http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4560-7132
Figures
Abstract
Background
Diuretic response is a strong predictor of outcome for admitted patients of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). However, little is known about the effects of early diuretic response to carperitide.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed records of 85 patients hospitalized for ADHF who received carperitide as initial treatment and <40 mg furosemide during the early period. The eligible patients were divided into good diuretic responder (GR) group and poor diuretic responder (PR) group on the basis of median urinary volume.
Results
The PR group demonstrated older age, lower body mass index (BMI), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, and higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, left ventricular ejection fraction, and β-blockers prescribed at baseline than the GR group. The incidence of worsening renal function (WRF) was significantly higher in the PR group than in the GR group. There was no correlation between early intravenous furosemide dose and urinary volume (Spearman correlation, ρ = 0.111, p = 0.312). Multivariate analysis showed that the statistically significant independent factors associated with poor diuretic response to carperitide were BMI (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68–0.94, p = 0.004) and BUN (OR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.15, p = 0.018). Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated a lower event-free rate in the PR group than in the GR group (log-rank, p = 0.007).
Citation: Okuhara Y, Asakura M, Azuma K, Orihara Y, Nishimura K, Ando T, et al. (2018) Effects of early diuretic response to carperitide in acute decompensated heart failure treatment: A single-center retrospective study. PLoS ONE 13(6): e0199263. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199263
Editor: Yoshiaki Taniyama, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, JAPAN
Received: April 18, 2018; Accepted: June 4, 2018; Published: June 18, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Okuhara et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Diuretic response is a useful marker for management of patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Patients with poor diuretic response have been associated with a higher risk of worse in-hospital outcomes, including worsening renal function (WRF), increase in late mortality, and three-times higher re-hospitalization rates [1]. Poor diuretic response was predicted by lower body mass index (BMI), lower blood pressure (BP), higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, and lower received intravenous diuretic dose [2, 3]. However, almost all patients received intravenous furosemide, and assessment of diuretic response was based on urinary volume or weight loss caused by the intravenous furosemide dose in these registries [3–5].
Carperitide, which is an atrial natriuretic peptide, is recommended in the Japanese Circulation Society guideline for acute heart failure (HF) treatment and is widely used in Japan [6–8]. The acute decompensated HF syndromes (ATTEND) registry, which is the largest HF registry in Japan, revealed that carperitide was used in 69.4% of cases for acute HF treatment during hospitalization [9]. Carperitide induces diuresis and natriuresis by a different mechanism from that by furosemide. However, the diuretic response to carperitide has not been previously reported. The present study aimed to estimate the effects of diuretic response to carperitide.
Methods
Patient eligibility
We retrospectively screened 745 hospitalized patients with acute HF who were admitted to the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine at Hyogo College of Medicine between January 2008 and December 2011. Patients were included if they were ≥20 years old, had greater than or equal to New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II disease, and received carperitide therapy as an initial treatment. We selected 311 consecutive patients who received intravenous carperitide as an initial treatment. Patients were excluded if they had acute coronary syndrome and takotsubo cardiomyopathy; had systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 80 mmHg; had acute pulmonary edema; required renal replacement therapy (RRT), percutaneous cardiopulmonary support, and intra-aortic balloon pumping at admission; required inotropic agents, including catecholamine and phosphodiesterase III inhibitors, at admission; had an early halt to carperitide therapy and early death within 24 h after admission; checked themselves out of the hospital; underwent surgical intervention, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and cardiac resynchronization therapy implantation during hospitalization; underwent catheter interventions, including percutaneous coronary intervention and ablation during hospitalization; suffered from infectious endocarditis; were readmitted for ADHF during the study period; or had no urinary catheter from admission because urinary volume measurement is not reliable without a urinary catheter. In addition, we excluded the patients who used total intravenous furosemide > 40 mg from admission until 24:00 of the next day of hospitalization because of the need to minimize the influence of intravenous furosemide. Consequently, a total of 85 patients were eligible for this study (Fig 1).
PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; IE, infectious endocarditis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pumping; PCPS, percutaneous cardiopulmonary support; UV, urinary volume; GR, good diuretic responder; PR, poor diuretic responder.
Clinical investigations
All data were retrospectively collected from the hospital medical record review. Demographic data, medical histories, laboratory values, echocardiographic findings, and vital signs were collected at admission. Overall treatment strategy, adjustments to carperitide and supplementation of furosemide depending on BP and urinary output were performed at the discretion of the attending physician. All patients were under restricted salt intake (<6 g/day) during hospitalization. The present study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional ethics committee at Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (approval number 2040). Owing to the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived.
Definitions
The early urinary output was defined as urinary output from admission until 24:00 of the next day of hospitalization because our hospital measures urinary volume per day at 24:00. We regarded the period as the early period in this study. The good diuretic responder (GR) group was defined as greater than or equal to the median urinary output / length of the early period (40mL/h), and the poor diuretic responder (PR) group was defined as less than the median urinary output / length of the early period. Oral loop diuretic doses at admission were converted to furosemide equivalents, with 60 mg azosemide = 8 mg torasemide = 40 mg furosemide. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation modified by using a Japanese coefficient: eGFR = 194 × serum creatinine−1.094 × age−0.287 (×0.739 if female) [10]. WRF was defined as a ≥25% decrease in eGFR from the value at admission until any time during the first 14 days after admission [11–13]. The introduction of RRT because of insufficient diuresis was also included as WRF. Hypotension was defined as SBP < 80 mmHg that required fluid loading, vasopressors, or the reduction or discontinuation of carperitide. The composite outcome was defined as all-cause mortality and re-hospitalization for worsening HF at 1 year after discharge.
Statistical analysis
All continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± SD if they fit a normal distribution; alternatively, values are expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables are expressed as the number (%). Parameters that fit a normal distribution were analyzed by using unpaired t-tests. When the data did not fit a normal distribution, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed. Categorical variables were analyzed by performing the chi-square or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate.
Univariate analyses were used to determine factors predictive of PR and were performed on demographic and clinical factors. Factors from the univariate analyses with p ≤ 0.1 were further evaluated in the multivariate logistic model. The relationship between early urinary volume and early furosemide dose was evaluated using the Spearman rank correlation. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to evaluate the significance of composite outcome differences between the two groups. P values were calculated by performing the log-rank test. Results are expressed as odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and p values. A p value < 0.05 was considered as indicating statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed by using JMP version 11.2 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Results
Patient population
As shown in Fig 1, the eligible patients were divided into the GR group (n = 42) and PR group (n = 43) that were based on median urinary volume (40.0 mL/h). Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. The PR group demonstrated older age, lower BMI, lower eGFR, higher BUN level, higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and higher prescription of β-blockers at baseline than the GR group. NYHA class and log NT-pro BNP were not significantly different between the two groups. Rates of the oral loop diuretics and furosemide equivalent doses were similar between the two groups.
In-hospital clinical outcomes and mediations
Table 2 shows the in-hospital clinical outcomes and medications. The urinary volume during the early period was greater in the GR group than in the PR group. The lengths of the early period were similar between the two groups. The incidence of in-hospital death, cerebral infarction, hypotension, and RRT did not differ between the two groups. The incidence of WRF was significantly higher in the PR group than in the GR group. The administered carperitide dose on day 1 and day 2 did not significantly differ between the two groups. The rates of intravenous furosemide during hospitalization and the early intravenous furosemide doses were similar between the two groups. As shown in Fig 2, there was no correlation between early intravenous furosemide dose and urinary volume, with a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of 0.111 (p = 0.312).
Predictors of diuretic response to carperitide
The results of a multivariate analysis incorporating significant risk factors from the univariate analyses showed that the statistically significant independent factors associated with poor diuretic response to carperitide were BMI (OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.68–0.94, p = 0.004) and BUN (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.15, p = 0.018) on admission (Table 3).
Diuretic response and outcome with carperitide
Based on a Kaplan–Meier analysis, the composite outcome of all-cause mortality and re-hospitalization for worsening HF at 1 year was 20% (8/40) in the GR group and 48% (19/40) in the PR group. Log-rank test showed that PR group had a significantly poorer composite outcome compared with GR group (log-rank, p = 0.007; Fig 3).
GR, good diuretic responder; PR, poor diuretic responder.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the diuretic response to carperitide in patients hospitalized for ADHF. Our study revealed that lower BMI and higher BUN level on admission were significant determinants of early poor diuretic response to carperitide, which was independent of early intravenous furosemide dose. In addition, early poor diuretic response to carperitide was associated with developing WRF and future all-cause mortality and re-hospitalization for worsening HF.
Diuretic response is a strong predictor of prognosis in patients hospitalized for ADHF. Testani et al. reported that poor diuretic response predicted poor prognosis above and beyond traditional prognostic factors in patients hospitalized for ADHF in a post-hoc analysis [3]. Especially, the assessment of early diuretic response that is a strong predictor of later diuretic response is important. It has been reported that poor diuretic response can be predicted by measuring early diuretic response [14]. However, most clinical trials on diuretic response have investigated response to furosemide which acts on the thick ascending loop of Henle to inhibit the Na2CL/K cotransporter. On the other hand, Carperitide, an atrial natriuretic peptide, inhibits the amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in the medullary collecting duct and decreases plasma renin levels, resulting in diuresis and natriuresis [15, 16]. Although small, open label trails have reported that carperitide improved hemodynamics and long-term prognosis in patients with ADHF [17, 18], several propensity score matched analyses have indicated that carperitide increased hospitalization costs and did not improve in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for acute HF [19–21]. More recently, a double-blind randomized controlled trial reported that carperitide did not improve short-term mortality despite significantly reducing the acute-phase pulmonary capillary wedge pressure compared with the placebo therapy [22]. Nonetheless, carperitide is recommended in the Japanese Circulation Society guidelines for acute HF treatment and is still frequently used as first-line treatment in Japan [9]. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of early diuretic response to carperitide in ADHF treatment.
The sub-analysis of ASCEND-HF suggested that poor diuretic response was predicted by lower BMI, lower BP, higher BUN, and lower received intravenous diuretic dose, which is almost similar to the predictors of poor response observed in the other studies [2]. In agreement with these reports, our study with carperitide showed that lower BMI and higher BUN level on admission were independent predictors of poor diuretic response. Low BMI may represent cardiac cachexia, which is related to worse prognosis and increased mortality. Patients with cardiac cachexia develop symptoms of HF with slight fluid retention, resulting in diuretic resistance. High BUN levels might reflect renal dysfunction and neurohumoral activation. BUN competitively binds the organic anion transporters, reducing diuretic availability in the tubule [1, 23].
Poor diuretic responder to carperitide had a higher WRF incidence in the present study. Traditionally, WRF occurs in 30%–50% of patients hospitalized for acute HF and is associated with increased mortality, prolonged length of stay, and increased risk of readmission [24]. Aronson et al. reported that early net fluid loss was a stronger indicator of WRF than was right atrial pressure in a sub-analysis of the VMAC study that investigated the effects of intravenous vasodilator therapy, including nesiritide [11]. The report showed that favorable net fluid loss during the first day after admission was associated with less incidence of WRF. Our results with carperitide were in agreement with those of the sub-analysis in the VMAC study. Our results, thus, suggest that early diuretic response should be considered as the predictor of WRF in patients admitted for ADHF.
We showed that furosemide dose was not associated with urinary volume and was independent of the predictors of poor diuretic response. In addition, there was no difference in the total intravenous furosemide dose during hospitalization between the two groups (median dose, 15 mg vs. 20 mg). The furosemide dose was very small compared with the previous report [2]. Carperitide may have contributed to a reduction in the intravenous furosemide dose. It has been reported that high dose of furosemide is associated with poor prognosis. However, more recently, high-dose furosemide was found to not always be associated with worse outcomes in patients hospitalized for acute HF without poor diuretic response and persistent signs of congestion [25]. We demonstrated that poor diuretic response was associated with poor future prognosis in patients using carperitide who received a low introduction rate and low-dose intravenous furosemide in treatment of ADHF. These results suggest that the prognosis of HF might be determined by diuretic response independent of furosemide dose and the site of diuretic action.
Limitations
The results of the current study should be interpreted in the context of the following limitations. First, this was a single-center retrospective study and follow-up was limited to the in-hospital treatment. The most common problem with analysis of retrospective observational data is that inadequate validity of comparisons leads to incorrect interpretation. We cannot exclude the possibility that residual measured and/or unmeasured confounders may have influenced our observations. Second, we excluded patients lacking urinary catheter because urinary volume measurements are not reliable without a urinary catheter. We speculated that the reasons why attending physicians did not provide urinary catheters or continue their use were that the patients did not present with severe symptoms, rejected the provided urinary catheter, and had organic and functional pathologies that made it difficult to place a urinary catheter (e.g., urethral stricture, urogenital infection, delirium, dementia). Thus, we cannot completely exclude the possibility of selection bias. Third, we did not include information on fluid intake because of missing values. Finally, we did not define WRF as the absolute change in creatinine level. WRF is typically defined as an increase in serum creatinine of >0.3 mg/dL from the baseline value. However, this classic definition of creatinine could cause either an underestimation of WRF in patients with low serum creatinine or an overestimation in those with high serum creatinine. In addition, serum creatinine is strongly influenced by age and muscle mass. Therefore, we chose a definition of a decrease in eGFR during hospitalization of >25%, which has been used by other investigators [11–13]. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the effects of diuretic response to carperitide.
Conclusions
BMI and BUN levels on admission were significant determinants of early poor diuretic response to carperitide. Poor diuretic response to carperitide resulted in developing WRF and increased all-cause mortality and re-hospitalization for worsening HF.
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