http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7617-1824
Figures
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous noncoding RNAs, which increasingly drawn researchers' attention in recent years as their importance in regulating gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. With the development of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, circRNAs have been widely analysed in animals, but the understanding of characteristics and function of circRNAs is limited in plants, especially in maize. Here, 3715 unique circRNAs were predicted in Zea mays systematically, and 8 of 12 circRNAs were validated by experiments. By analysing circRNA sequence, the events of alternative circularization phenomenon were found prevailed in maize. By comparing circRNAs in different species, it showed that part circRNAs are conserved across species, for example, there are 273 circRNAs conserved between maize and rice. Although most of the circRNAs have low expression levels, we found 149 differential expressed circRNAs responding to heat, cold, or drought, and 1782 tissue-specific expressed circRNAs. The results showed that those circRNAs may have potential biological functions in specific situations. Finally, two different methods were used to search circRNA functions, which were based on circRNAs originated from protein-coding genes and circRNAs as miRNA decoys. 346 circRNAs could act as miRNA decoys, which might modulate the effects of multiple molecular functions, including binding, catalytic activity, oxidoreductase activity, and transmembrane transporter activity. In summary, maize circRNAs were identified, classified and characterized systematically. We also explored circRNA functions, suggesting that circRNAs are involved in multiple molecular processes and play important roles in regulating of gene expression. Our results provide a rich resource for further study of maize circRNAs.
Citation: Tang B, Hao Z, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Li G (2018) Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of circRNAs in Zea mays. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0202375. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375
Editor: Thomas Preiss, John Curtin School of Medical Research, AUSTRALIA
Received: July 30, 2018; Accepted: November 22, 2018; Published: December 11, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Tang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31770333, No.31370329 and No.11631012), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12-0896), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan of Shaanxi Province, China (No. 2014JM3074), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.GK201403004). The funding agencies had no role in the study, its design, the data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: circRNAs, Circular RNAs; RPM, Reads per million mapped reads; ss, Splicing site; miRNAs, microRNAs; RBP, RNA binding proteins; ecircRNA, Exonic circRNAs; CDS, Coding sequence; UTR, Untranslated regions; AS, Alternative splicing; RPKM, Reads per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads; IRES, Internal ribosome entry site; ORF, Open reading frame; ceRNA, Competing endogenous RNAs; GO, Gene ontology; lincRNAs, Long intergenic noncoding RNAs; nt, Nucleotide; dr, Drought; ctrl, Control
Introduction
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous noncoding RNA molecules formed by backsplicing [1–5]. Although circRNAs or circular isoforms (e.g., muscleblind gene, sodium transporter NCX1, the rat cytochrome P450 2C24 gene, ETS and the cytochrome P450 2C18 genes) have been discovered in Drosophila, mice, and humans many years [6–10], they have increasingly drawn researchers' attention in recent years for their important roles in regulating gene expression.
Unlike mRNA, circRNA transcripts usually lack of the 5′ cap and 3′ poly(A) tail, and the majority of circRNAs are expressed at low levels compared with linear RNAs [1, 3, 5, 11]. However, some specific circRNAs have prominent expression compared to their corresponding linear isoforms, for instance, two antisense transcripts of CDR1as and cANRIL [2, 12]. Different circRNAs are often expressed in specific tissues, cell types or developmental stages [2, 5, 13, 14], and particular time courses, suggesting that circRNAs exhibit spatiotemporal-specific expression patterns [15]. Additionally, certain circRNAs showed evolutionary conservation between humans and mice [2, 3], play roles in regulating gene expression, and are often present in some diseases [12, 16–19]. Intriguingly, circRNAs can act as miRNA or RNA binding protein (RBP) sponges, which sequester miRNAs away from their mRNA targets [2, 14, 20–22], for example, CDR1as and Sry as miRNA sponges [2, 23], inferring circRNA regulatory functions in the genetic network [11, 13]. With development of high-throughput sequencing, the methods identifying circRNAs have been developed [1–5, 13], and a number of circRNAs have been identified in animals. However, plant circRNAs are still underappreciated with the exception of those in thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), rice (Oryza sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays L.) and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) [11, 15, 24–30].
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide and serves as model organism in biological research. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, more and more data have been produced, now it is possible for us to study circRNAs in maize systematically. In this article, maize circRNAs were firstly identified from multiple resources. Then circRNA characteristics, such as genomic distribution, alternative circularization, conservation and expression patterns, were analyzed. Whether CircRNAs act as miRNA decoys to mediate the regulation of gene expression in maize or not were analysed. Finally, maize circRNA functions were inferred in our study. The discovery of maize circRNAs enriches the repositories of plant circRNAs.
Results
Identification and classification of maize circRNAs
In order to identify circRNAs in Zea mays, transcriptome data were firstly collected from 5 resources (Table 1), then find_circ, which is a bioinformatics tool widely used in circRNA prediction [2], was carried out for the genome-wide identification of circRNAs (S1 Fig), finally we predicted 7011 circRNAs totally. After merging the circRNAs with same loci, 3715 unique circRNAs candidates were used for further analysis (S1 Table).
All predicted circRNAs can be classified into three different groups based on positional relationship between the circRNA and their related gene: "circRNAs within genes", "circRNAs overlap with genes" and "intergenic circRNAs", with proportions of 47.6%, 19.7%, and 32.7%, respectively (S1 Table). In addition, based on the positional relationship between the circRNA and their related exons, circRNAs can be divided into exonic circRNAs (ecircRNAs) and non-ecircRNAs. EcircRNAs are the circRNAs overlapping known exon. In maize circRNAs, there are 2007 ecircRNAs, the backsplice sites of which are located in the CDS-CDS, CDS-3' UTR, CDS-5' UTR, 3' UTR-3' UTR, 3' UTR-5' UTR, and 5' UTR-5' UTR. EcircRNAs account for 54% of the total circRNAs, which constitute the main part of the circRNAs (Fig 1A). CircRNAs within genes are the circRNAs inside genes. Some specific ecircRNAs overlap genomic regions outside genes and simultaneously overlap genomic regions inside genes, for example, the circRNAs with location of 3' UTR-intergenic or 5' UTR-intergenic. It means that ecircRNAs are not the subgroups of circRNAs within genes. So the percentage of ecircRNAs is not necessary less than that of circRNAs within genes. Based on our result, 62 circRNAs were produced from intron-intron, and 97 circRNAs were produced from intron-exon including 83 CDS-intron, 7 3' UTR-intron, and 7 5' UTR-intron. For the circRNAs that were not exonic, such as, intergenic circRNAs, are novel transcripts, and 56 intergenic maize circRNAs overlap with 62 of 18029 annotated lincRNAs (long intergenic noncoding RNAs) [31–33].
(A) Genomic locations of the circRNAs. The backsplice site was predominantly located at CDS-only and intergenic-only. (B) Exon number distributions of circRNAs and their parent genes. (C) Length distributions of circRNAs and their parent genes. (D) Length distributions of back-spliced exons corresponding to different numbers of exons.
Characteristics of circRNAs in maize
When comparing numbers of circRNAs with backsplice sites located in different regions (Fig 1A), we found more circRNAs at 3' UTR-3' UTR than at 5' UTR-5' UTR, and the same case happened between CDS-3' UTR and CDS-5' UTR. The results showed that circRNAs are more frequency in 3' UTR than in 5' UTR. Interestingly, some circRNAs also found in introns. The un-random distributions of circRNAs in genome suggest that they have biological functions. Majority of circRNAs contained 1 to 4 exons less than their corresponding parent genes, most of which had more than 6 exons (Fig 1B). Likewise, the comparison of transcript lengths between the circRNAs and their parent genes displayed circRNAs with shorter lengths (P < 2.2e-16, Wilcoxon rank-sum test) (Fig 1C). The two results are in accordance with previous reports [15, 25]. Interestingly, circularized exons from single exon circRNAs have a slightly longer length than exons from circRNAs with multiple circularized exons (Fig 1D), suggesting that longer exons may facilitate circularization [3, 34, 35].
The intron length distributions were also compared between the exonic circRNAs and linear genes. We found that introns flanking circularized exon were significantly longer than that of the linear genes (P < 2.2e-16, Wilcoxon rank sum test) (Fig 2A), as was demonstrated in previous studies [1, 3, 15, 36, 37]. This observation suggests that longer flanking introns may promote exon circularization. However, determining whether the existence of these structures is necessary for circRNA formation requires further investigation.
(A) Mean length distribution of upstream and downstream intron flanking circularized exons in Z.mays. Longer intron bracketing circularized exons was observed than the parent gene. (B) The number of genes (y-axis) that generated different numbers of circRNAs (x-axis). (C) An example of sequence conservation analysis of circRNAs between O. sativa and Z. mays. Y-axis, levels of conservation based on genomic sequence similarity. The locations of circRNAs in their respective parent genes are marked with a red box. Conserved regions are labelled in different colours by VISTA according to the annotations (exons in blue shadow, UTR in cyan shadow and CNS (non-coding sequences) in red shadow).
Because different forms of linear mRNAs are produced during the alternative splicing (AS) process in Z. mays [38], we hypothesized that alternative circularization (multiple circRNAs produced from one gene) happened on circRNAs. Based on our results, 905 exon circularization events from 237 parent genes were discovered, with two circRNA isoforms from one gene making up larger proportion (54.0%), three different circRNAs accounting for 18.1%, four for 8.0%, five for 5.5%, and the rest of the genes possessed at least six circRNAs (Fig 2B and S2 Table). Among these alternative circularization events, one parent gene possessed the most 32 circRNAs based on annotated information. Examples of alternative circularization are shown in S2A Fig. Obviously, circRNAs comprise single or multiple exons with or without known exon boundaries from the same gene.Most circRNA junctions (1431/1768) were identified from unannotated exon boundaries, and 247 circRNAs with one known boundary (S2 Table). As a result, ubiquitous alternative circularization increased the complexity of circRNAs in Z. mays.
Conservation of circRNAs between maize and other species
To evaluate circRNA conservation among different species, we firstly compared circRNAs in Z. mays with circRNAs in O. Sativa and A. thaliana [15]. 291 orthologous gene pairs were found in parent genes of circRNA, and a total of 232 circRNAs were found conserved between Z. mays and O. sativa (Fig 2C and S3A Table), which comprised 14.5% circRNAs parent genes in Z. mays higher than the proportion in O. sativa (12.2%) in a previous publication [15]. For parent genes in Z. mays and A. thaliana, 109 orthologous gene pairs were found, and a total of 122 circRNAs were conserved between Z. mays and A. Thaliana. In addition, the ratio of orthologous genes to the total parent genes (10.9%) in Z. mays was slightly lower than that in A. thaliana (14.5%) [15] (S2B Fig and S3B Table). When merging the conservation information of maize circRNAs in the above two parts, totally 307 conserved maize circRNAs can be identified, in which 47 circRNAs are conserved among maize, rice and arabidopsis. In addition, when comparing maize circRNAs with published circRNAs from tomato and soybean [27, 39], 115 and 149 maize circRNAs are conserved, respectively (S3C and S3D Table).
Validation of circular RNAs in maize
To confirm our identification of maize circRNAs, twelve randomly selected circRNAs from the highly expressed maize circRNAs were used in experimental validation. Divergent primers (S4 Table) were firstly designed for each circRNA, then reverse transcription PCR were used to amplify both cDNA and genomic DNA, respectively. Theoretically, it was expected that positive and negative results of amplification would be obtained for cDNA and genomic DNA, respectively. As a control, convergent primers were also designed for each circRNA and used to amplify the linear mRNAs in verification. The amplified PCR products using divergent primers were sequenced to confirm the presence of the back spliced junctions of circRNAs. As a result, 8 of the 12 circRNAs were validated (Fig 3).
Validation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) by PCR amplifications with divergent primers in maize. (A) Divergent and convergent primers for amplification of circRNA and linear RNA are shown in a model, respectively. (B) A set of divergent primers (black back-to-back triangle pairs) successfully amplified eight circRNAs in cDNA. A set of convergent primers (black opposing triangle pairs) could work on both cDNA and genomic DNA. Note: 1: seedling_test_circ_000962, 2: seedling_test_circ_001425, 3: seedling_test_ circ_000119, 4: seedlingd_test_circ_002114, 5: Actin, 6: seedlingc_test_circ_000623, 7: seedlingd_ test_circ_000813, 8: seedling_test_circ_001637, 9: control_test_circ_004099.
Expression pattern of maize circRNAs
Twenty-one samples from five resources (see Data sets in Materials and Methods) were used to measure the expression abundance of the circular RNAs. The result of two different measurements both showed that expression levels of maize circRNAs were primarily concentrated in 0–0.5 ratio or RPM bin (Fig 4A and S3 Fig). Apparently, the quantitative distribution of circRNAs in the various intervals was more dispersed than the distribution of their parent genes (Fig 4A and S3 Fig). Interestingly, the number of circRNAs with outstanding expression level in the sample of heat was more than other conditions (Fig 4B). Additionally, the Pearson correlation coefficient values were calculated to examine whether the circRNAs were capable of regulating the expression of their parent genes as reported in animals [40, 41]. We found 496 significantly positively correlated pairs amongst 1818 total pairs of circRNAs and their parent genes (FDR < 0.05), suggesting their correlation for gene expression regulation (S5 Table).
(A) Expression level of circRNAs in different scopes. CircRNAs were usually expressed at lower levels, which may explain their difficult detection because they lack a poly(A) tail. ctrl and dr indicate control and drought, respectively. (B) The degree of circRNA expression under five different treatments was shown by heatmap. More circRNAs were present under heat stress. (C) Pie chart with rainbow colours showing the ratio of circRNAs possessing tissue-specific expression in 10 different tissues. (D) Tendency for differential expression of circRNAs and the overlapping genes was plotted using fold changes between the drought and control in root as the standard. The number of both differentially expression circRNAs and genes is marked.
To investigate whether circRNAs have tissue/developmental stage-specific expression patterns [2, 13], transcriptome data from 10 tissues containing 21 samples were used to calculate the tissue-specific expression levels. The results showed that half of the circRNAs possessed tissue-specific expression characteristics with a tissue-specific index greater than 0.9. The number of these circRNAs (1782) with tissue-specific expression was similar in all tissues with the exception of the embryo sac (Fig 4C and S3C Fig). Most circRNAs (1537) were expressed in single tissue, although a few circRNAs (13) were commonly expressed in all 10 tissues. The tissue-specific expression patterns of the circRNAs indicated that they might have specific spatial functions.
To examine the differential expression levels of the circRNAs, we compared the expression profiles of circRNAs and genes under control and stress conditions in the different transcriptome data groups. We found that 149 circRNAs were differentially expressed, of which 88 and 91 were up-regulated and down-regulated under heat or cold in seedling, and under drought in stem, leaf, or root, respectively (Table 2). CircRNAs were inclined to be up-regulated or down-regulated with their parent genes simultaneously, except few circRNAs with reverse patterns comparing with their parent genes (Fig 4D and S3 Fig).
Possible functions of circRNAs
Function of circRNAs originated from protein-coding genes.
As circRNAs have similar or reverse expression pattern with their parent protein-coding genes, we first performed an enrichment analysis for their parent genes to indirectly infer circRNAs' roles in maize. We found that 1821 of 3715 circRNAs enriched in 1127 parent genes (S6A Table). The GO enrichment analysis showed that parent genes of these circRNAs were primarily associated with cytoplasm or cytoplasmic parts and two other cellular components (plastid and thylakoid). They are also involved in most of molecular functions including catalytic activity, different enzyme activities (lyase, transferase and methyltransferase) and binding to unfolded proteins and ions. In addition, the parent genes were associated with diverse biological processes, such as response to stress, photosynthesis, and protein folding (S4 Fig). The KEGG results further showed that circRNAs' parent genes were primarily related to the metabolism of some biomacromolecules (carbon metabolism, pruvate metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, starch and sucrose metabolism, etc), carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, photosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, etc (S6B Table).
circRNAs acting as miRNA decoys.
In order to investigate the function of circRNAs as miRNA decoys in maize, we firstly identified 346 circRNAs which can act as miRNA decoys based on previous methods [42, 43]. Then genome-wide miRNA-circRNA-mRNA networks were constructed to investigate the functions of circRNAs acting as miRNA decoys. The networks were composed of 5269 nodes and 6861 edges; the nodes included 144 miRNAs, 346 circRNAs and 4779 mRNAs (S4 Fig). There were 1314 interactions between these 144 miRNAs and 346 circRNAs acting as miRNA decoys (Fig 5A and S7 Table). We found that the majority of subnets are interconnected in the global regulatory networks (Fig 5B). Interestingly, there were no separate sub-networks between the circRNAs and miRNAs in the miRNA-circRNA-mRNA networks as described above (S4 Fig).
(A) Binding sites between a circRNA and the corresponding miRNA. (B) The circRNA-miRNA regulatory network. The single network was marked by orange circle. Representative single network were extracted from the integral network. Pink nodes represent circRNAs and blue nodes represent miRNAs. The edges represent connected nodes that exist as a correlation.
Based on the ceRNA hypothesis [44], the function of circRNAs acting as miRNA decoys can be inferred from mRNAs which are in the same subnets with circRNAs. Totally we inferred the functions of 346 circRNAs via 4779 mRNAs (Fig 6). The GO enrichment and functional analysis of the mRNAs suggested that these 346 circRNAs might participate in diverse biological processes, such as multiple metabolic processes, cellular processes, and single organism processes. These circRNAs could also be involved in the formation of cells or cell parts, cytoplasm or cytoplasmic parts, intracellular or intracellular parts and some organelles. Moreover, these circRNAs might modulate the effects of multiple molecular functions, including binding, catalytic activity, oxidoreductase activity, and transmembrane transporter activity (S8A Table). Several pathways about energy metabolism were found, like biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, carbon fixation pathways, nitrogen metabolism, starch and surcrose metabolism, and photosynthesis, etc, showing that circRNAs play important roles in plant yield (S8B Table).
The GO terms containing BP (biological processes), MF (molecular functions) and CC (cell components). The GO annotation is presented on the x-axis legend and the percentage of genes on the y-axis legend (Fisher’s test, FDR < 0.05).
Discussion
At present, the exploration of circRNA is particularly scarce in plants compared to animals. To date, circRNAs studies in plant species have been confined to several model plants. In this article, 3715 unique circRNAs were identified systematically, which can be classified into three different groups. Then the functional analysis of circRNAs was conducted and our results provide a basis for subsequent researches.
Identification and expression of maize circRNAs
Maize circRNAs were identified by a widely used tool find_circ in our study, and the total number of circRNAs in maize was relatively lower compared to the circRNAs identified in O. sativa and A. thaliana (3,715 vs. 6,012 and 12,037, respectively), which may be due to our strict standard [15]. Consistent with circRNAs type of the highest proportion in O. sativa and A. thaliana (50.5%, 85.7%, respectively) [15], exonic circRNAs also showed the highest proportion in maize (54%). By comparing circRNAs in different species, it showed that some circRNAs are conserved across species, for example, there are 273 circRNAs conserved between maize and rice [15, 27, 39]. Similar with that of O. sativa, A. thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, and Glycine max L. Merr [15, 27, 39], some maize circRNAs showed stress-specific and tissue-specific expression patterns, which indicate that maize circRNAs may be involved in the diverse biological functions.
The potential function of circRNAs
To date, the functions of circRNAs are largely unknown. By using our developed methods, the function of circRNAs can be inferred. To investigate whether circRNAs acted as miRNA decoys in maize, the method used in our previous reports was used to identify circRNAs as miRNA decoys [43]. Overall, 346 unique circRNAs out of 2007 exonic circRNAs were potential decoys for 144 unique miRNAs. Interestingly, when compared circRNAs as miRNA decoys with our previous results (lincRNAs as miRNAs decoys) [43], we found that the ratio of circRNAs as miRNA decoys was higher than that of lincRNAs as miRNA decoys, which may imply their different roles in regulating gene expression.
In addition, the function of circRNAs was further predicted based on the ceRNA hypothesis and GO analysis. By comparing the potential function of the circRNAs from the parent gene and acting as miRNA decoys, the GO items (53) of the circRNAs as miRNA decoys more than the items (14) of circRNAs from the parent gene. But the functional prediction results of circRNAs from this two parts were consistent in several aspects, such as components of cytoplasmic, catalytic and binding activity, response to stress and intracellular metabolic processes. Several pathway refer to energy transformation (carbon fixation pathways, starch and surcrose metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and photosynthesis) suggests circRNAs may contribute to crop products. Therefore, these results further prove that circRNAs could participate in a variety of biological processes, constitute different cell components and exert a variety of molecular functions.
Although the results of circRNAs' functional prediction and expression profiling in this paper show that maize circRNAs may be involved in a variety of metabolic processes and stresses in plants, the function of plant circRNAs need to be further validated.
Conclusions
This study found 3715 unique circRNAs in maize across different experiments by employing a computational pipeline for the genome-wide identification of circRNAs. Furthermore, the property of circRNAs, patterns of differential expression and tissue-specific expression are investigated. Finally, possible functions of circRNAs are inferred by two different methods. Our method and results provide an in-depth analysis of maize circRNAs and can be expanded to more plant species. In addition, future experimental studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms and functions of circRNAs in plants.
Materials and methods
Data sets
The Zea mays genomes and gene annotation files were downloaded from Phytozome v9.0 (http://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html). Transcriptome data were collected from 5 resources, including 21 samples. They were downloaded from NCBI under accession number SRP006965 (seedling; pollen; ovule; embryo sac), SRP011480 (ear; root; shoot; tassel), SRP041183 (cold; control; heat; salt; UV), SRP052520 (seeding_control; seeding_drought) and SRP061631 (leaf_control; leaf_drought; root_control; root_drought; stem_control; stem_drought) (Table 1), respectively. The repetitive sequence data were downloaded from the Plant Repeats Database (http://plantrepeats.plantbiology. msu.edu/downloads.html). Bioinformatics tool find_circ used to identify maize circRNAs was downloaded from https://github.com/marvin-jens/find_circ.
Computational identification and characteristics of circRNAs
The algorithm find_circ [2] was mainly used to predict circRNAs in our study. Generally, the main pipelines are as follows. Transcriptome data were transferred to the computational method (find_circ) to identify circRNAs in the genome. Concisely, all reads were mapped to the reference genome by Bowtie2 (v2.1.0)[45]. Then, 20 nucleotide sequences from both ends of the unmapped reads were aligned independently to the reference genome to find unique anchor positions. The anchors located in genomes with a reversed orientation from the initial order in the reads were regarded as circRNA splicing events. The GU/AG splice sites should be satisfied when the splicing event occurs around a breakpoint. The following additional filters were used: not less than two junction reads to support the circRNA splicing and no more than a 100 kb splicing distance in the genome. In-house perl scripts were used to analyze the characteristics of maize circRNAs.
Conservation analysis of circRNAs
To explore circRNA conservation, circRNA candidates predicted as exonic circRNAs were selected in Z. mays, A. thaliana and O. sativa [15]. To determine the orthologous gene pairs between species, Z. mays protein sequences were blasted against with A. thaliana and and O. sativa protein sequences (BlastP in BLAST+, v2.2.26, E < 1e-10), and the best paired genes were selected as orthologs by using our in-house Perl scripts. Then circRNAs from orthologous parental genes in both species were reanalyzed and regarded as conserved circRNAs by using BLAST (BLAST+, v2.2.26). Another two species, S. lycopersicum and G. max were analyzed with the same method [15, 27]. The alignment programme mVISTA was used to globally align DNA sequences to allow identification of sequence similarities and differences (P < 0.05).
Validation of maize circRNAs
Maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings were first grown for 2-week-old in the greenhouse (30/22°C of day/night temperature, a 16–h light/8–h dark cycle). Total RNA was isolated from leaves of the maize seedlings using TRIzol reagent (Ambion) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Partial total RNA samples were treated for 15 min at 37°C with 3 units μg−1 of RNase R (Epicentre). RNase R could digest essentially linear RNAs. First-strand cDNA was synthesized from untreated and RNase R-treated total RNA using the iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad) respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers (divergent and convergent) were designed for circRNA validation (S4 Table). The reagent 2 × Taq Master Mix (Vazyme, Nanjing, CN) was used for cDNA and gDNA amplification. PCR amplification conditions were as follows: 5 min pre-denaturation at 94°C; 34 cycles of 30 s denaturing at 94°C, 40 s annealing at the suitable temperature according to the primers, 30 s extension at 72°C; 10 min extension at 72°C. Then, Sanger sequencing was performed on all PCR products.
Expression analysis of circRNAs and their parent genes
The expression level of each circRNA was evaluated by ratio of circular-to-linear and junction read counts (RPM) [4, 36]. The expression levels of the corresponding mRNAs were determined by RPKM values (reads per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads in the sample). The circRNAs were classified into five levels: 0–0.5, 0.5–1, 1–5, 5–10, and >10. The parent genes were classified as 0–50, 50–100, 100–500, 500–2000, and >2000. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the coexpression of circRNAs and their parent genes.
The degree of tissue specificity for circRNAs was evaluated with a tissue-specific index that ranged from 0 to 1 [46]. The , in which n is the number of tissues, expi is the expression value of each circRNA in tissue i, and expmax is the maximum expression value of each circRNA or linear gene among 10 selected tissues. The circRNAs with an index greater than 0.9 were deemed as exhibit specific expression in one tissue. EdgeR from R packages was used to identify differential expressed circRNAs with FDR (p-adjust value) less than 0.05 and fold change > 2 or < 0.5 [47].
Function predictions of circRNAs in maize
Functional analysis of circRNAs origined from protein-coding genes.
To explore whether circRNAs were generated from parent genes with special functions, the protein sequences of the parent genes corresponding to the circRNAs were firstly blasted against the nr database, then GO enrichment analyses were performed for the parent genes generating circRNAs by using Blast2GO with Fisher's exact test (FDR < 0.05)[48]. KEGG enrichment analyses were conducted by using KOBAS3.0 with hypergeometric test and FDR < 0.05 [49].
Funcational analysis of circRNAs acting as miRNA decoys.
To test whether circRNAs could act as miRNA decoys, 203 sequences of plant miRNAs downloaded from miRBase (http://mirbase.org/) were aligned to the circRNA candidate sequences using GSTAr.pl (https://github.com/MikeAxtell/GSTAr). The method used to predict miRNA decoys from circRNAs was built from previous reports [42, 43]. The general criteria were as follows: 1) one to six mismatched or inserted bases were allowed between the ninth to twentieth nucleotides from the miRNA 5' end; 2) the position from the second to the eighth nucleotide of the 5' end of the miRNA sequence was requested to have perfect matching; 3) no more than 4 mismatches or indels were allowed in other regions.
We also constructed and visualized the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network by integrating miRNAs, circRNAs acting as miRNA decoys and mRNAs acting as miRNA targets [43]. The functions of the circRNAs acting as miRNA decoys were speculated based on the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks according to the ceRNA hypothesis and GO analysis. The IDs of all listed mRNAs connected with circRNAs acting as miRNA decoys were firstly submitted to Blast2GO, then conduct the GO enrichment analysis using Fisher’s exact test (FDR < 0.05).
Supporting information
S1 Fig. Workflow used to predict circRNAs.
Schematic diagram for the prediction of circRNAs in accordance with the method in a previous report.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375.s001
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S2 Fig. Alternative circularization and conservation.
(A) Example of single and multiple circularized exon and type of alternative circularization. Backspliced reads are marked. Orange rectangles: exons in transcripts; yellow rectangles: exons in another transcript derived from the same gene in the third example. Black line at the exon boundaries: backsplice site overlapped with known exon boundaries; red line: novel splice site. Absolute green arrows: backsplice using both annotated splice sites; green arrows with a blue rim: backsplice using two annotated splice sites from different transcripts; blue arrows: backsplice using no known exon boundaries. (B) Another example of sequence conservation analysis of circRNAs between A. thaliana and Z. mays. The label is the same as Fig 2C.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375.s002
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S3 Fig. Expression profiling of circRNAs and their parent genes.
Related to Fig 3. (A) Expression level of circRNAs measured by the ratio of circular to linear in different scopes. (B) Expression level of parent genes overlapped with circRNAs in different ranges. (C) Heatmap of circRNAs with tissue-specific expression. (D) Differential expression of circRNAs and their parent genes under heat conditions in the seedlings.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375.s003
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S4 Fig. Functional analysis of circRNAs.
(A) Enrichment analysis for genes overlapped with circRNAs that were significant (Fisher’s test, FDR < 0.05). The x- and y-axes are the same as Fig 5. (B) Genome-wide miRNA-regulated networks. Pink nodes: circRNAs; blue nodes: miRNAs; green nodes: mRNAs. Grey edges: correlations.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375.s004
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S1 Table. Prediction of circRNAs from various transcriptome data sets in Z. mays.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375.s005
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S2 Table. Alternative circularization phenomenon and whether the backsplice site is annotated.
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S3 Table. Result of Conservation analysis.
(A) Result of Conservation analysis between maize and rice. (B) Result of Conservation analysis between maize and Arabidopsis Thaliana. (C) Result of Conservation analysis between maize and Soybean. (D) Result of Conservation analysis between maize and tomato.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375.s007
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S4 Table. Primers used to validate maize circRNAs.
(A) Divergent primers for validation of candidate circRNAs. (B) Convergent primers for validation of candidate circRNAs.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375.s008
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S5 Table. Correlation of circRNAs and their corresponding parent genes.
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S6 Table. Functional prediction of circRNAs originated from protein-coding genes indirectly.
(A) CircRNAs and the function of their parent genes. (B) Enrichment of pathway analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375.s010
(XLS)
S7 Table. List of circRNAs acting as miRNA decoys.
miRNA were listed in the first column. CircRNA in the second column acting as the miRNA decoys. The following columns mean the starting and terminating sites between circRNA and miRNA, MFE of a perfectly matched site, MFE of the alignments, MFEsite/MFEperfect, respectively. MFE: minimum free energy.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375.s011
(XLS)
S8 Table. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis of circRNAs acting as miRNA decoys based on ceRNA hypothesis.
(A) Enrichment of Gene Ontology analysis. (B) Enrichment of pathway analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202375.s012
(XLS)
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