http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8776-0421
Figures
Abstract
Objective
Determine in a cohort of patients with normal hearing and chronic tinnitus if self-reported history for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction and a positive modulation of tinnitus in the TMJ region could be suggestive of an underlying TMJ disorder.
Patients and methods
The study included 226 patients presenting to the Head and Neck Service of our University Hospital. Following audiological and somatic tinnitus evaluation, patients were divided into two groups. The study group (n = 134) included subjects that met both the following criteria: A) a self-reported history for TMJ dysfunction and B) a positive modulation of tinnitus following somatic maneuvers in the TMJ region. The control group (n = 92) included patients with similar demographic and tinnitus characteristics that did not meet the proposed criteria for somatic tinnitus. Afterwards, patients underwent clinical TMJ evaluation in the Service of Clinical Gnathology of our University.
Results
One hundred thirty-one patients (57.9%) received a clinical diagnosis of TMJ disorder according to DC/TMD Axis I; 79.1% in the study group and 27.2% in the control group. Ninety-five (42.1%) patients were negative for TMJ disorders; 20.9% in the study group and 72.8% in the control group. A significantly higher number of TMJ disorders was found in patients in the study group compared to the control group (p<0.0001). Most patients had joint disorders (67.2%), followed by other (29.8%) and pain disorders (29%). Logistic regression analysis in the study group showed that female gender was more prevalent in patients with TMJ disorders.
Citation: Ralli M, Greco A, Boccassini A, Altissimi G, Di Paolo C, Falasca V, et al. (2018) Subtyping patients with somatic tinnitus: Modulation of tinnitus and history for somatic dysfunction help identify tinnitus patients with temporomandibular joint disorders. PLoS ONE 13(8): e0202050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202050
Editor: Berthold Langguth, University of Regensburg, GERMANY
Received: May 2, 2018; Accepted: July 26, 2018; Published: August 13, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Ralli et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Additional supporting data have been uploaded to figshare with the following DOIs: Supporting Data 1. Raw data for study PONE-D-18-13179: Study Group Demographics; Study Group Tinnitus Characteristics; Study Group Questionnaires Results; Study Group TMD Diagnosis. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6823115.v2. Supporting Data 2. Raw data for study PONE-D-18-13179: Control Group Demographics; Control Group Tinnitus Characteristics; Control Group Questionnaires Results; Control Group TMD Diagnosis. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6823100.v2. Supporting Data 3. Raw figures used in study PONE-D-18-13179: Figs 1–4. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6823133.v1. Supporting Data 4. Raw tables used in study PONE-D-18-13179: Tables 1–4. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6823124.v1
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist
Introduction
Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound without an accompanying external auditory stimulus. Tinnitus can follow hearing loss, ototoxicity, and psychiatric comorbidity [1–9]. In a portion of patients, tinnitus can be associated to somatic disorders, often in the absence of hearing loss; this is defined as “somatic tinnitus” [10–12]. The most common conditions in somatic tinnitus are temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and head and neck disorders [10, 12–22]. Somatic tinnitus is often underdiagnosed [23, 24].
Patients with somatic tinnitus can benefit from specific treatments of the associated somatic disorder [25–32]; however, it is still unclear from the literature if there are specific characteristics that could help selecting patients with somatic tinnitus [15, 19, 23, 24, 33, 34].
Tinnitus modulation by movements of the head and neck, limbs and eyes following interactions between the auditory and the somatosensory systems has been proposed as a possible indicator for somatic tinnitus [11, 12, 17–19, 35, 36]. Tinnitus modulation has been largely reported in different patient series with an incidence ranging between 65.3% and 83.3% [14–16, 18, 24, 37]; however, although modulation appears to be increased in patients with somatic tinnitus [17, 20, 24–26, 38, 39], the capability to modulate tinnitus itself may not indicate the presence of an underlying somatic disorder and therefore should not be used as the sole indicator for the somatic origin of tinnitus [19].
In a recent study from our group, we proposed that the correlation between a positive self-reported history for a somatic dysfunction and positive tinnitus modulation in the same region could be suggestive of a somatic disorder underlying tinnitus [13]. The aim of this study is to further investigate this hypothesis evaluating the presence of clinically diagnosed TMJ disorders in tinnitus patients with a self-reported history for TMJ dysfunction and a positive modulation of tinnitus in the TMJ region (study group) compared with patients not matching these criteria (control group).
Materials and methods
Participants
This study was conducted in 226 patients with normal hearing and chronic tinnitus recruited among those presenting to the Head and Neck Service of our University Hospital (Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University Rome, Italy) between January 2016 and June 2017 with tinnitus as their chief compliant.
Clinically normal hearing was defined as an individual hearing threshold ≤25 dB HL at frequencies from 250 to 4,000 Hz at the octave scale in both ears according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology and American Council of Otolaryngology [40]. Chronic tinnitus was defined as continuous tinnitus lasting for more than 12 months at the time of the examination.
Exclusion criteria were pulsatile tinnitus, history of acoustic trauma, middle or inner-ear disease (e.g., otosclerosis, chronic suppurative otitis media or endolymphatic hydrops), significant interaural hearing asymmetry, retrocochlear disease, previous ear surgery, concurrent medical treatment for tinnitus except for antioxidant drugs.
All patients underwent audiological and somatic tinnitus evaluation in the Tinnitus Unit of the Department of Sense Organs. Following audiological and somatic evaluation, patients were divided into two groups. The study group (n = 134) included subjects that met both the following criteria: A) a self-reported history for TMJ dysfunction and B) a positive modulation of tinnitus following somatic maneuvers in the TMJ region. The control group (n = 92) included patients with similar demographic (age, gender) and tinnitus (length, side) characteristics that did not meet the proposed criteria for somatic tinnitus. Afterwards, patients underwent clinical TMJ evaluation in the Service of Clinical Gnathology of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences.
Patients signed a written informed consent; the procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the ethics committee on human experimentation of the Department of Sense Organs of the Sapienza University of Rome, that specifically approved this study, and with the Helsinki Declaration.
Audiological evaluation
Patients underwent anamnestic evaluation, a full otolaryngology examination and audiological test battery including pure tone audiometry (PTA) and acoustic immittance test. PTA was measured at frequencies of 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz; hearing was considered symmetrical if thresholds for each ear occurred within 10dB of each other. Tinnitus side, pitch, and loudness were tracked for each patient; characteristics included tinnitus side (unilateral or bilateral) and tinnitus description from a predefined set of possibilities including “buzzing”, “whistle”, “high-pitched”, “low-pitched” and “other”. All subjects were asked to complete the Italian versions of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) [41], Hearing Handicap Inventory (HHI) [42], the Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ) [43], and the Geräuschüberempfindlichkeit Questionnaire (GUF) [44].
Somatic tinnitus evaluation
Somatic tinnitus evaluation included anamnestic investigation of self-reported history for TMJ dysfunction and assessment of tinnitus modulation.
Self-reported history for TMJ dysfunction was considered positive if the patient reported one or more of the following events occurring before the onset of tinnitus: 1) head trauma involving TMJ region; 2) intensive manipulation of teeth or jaw; 3) recurrent pain episodes in the TMJ region; 4) increase of both TMJ pain and tinnitus at the same time; and 5) intense periods of bruxism during day or night [23].
Tinnitus modulation assessment was performed as previously described [13, 15]. Five somatic TMJ maneuvers were performed to elicit changes in tinnitus loudness modulation (increase/decrease). Patients were asked to perform a specific movement or to resist pressure applied by the examiner against the jaw. Each contraction was held for 10 seconds. Maneuvers were performed in the same order for each patient. If the assessment resulted in positive tinnitus modulation, the examiner waited for tinnitus to return to baseline levels before proceeding with another maneuver. Tinnitus modulation was considered present when the patient reported tinnitus modulation following at least one somatic maneuver. Maneuvers used for somatic testing in the present study are detailed in Table 1.
Temporomandibular joint evaluation
TMJ was evaluated by a specialized dentist according to Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis I (DC/TMD), the most commonly used diagnostic criteria for TMJ disorder evaluation characterized by simple, reliable, and valid operational definitions for the history, examination, and imaging procedures needed to render physical diagnoses in both clinical and research settings [45]. Patients were studied using clinical, anamnestic, and instrumental protocols to evaluate the presence and the stage of their dysfunctional pathology and/or the presence of any structural deterioration of osteoarticular and muscular components, fulfilling the diagnostic research criteria for TMJ disorders. Physical examination of the TMJ and head and neck muscles was performed. Diagnostic imaging included orthopanoramic and skull radiographs in all patients.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using Prism GraphPad v7. Descriptive statistics, mean, and standard deviation were calculated for numeric variables; frequency and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. Unpaired t test was used to evaluate differences between patients in the two groups for numeric variables. Chi-square test of association was performed to assess association between two categorical variables. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify the variables associated with TMJ disorders. The p-value for assessing statistical significance was an alpha of 0.05.
Results
Demographic and audiological characteristics
Two hundred twenty-six patients were enrolled in the study; 134 were included in the study group and 92 in the control group. One hundred twenty-eight patients were males (56.6%) and 98 were females (43.4%). Study workflow is shown in Fig 1.
A total of 226 patients with clinically normal hearing and chronic tinnitus were enrolled in the study and underwent audiological and somatic evaluation. Patients were divided into a study group (n = 134) and a control group (n = 92) based on self-reported history of temporomandibular (TMJ) dysfunction and positive somatic modulation of tinnitus following somatic maneuvers in the TMJ region. Afterwards, all patients underwent gnathological evaluation to assess the presence of clinically diagnosed TMJ disorders according to Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) Axis I. PTA: Pure Tone Audiometry; IT: Immittance Test; THI: Tinnitus Handicap Inventory; HHI: Hearing Handicap Inventory; HQ: Hyperacusis Questionnaire; GUF: Geräuschüberempfindlichkeit Questionnaire.
In the study group, 78 (58.2%) were males, and 56 (41.8%) were females. Mean age was 48.5 years (range: 15–79 years, SD = 14.1). Average PTA thresholds were 16.8 dB HL (0.125–2 kHz), 20.4 dB HL (2–4 kHz), and 26.6 (4–8 kHz) with no significant interaural asymmetries. The average duration of tinnitus at the time of the first admission was 4.9 years (SD = 6.6). Tinnitus was bilateral in 75 patients (55.9%) and unilateral in 59 (44.1%). Tinnitus was described by patients as “high-pitch” in 43 patients (32.1%), “low-pitch” in 35 (26.1%), “whistle” in 32 (23.9%), “buzzing” in 14 (10.4%), and “other” in 10 (7.5%). Mean THI score was 46.9 (SD = 20.8), mean HHI was 15.1 (SD = 17.1), mean HQ was 14.2 (SD = 7.8) and mean GUF score was 10.2 (SD = 7.2).
In the control group, 50 (54.3%) were males, and 42 (45.7%) were females. Mean age was 45.9 years (range: 19–84 years, SD = 13.6). Average PTA thresholds were 14.9 dB HL (0.125–2 kHz), 19.8 dB HL (2–4 kHz), and 27.1 (4–8 kHz) with no significant interaural asymmetries. The average duration of tinnitus at the time of the first admission was 4.5 years (SD = 5.6). Tinnitus was bilateral in 51.1% of cases and unilateral in 48.9%. Tinnitus was described as “high-pitch” in 10.9%, “low-pitch” in 16.3%, “whistle” in 36.9%, “buzzing” in 26.1%, and “other” in 9.8% of cases. Mean THI score was 27.5 (SD = 20.1), mean HHI was 10.1 (SD = 7.3), mean HQ was 13.1 (SD = 10.6) and mean GUF score was 8.6 (SD = 6.7).
No significant differences between groups were found for age (p = 0.1639), gender (p = 0.5670), tinnitus length (p = 0.6225), laterality (p = 0.4715), HQ (p = 0.4017) and GUF (p = 0.0992). A significant difference was found for the THI (p<0.0001) and HHI (p = 0.0084) questionnaire scores. Demographic and tinnitus characteristics and questionnaire results are presented in Table 2.
Clinical diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders
One hundred thirty-one patients (57.9%) received a clinical diagnosis of TMJ disorder according to DC/TMD Axis I; 106/131 (79.1%) were in the study group and 25/131 (27.2%) in the control group. Ninety-five (42.1%) patients were negative for TMJ disorders; 28/95 (20.9%) in the study group and 67/95 (72.8%) in the control group. The difference between the study and control groups was statistically significant (p<0.0001) (Fig 2).
Diagnosis of TMJ disorders according to Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) Axis I in patients in the study and control groups. A significantly higher number of TMJ disorders was found in patients in the study group compared to the control group (p<0.0001).
Among patients with a TMJ disorder diagnosis, 69 (52.7%) were males and 62 (47.3%) were females. Mean age was 47.4 years (range: 15–84 years, SD = 14.5). The average duration of tinnitus was 5.2 years (SD = 6.9); tinnitus was bilateral in 53.4% of cases and unilateral in 46.6%. Mean THI score was 43.9 (SD = 22.1), HHI was 14.3 (SD = 15.3), HQ was 14.3 (SD = 8.4) and mean GUF score was 10.2 (SD = 7.1).
Among patients without TMJ disorders, 59 (62.1%) were males and 36 (37.9%) were females. Mean age was 47.5 years (range: 19–74 years, SD = 13.1). The average duration of tinnitus was 4.3 years (SD = 5.4); tinnitus was bilateral in 54.7% of cases and unilateral in 45.3%. Mean THI score was 32.3 (SD = 21.6), HHI was 11.4 (SD = 12.3), HQ was 12.9 (SD = 9.8) and GUF was 8.5 (SD = 6.7).
No significant differences were found between patients with and without a diagnosis of TMJ disorder for age (p = 0.9432), gender (p = 0.0929), tinnitus length (p = 0.2524), laterality (p = 0.6443), HHI (p = 0.1295), HQ (p = 0.2431) and GUF (p = 0.0625). A significant difference was found only for the THI (p = 0.0001) questionnaire.
When comparing patients with and without TMJ disorders within the study and control groups, a higher prevalence of the female gender was found in patients with a diagnosis of TMJ disorders in the study group (48.1% vs 17.8%) (p = 0.0037), while no significant differences for age (p = 0.4360), tinnitus length (p = 0.9629), and laterality (p = 0.8893) were found. Similarly, self-administered questionnaire scores did not differ. No significant differences for demographic and tinnitus characteristics and questionnaire scores were found between patients with and without TMJ disorders in the control group. Detailed results are presented in Table 3.
Relative proportions for gender and tinnitus laterality within groups are shown in Fig 3.
Comparison of relative proportion of (A) gender and (B) tinnitus laterality in dependence from a diagnosis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder in the study and control groups.
Logistic regression analysis was performed in the study group to investigate demographic characteristics, tinnitus length, and questionnaire variables associated with a positive diagnosis of TMJ disorder; analysis indicated that male gender was 0.21 times less common in patients with TMJ disorders than in patients without (p = 0.01, CI 0.07–0.65). No differences were seen for age, questionnaire score and tinnitus length (Table 4).
Characteristics of temporomandibular joint disorders according to DC/TMD classification
TMJ disorders were classified according to DC/TMD Axis I classification. Results are shown in Fig 4.
(A) Distribution of items: most patients had joint disorders (67.2%), followed by other (29.8%) and pain disorders (29%). (B) Number of items per patient: most patients (81.6%) had only one clinical examination item; two or three concomitant items were found in 18.4% of patients. No significant differences were found between patients in the study and control groups.
Among patients with TMJ disorders, 88 patients (67.2%) had a diagnosis of joint disorder (disc displacement with/without reduction; degenerative joint disease; subluxation), 38 (29%) of pain disorder (myalgia; myofascial pain; arthralgia; headache attributed to TMJ disorders) and 39 (29.8%) were classified as “other” (malocclusion; parafunctional habits). One hundred seven patients (81.6%) had only one clinical examination item (joint OR pain OR other), 13 (9.9%) had two concomitant items (joint and pain disorders in 6 cases, joint and other disorders in 5 cases and pain and other disorders in 5 cases) and 11 (8.5%) had all three items. No significant differences were found between patients in the study and control groups for TMJ disorder type and number of concomitant clinical examination items.
Discussion
Clinical diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders in our sample
The present study evaluated the presence of TMJ disorders in tinnitus patients with normal hearing matching the criteria proposed by the authors for somatic tinnitus compared to a sample of patients with similar demographic and tinnitus characteristics that did not match such criteria. TMJ disorders were diagnosed according to standardized diagnostic criteria. A significantly larger number of patients in the study group received a clinical diagnosis of TMJ disorder compared to the control group. These results suggest that history and modulation of tinnitus, when occurring simultaneously in the TMJ region, may have a role for the preliminary selection of tinnitus patients that are more likely to have a TMJ somatic disorder, although an association between somatic disorders and pure somatic origin of tinnitus in these patients cannot be confirmed by the present data. Our findings are also supported by the prevalent theories in the current literature [20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 37].
Characteristics of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders
About 70% of the patients with a clinical diagnosis of TMJ disorder had joint disorders, followed by pain disorders and other disorders of the TMJ. This is consistent with Buergers, who reported that most patients in their sample had joint disorders [27]. Most of the participants had only one clinical examination item, while about 18% exhibited two or more concomitant items. This differs from results presented by Buergers, who found that about 40% of his tinnitus patients had a DC/TMD diagnosis in more than one clinical examination item [25], and Fernandes [46, 47], who reported that tinnitus patients most likely had pain and joint disorders combined.
Logistic regression analysis indicated that female gender was more prevalent in patients with TMJ disorders than in patients without TMJ disorders in the study group; this is consistent with results previously reported by other authors that indicated a higher prevalence of female gender in patients with TMJ disorders [20, 26, 48].
No significant differences were found for tinnitus characteristics, such as pitch and duration, between patients with and without a diagnosis of TMJ disorder. This is consistent with previous findings from Wright et al and Vernon et al [27, 49].
Clinical considerations
The association of tinnitus with somatic disorders has been reported by many authors [26, 28, 37, 38, 47, 50–53]; significant improvements in tinnitus have been described upon somatic treatment in patients with somatic tinnitus [25–32]. A comparison of 16 studies published between 1964 and 2016 on tinnitus changes following TMJ therapy showed that, on average, 69% of patients reported tinnitus improvement or complete resolution after TMJ disorder treatment, while 32% reported no changes [10]. De Felicio [29] reported significant improvements in tinnitus symptoms in patients with TMJ disorders using bite splints for eight weeks; Tullberg [30] reported that 2 years after TMJ disorder treatment with oral splints, 43% of subjects in the treatment group reported a decrease in tinnitus compared to 12% of subjects in the control group. Wright and Bifano [27] reported improvements in tinnitus symptoms in patients who had undergone cognitive therapy, bite splints and home exercises for the treatment of TMJ disorders. Buergers [25] reported improvement of tinnitus after stomatognathic treatment in 11 of 25 participants (44%). Other studies have shown higher percentages of improvement or complete remission of TMJ disorder-related tinnitus after various stomatognathic treatments, ranging from 43% to 86% [31, 32].
The present study shows that a larger number of patients in the study group compared to the control group received a clinical diagnosis of TMJ disorder; however, a direct correlation between the TMJ disorder and tinnitus can be only speculative. Future studies on the effects of specific TMJ therapy in patients selected according to these criteria are necessary to confirm the direct relationship between tinnitus and the underlying TMJ disorder in these patients.
Limits of the study
This study has some limits. The effects of TMJ disorder treatment on tinnitus have not been investigated, as the present study was limited to the diagnosis of TMJ somatic disorders in patients matching the proposed criteria. Although tinnitus improvements in patients with somatic tinnitus have been extensively described after treatment of TMJ disorders by many authors [20, 25–32], a direct correlation between TMJ somatic disorders and tinnitus cannot be proved in enrolled patients with the current study design and further studies are necessary to confirm the validity of the proposed criteria for selection of somatic tinnitus patients.
Hidden and high-frequency hearing loss were not studied in our patients; audiological evaluation investigated frequencies up to 8 kHz and was not extended to higher frequencies. Given the spread of hidden hearing loss among the general population, and especially among tinnitus sufferers [54, 55], the presence of unexplored hidden hearing loss, especially in the 10–16 kHz range, should be considered, and could have played a role in tinnitus onset in our patients.
Conclusions
The significantly higher number of clinically diagnosed TMJ disorders in patients with chronic tinnitus and normal hearing matching the proposed criteria compared to subjects in the control group suggests that self-reported history for somatic dysfunction and modulation of tinnitus, when occurring simultaneously in the TMJ region, can be useful to preliminarily identify patients with TMJ disorders. Given the elevate correlation between somatic disorders and tinnitus reported in the literature, such criteria should always be investigated when approaching tinnitus patients, as they could be relevant for specific tinnitus patient subtyping.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Italian Association for Research on Deafness (AIRS) for support in the management of patients.
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