged for 20 min at 4°C and the plasma was stored at −70°C until analysis. Plasma IL-6 levels (pg/ml) were determined by the immunoenzymatic method using a IL-6 Human ELISA Kit (Thermo Scientific, Germany).
Statistical analysis
Normally distributed continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Group differences in continuous data were analyzed using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test. To test genetic associations for cases and controls, we used the χ2 test and Cochran–Armitage trend test. Deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was tested among the cases and controls using an ordinary χ2 test. Differences in continuous data among genotypes were analyzed by linear regression. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals are stated as appropriate. Multivariable analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model. The chosen clinical covariates were based on expected relationships to AF recurrence after RFCA. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant for all tests significant.
Results
ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 genotypes in PAF patients and non-AF controls
The ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 was significantly associated with AF. Detailed results of the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 genotypes in AF patients and non-AF controls are shown in S1 Table. The ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 MAF (T) was significantly greater in AF patients than non-AF controls (MAF 39% vs. 30%, OR 1.52, p = 2.2 × 10−5). Moreover, ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 presence was significantly associated with AF using dominant models.
Relationship between ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 and PVI outcomes
There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics, echocardiographic parameters, and electrophysiological parameters among the three ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 genotypes (Table 1). Fig 1 shows Kaplan–Meier recurrence-free survival curves after RFCA. The AF recurrence rate after RFCA was lower in PAF patients with the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele (TT or TC) than in CC patients (p = 0.04).
ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele genotype (TT or TC) was associated with lower atrial fibrillation recurrence rate after radiofrequency catheter ablation (p = 0.04).
Univariate analysis revealed that presence of the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261minor allele (TT or TC genotype) significantly decreased AF recurrence after RFCA [Table 2: hazard ratio (HR) = 0.57, p = 0.04]. Longer duration of AF and longer CSRT also tended to increase AF recurrence risk but these trends did not reach statistical significance. Multivariable analysis revealed that presence of the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele (TT or TC) was independently associated with lower AF recurrence rate after RFCA (Table 2: HR = 0.53, p = 0.04).
Relationship between ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 and inflammation markers
Fig 2 shows the relationships between ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 genotypes and the inflammation markers N/L ratio, CRP level, and plasma IL-6 level. All three were lower in patients with the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele than in those without (N/L ratio: CC 2.22 ± 0.08, TT + TC 1.98 ± 0.06, p = 0.018; CRP: CC 0.103 ± 0.009 mg/dl, TT + TC 0.076 ± 0.007 mg/dl, p = 0.016; IL-6: CC 60.3 ± 3.0 pg/ml, TT + TC 52.8 ± 2.3 pg/ml, p = 0.04).
The N/L ratio, CRP level and plasma IL-6 level were lower in the TT + TC group than the CC group (N/L ratio: CC 2.22 ± 0.08, TT + TC 1.98 ± 0.06, p = 0.018; CRP: CC 0.103 ± 0.009 mg/dl, TT + TC 0.076 ± 0.007 mg/dl, p = 0.016; IL-6: CC 60.3 ± 3.0 pg/ml, TT + TC 52.8 ± 2.3 pg/ml, p = 0.04).
Discussion
In our study, we confirmed the previously reported association between AF and ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 by GWAS [7] in Japanese PAF patients at our institute. More importantly, we revealed that PAF patients with the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele (T) were more likely to maintain sinus rhythm after RFCA.
We also found that inflammation markers (N/L ratio, CRP, and IL-6) were lower in PAF patients with the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele (TT or TC genotype) than in those without (CC genotype).
Husser et al. reported that the ZFHX3 gene SNP rs12373097 was associated with AF recurrence in both PAF and persistent AF patients [9], while Park et al. reported that the ZFHX3 gene SNP rs2106261 was an independent predictor of good responders to RFCA among long-standing persistent AF patients [16]. However, both Shoemaker et al. and Choi et al. reported that ZFHX3 polymorphisms did not predict clinical recurrence of AF after catheter ablation among PAF and persistent AF patients [10, 17]. Thus, the contributions of ZFHX3 SNPs to AF recurrence after RFCA remain controversial. Although different SNPs (rs12373097 vs. rs2106261) may account for the discrepancy, cohort and treatment heterogeneity may also contribute. First, these previous studies analyzed recurrence rate in a combined cohort of persistent AF and PAF patients. Second, strategies for RFCA are multifarious, especially in persistent AF patients. In the present study, we enrolled only PAF patients schedule for first AF RFCA and the treatment strategy was PVI exclusively. In this restricted cohort, we found that the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele (T) was independently associated with low AF recurrence rate.
A systematic review of predictors for atrial fibrillation recurrence after ablation [18] reported that EF and LAD parameters are not independent predictors of AF recurrence among patients with approximately normal EF and LAD. In the present study as well, EF and LAD were not independent predictors of AF recurrence because all AF types were paroxysmal, average EF was normal, and average LAD was not markedly elevated (EF = 61.7% ± 5.6%, LAD = 37.9 ± 5.9 mm).
In this study, we revealed that the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele (T) is associated with high AF occurrence but low recurrence after AF ablation. The ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 was linked to AF onset by a GWAS, but the precise mechanism of association with AF pathogenesis has not been elucidated. Similarly, the mechanisms underlying this discrepancy between onset risk and recurrence risk remain to be revealed. The minor allele of ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 was also associated with high BMI [19], but in our study BMI was similar among ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 genotypes. ZFHX3 knockdown in atrial myocytes was reported to dysregulate calcium homeostasis and increase atrial arrhythmogenesis, ultimately contributing to AF occurrence [20]. Huang et al. reported that interaction between ZFHX3 SNP and PITX2 SNP. They also reported that ZFHX3 positively regulated PITX2c expression [21]. The PITX2 regulates process that pulmonary mesenchyme differentiates in myocardium, initiates a phase of rapid proliferation and expands to form the myocardial sheet around the pulmonary vein branches. Overexpression of PITX2 may promote the proliferation of myocardial sleeve around the pulmonary vein branches and increase automaticity from there [22]. ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 may modulate PITX2c expression levels and associate with high occurrence of AF. We performed PV isolation and paroxysmal AF patients with ZFHX3 SNP minor allele have lower AF recurrence rate than those without. Given that ZFHX3 SNP acts through PITX2c expression levels, AF trigger in paroxysmal AF patients with ZFHX3 SNP minor allele was related to PV and they easily cured by PVI.
We also reported in this paper that the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele is associated with low baseline inflammation levels. There are many reports that inflammatory factors are involved in AF occurrence and recurrence [23, 24]. However, Wu et al. reported that CRP level was higher in patents with persistent AF but similar in patients with paroxysmal AF compared to controls [25]. Lin et al. reported that higher pre-ablation hs-CRP was associated with an abnormal left atrial substrate [26]. In paroxysmal AF patients, triggers have the greatest impact on AF occurrence. However, once pulmonary vein isolation was performed, low inflammation levels conferred by the ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele may reduce the risk of recurrence. If the paroxysmal AF patients possess the ZFHX3 SNP minor allele, we can preprocedurely select only PVI as AF ablation strategy.
Conclusion
The ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 was associated with PAF among Japanese patients in our replication study. The ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 minor allele (T) was associated with lower AF recurrence rate after PVI, and low baseline inflammation may contribute to this reduced recurrence risk. The ZFHX3 SNP rs2106261 may be an important genetic marker for prediction of AF non-recurrence after AF RFCA and a useful guide for selecting therapeutic interventions.
Supporting information
S1 Table. ZFHX3 SNP polymorphism (rs2106261) in patients with AF and non-AF controls.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203281.s001
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
We thank the members of the clerical and medical staff at Hiroshima University Hospital for their assistance and ENAGO Group (English editing system) for editing a draft of this manuscript.
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