http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8435-3668
Figures
Abstract
Background and study aims
Detecting esophageal achalasia remains a challenge. We describe the diagnostic utility of corona appearance, a novel endoscopic finding specific to esophageal achalasia.
Patients and methods
Corona appearance and seven conventional endoscopic findings were compared for sensitivity and consistency (κ-value) among 53 untreated esophageal achalasia patients who underwent endoscopy at our hospital. The following criteria had to be met during lower esophageal sphincter examination using the attached ST Hood short-type for positive corona appearance: A) congestion inside the hood, B) ischemic change around the hood, and C) palisade vessels outside the hood.
Results
Corona appearance had the highest sensitivity (91%; κ-value, 0.71). Other findings in descending order of sensitivity included 1) functional stenosis of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ; 86%; κ-value, 0.58), 2) mucosal thickening and whitish change (71%; κ-value, 0.27), 3) abnormal contraction of the esophageal body (59%; κ-value, 0.32), 4) dilation of the esophageal lumen (58%; κ-value, 0.53), 5) liquid remnant (57%; κ-value, 0.51), 6) Wrapping around EGJ (49%; κ-value, 0.14), and 7) food remnant (30%; κ-value, 0.88). Even in 22 patients with poor (grade 1) intraluminal expansion, corona appearance had highest sensitivity (88%) compared to other endoscopic findings (κ-value, 0.63).
Conclusions
Among endoscopic findings using a ST Hood short-type to diagnose esophageal achalasia, corona appearance had the highest sensitivity and its consistency (κ-value) among endoscopists was substantial compared to other endoscopic findings. Similar results were obtained for esophageal achalasia cases with poor expansion. Endoscopic diagnosis of esophageal achalasia with hood attached is useful.
Citation: Shiwaku H, Yamashita K, Ohmiya T, Nimura S, Shiwaku Y, Inoue H, et al. (2018) New endoscopic finding of esophageal achalasia with ST Hood short type: Corona appearance. PLoS ONE 13(7): e0199955. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199955
Editor: John Green, University Hospital Llandough, UNITED KINGDOM
Received: January 9, 2017; Accepted: May 9, 2018; Published: July 31, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Shiwaku et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data is within the manuscript.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Esophageal achalasia is a motility disorder of the esophagus, primarily involving relaxation failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and abnormal contraction of the esophagus body [1]. Until the advent of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), conventional treatment methods for esophageal achalasia included endoscopic balloon dilation and surgery [2–4]. However, POEM, devised by Inoue et al. in 2008, is a procedure by which the treatment of esophageal achalasia was further developed [5]. It is now performed worldwide as an epoch-making treatment of esophageal motility disorders, including esophageal achalasia [6–11]. Although POEM is currently being established as a s1 treatment method for esophageal achalasia, the extent to which esophageal achalasia can be detected remains an important issue. Esophageal manometry is currently the most effective diagnostic method [12, 13]; however, not all institutions have the requisite means to perform it. Furthermore, esophageal manometry is associated with pain, and therefore, it is not appropriate for screening tests. Conversely, endoscopy is a test that is extensively used, which can minimize the pain associated with the examination if performed under intravenous anesthesia. If a diagnostic method could be established for esophageal achalasia with high endoscopic sensitivity, then more esophageal achalasia patients could be identified with less pain. In the present study, we introduce an endoscopy-based diagnostic method with high sensitivity “Corona appearance” using an ST Hood short-type [14].
Materials and methods
Patients
Subjects included 78 achalasia patients who underwent POEM at our institution between March 2014 and December 2015. Esophageal achalasia was diagnosed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy, barium esophagogram, computed tomography (CT), and manometry. Patient details are shown in Table 1. Twenty-five patients who had previously received balloon dilation or surgical myotomy were excluded, and the remaining 53 untreated patients were retrospectively evaluated. This study also included a control group (n = 53; 45 healthy subjects, 5 cases of reflux esophagitis, and 3 cases of eosinophilic esophagitis).
This study was approved by the Ethics committee of Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University (approval number: 2016M052). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and the possibility of using hood was mentioned in the consent form before examination. The study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Endoscopic examination
All patients underwent endoscopy under anesthesia (midazolam/pethidine hydrochloride) without the use of anticholinergic drugs. A GIF-H260 scope was used with an ST Hood short-type (DH-28GR; Fujifilm, Japan) attached in the first esophageal observation [14]. After the endoscope was removed, observations were performed again without the ST Hood short-type.
Conventional endoscopic features
The endoscopic findings evaluated were those described in the Japanese guidelines for esophageal achalasia (2012; Fig 1) [15] and included the following:
(a) functional stenosis of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), (b) wrapping around EGJ, (c) abnormal contraction of the esophageal body, (d) mucosal thickening and whitish change, (e) dilation of the esophageal lumen, (f) liquid remnant, and (g) food remnant.
In the guidelines, (a) and (b) and (f) and (g) are merged. However, in this study, we evaluated each finding to be as accurate as possible.
a: Functional stenosis of the esophagogastric junction. b: Wrapping around the esophagogastric junction. c: Abnormal contraction of the esophageal body. d: Mucosal thickening and whitish change. e: Dilation of the esophageal lumen. f, g: Liquid and/or food remnant.
Corona appearance
Corona appearance (CA) was defined as positive when all of the following three criteria were met upon observation of the LES performed with the attached ST hood short-type: (a) congestion inside the hood, (b) ischemic change around the hood, and (c) palisade vessels outside the hood (Fig 2, Video).
CA was defined as positive when all of the following three criteria were met upon observation of the LES performed with the attached ST Hood short-type: a) Congestion inside the hood, b) ischemic change around the hood, and c) palisade vessels outside the hood.
Evaluation of endoscopic features
Evaluations were performed by three endoscopists, including S with more than 10 years of experience, Y with more than 5 years and less than 10 years, and O with less than 5 years of experience. O was a beginner for the endoscope and his experience of upper endoscopic examination was less than 100 cases. Irrespective of whether the hood was attached or not, the endoscopic findings that could be observed with the highest clarity were given priority and used in the evaluations.
Statistical analysis
The inter-observer agreement levels were analyzed in eight categories using Fleiss’ multiple-rater Kappa analysis. A general consensus scheme for strength of agreement by κ-value was used in the evaluation as follows: 0.2–0.4, fair; 0.4–0.6, moderate; 0.6–0.8, substantial; and 0.8–1, excellent.
Results
Among the endoscopic findings, CA had the highest sensitivity (91%) and a κ-value of 0.71. Other findings in descending order of sensitivity included 1) functional stenosis of EGJ (sensitivity 86%, κ-value 0.58), 2) mucosal thickening and whitish change (sensitivity 71%, κ-value 0.27), 3) abnormal contraction of the esophageal body (sensitivity 59%, κ-value 0.32), 4) dilation of the esophageal lumen (sensitivity 58%, κ-value 0.53), 5) liquid remnant (sensitivity 57%, κ-value 0.51), 6) wrapping around EGJ (sensitivity 49%, κ-value 0.14), and 7) food remnant (sensitivity 30%, κ-value 0.88) (Table 2). Furthermore, on examination of patients with poor intraluminal dilatation (grade I dilatation, 22 patients), we found a CA sensitivity of 88% with a κ-value of 0.63, yielding the highest sensitivity of all the endoscopic findings (Tables 3 and 4). The CA was only observed in patients with achalasia. None of the non-achalasia patients showed positivity for CA, including the cases of reflux esophagitis and eosinophilic esophagitis.
Discussion
Esophageal achalasia is a motility disorder of the esophagus that primarily involves relaxation failure of the LES and abnormal contraction of the esophagus body [1]. Before the introduction of POEM, conventional treatment methods for esophageal achalasia mainly included endoscopic balloon dilation and surgery [2–4]. POEM is a breakthrough treatment devised by Inoue et al. in 2008, who expanded on Heller myotomy to include endoscopic treatment, and can therefore be regarded as “Heller myotomy without injuring the body surface” [5]. POEM is currently being established as a stable treatment method for esophageal achalasia; however, the extent to which esophageal achalasia can be detected is an important clinical task in future.
In the diagnosis of esophageal achalasia, it is of highest importance to check for achalasia on the basis of symptoms (dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain, and weight loss) [16]. In the event that achalasia is suspected on the basis of symptoms, tests such as endoscopy, contrast esophagography, esophageal manometry, and CT should be considered. For the diagnosis of achalasia, esophageal manometry is the most reliable test; however, a hard large catheter is inserted through the nose into the stomach in the conscious state, making the test very painful. Furthermore, although contrast esophagography enables objective evaluation and is thus a useful test, endoscopy is the first test performed in an actual medical setting.
Among the endoscopic findings included in the esophageal achalasia treatment guidelines, functional stenosis of the esophagogastric junction and abnormal contraction of the esophageal body are the findings that reflect the actual state of achalasia, with all other findings being secondary. Furthermore, with regard to abnormal contraction of the esophageal body, it is challenging to objectively evaluate such an abnormality using endoscopy alone.
Therefore, detecting functional stenosis of the esophagogastric junction is very important while diagnosing achalasia endoscopically. Iwakiri et al. reported that rosette-like esophageal folds were observed in the lower esophagus after deep inspiration appeared in 33/34 achalasia patients [17]. This endoscopic finding has high sensitivity but requires a fully conscious state.
The novel method introduced in the present study using a hood can visualize functional stenosis of this lesion more clearly and objectively with high sensitivity and concordance rate. Furthermore, this method can be performed under intravenous anesthesia.
With the attached ST Hood short-type, congestion inside the hood, ischemic change around the hood, and palisade vessels outside the hood can be observed consistently in LES in achalasia patients. We named these findings as CA because of the resemblance to the sun’s corona observed in the event of a total eclipse and examined its diagnostic efficacy (Fig 3). Among the endoscopic findings, CA had the highest sensitivity (91%) and a κ-value of 0.71. Among the current endoscopic findings using the ST Hood short-type, CA had the highest sensitivity with regard to endoscopic diagnosis of esophageal achalasia with a substantial concordance rate.
Source of photo: Nisshoku no subete, chasing shadows, an observer’s guide to solar eclipses, Osamu Ohgoe, Kazuo Shiota, Seibundo Shinkosha Publishing Co., Ltd. Quoted by the permission of Seibundo Shinkosha Publishing Co., Ltd. and Kazuo Shiota provided permission to republish this image under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.
These results therefore suggest that when endoscopically diagnosing esophageal achalasia, observation with an attached ST Hood short-type may be useful for detecting esophageal achalasia. In the actual clinical setting, it is relatively easy to diagnose achalasia with the esophageal diameter expanded. However, it is difficult to diagnose achalasia with poor dilatation by tests, particularly with endoscopy, other than esophageal manometry.
In the present study, even when examining patients with poor intraluminal dilatation (grade I dilatation, 22 patients), we found a CA sensitivity of 88% with a κ-value of 0.63, revealing the highest sensitivity compared with other endoscopic findings. In addition, it appeared that CA is useful for detecting achalasia with poor dilatation.
Unlike esophageal manometry, endoscopy can be performed at any institution. Therefore, institutions that are unable to perform esophageal manometry can perform endoscopy with an ST Hood short-type attached, thus enabling them to detect esophageal achalasia with high sensitivity. Furthermore, the use of a hood enables more detailed observation of the LES, and thus, the presence or absence of comorbidity can be accurately ascertained (Fig 4).
The present study was limited by its retrospective nature and the fact that the study was performed at a single institution with a small population. In future, a prospective study that includes more subjects and considers other endoscopic findings for esophageal achalasia is warranted[18].
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