http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4500-5297
Figures
Abstract
To explore the effects and mechanism of CTEN (COOH-terminus tensin-like molecule) on EMT, cell migration and invasion of Human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The pCMV-vector, pCMV-CTEN, Control-shRNA, and CTEN-shRNA were transfected into A549 and NCI-H1299 cells by Lipofectamine 2000. Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) -related biomarkers were detected by eliseand western blot. The migration and invasion ability of A549 cells and NCI-H1299 were examined by scratch-wound assay and transwell assay respectively. We found compare with control group, the expression of TGF-β and mesenchymal markers in CTEN overexpression group were increased, and the epithelial marker was decreased, which induced the EMT process. Meanwhile, scratch-woundassay showed that the migration efficiency of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells in CTEN overexpression group were higher than that in control group.Transwell assay demonstrated that the number of cells that migrated and invaded through the membrane were obviously more than those in control group.Furthermore, Knockdown of CTEN partially reversed transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)-induced changes in EMT markers. In conclusion, CTEN activated the expression of TGF-β1, thereby prompting EMT in lung adenocareinma cancer cells.
Citation: Lu X, Gao J, Zhang Y, Zhao T, Cai H, Zhang T (2018) CTEN induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in non small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS ONE 13(7): e0198823. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198823
Editor: Aamir Ahmad, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, UNITED STATES
Received: January 20, 2018; Accepted: May 26, 2018; Published: July 9, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Lu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This study was supported by the 2015 Jiangyin social development science and technology plan project to Tingrong Zhang.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death and mortality in malignant tumors worldwide [1]. Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer which is accounted for about 85% of all lung cancer patients[2]. The occurrence of NSCLC is a complex process involving multiple genes which contains proto-oncogene activation, tumor-suppressor gene inactivation and mutations in many genes[3]. CTEN (COOH-terminus tensin-like molecule), which was cloned in 2002, located on chromosome 17q21 region. Its cDNA contains 4015bp encoding a 715 amino acid protein. There are 6 potential tryosine phosphorylation sites in CTEN [4] which is involved in cell adhesion, migration and signal transduction[5].CTEN was not detected in normal tissues of small intestine, colon, liver and spleen. However, CTEN highly expresses in tumors except prostate cancer and is considered as one of the novel oncogenes involved in tumorigenesis[6,7]. β
TGF- β signaling pathway is closely involved in EMT process. TGF- β1 is the most representative member of TGF- β protein family which contains TGF- β1,TGF- β2 and TGF- β3. TGF- β1 promotes the process of tumor development, invasion and metastasis. Our previous immunohistochemistry (IHC) results showed that the expression levels of CTEN and TGF- β1 were significantly correlated with tumor size, histological grade TNM staging and lymph node metastasis in non small cell lung cancer tissues. And there’s a serious posibility that CTEN and TGF- β1 play important roles in tumorigenesis in NSCLC. But the underlying mechanism is still unknown. In the present study, the expression and potential mechanism of CTEN in the development of lung cancer was investigated. To the best of our knowledge, for the frst time it was demonstrated CTEN may transcriptionally activate the expression of TGF- β, thereby prompting the EMT process of lung cancer cells.
Materials and methods
Cell lines and reagents
Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and NCI-H1299 cell was phurchased from Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. Antibodies against CTEN, TGF-β1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, α-smoothmuscle actin (α-SMA) and decapentaplegic homolog 2 (Smad2) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. p-decapentaplegic homolog 2(p-Smad2) was purchased from Abcam Inc. Lipofectamine 2000, Trizol and reverse-transcription kit were purchased Invitrogen Inc. Transwell chamber and matrigel were purchased from BD Inc. Puromycin, ECL chemiluminescence staining solution, and PVDF membrane were phuchased from Sigma Inc. RPMI-1640 medium was phuchased from Gibco Inc.
Cell culture and transfections
A549 cells and NCI-H1299 were grown in RPMI-1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator. 5 × 105cells were seeded on each well of 6-well plates the day before transfection. Gene expression constructs were transfected into cells using Lipofectamine 2000 according to the manufacturer’ s instructions. After 36 h transfection, cells were harvested for total RNA and whole cell lysates extraction.
Real-time PCR
Total RNA was extracted using TriZol reagent. Reverse transcription was used a Quantscript RT Kit. Real time PCR performed using a EvaGreen qPCR Master Mix kit. Primers used were in Table 1.
Western blotting
Total cell lysatewas extracted with RIPA buffer.The cell lysate wasresolved in SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membrane. Then blocked with 5% BSA milk in TBST (TBS with 0.05% Tween 20) and sequentially incubated with primary antibodies and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies in 5% BSA in TBST. Blots were washed with PBST after each incubation for 1 hour. The immunoreactive bands were visualized by Amersham Biosciences ECL reagents following the provided instructions.
ELISA dosage
For ELISA experiments, 30 000 cells/cm2 were seeded into 24 plates. Cells were lysed by following the manufacturer’s instructions. All samples were stored at -20°C. Briefly, TGF- β1 were measured using a sandwich ELISA technique according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Detection assay is based on the horseradish peroxidase colorimetric reaction by adding TMB substrate. Absorbance was read at 450 nm immediately.
In-viro scratch-wound assay
A549 and NCI-H1299 cells were seeded on 6-well plate. The original wounds were inflicted by dragging a sterile 200 μl pipettte tip across the monolayer. Cells within the wound area were washed twice with PBS. Three photomicrographs of each scratch were obtained at the initial time of wound creation and the location was photographed 24 h later. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to quantify (in pixels) the area of the wound remaining. This number was then converted to a percentage of the scratch area remaining at each time point.
In-viro cell invasion assay
The in vitro invasive abilities of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells were evaluated using a transwell chamber coated with 100 μl Matrigel. A total of 2 × 104 cells in 200μl RPMI-1640 medium were introduced into the upper chamber, and 800 μl RPMI-1640 medium with 20% FBS was introduced into the lower chamber. Cells were allowed to invade the Matrigel for 24 h. The invaded cells were fixed by methanol and stained with 0.1% crystal violet. The number of invaded cells was counted under a phase contrast microscope. Cells in five different fields of each well were averaged.
Short-Hairpin RNA Knockdown of CTEN Expression
A549 and NCI-H1299 cells were plated in 6-well culture plates with standard medium for 24 hours. The medium was removed and replaced with medium containing pLKO.1 puromycinresistant lentiviral vectors containing a short-hairpin (sh)RNA sequence targeting CTEN or a nontargeted shRNA used as a control. Polybrene (Sigma-Aldrich) was also added at 8μg/mL to facilitate transfection. After 24 hours of exposure to the lentiviral constructs, the medium was replaced with standard medium with puromycin (Sigma-Aldrich) at a concentration of 2 μg/mL to kill any nontransfected cells. Lentiviral was purchased from Shanghai GenePharmCo., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); The shRNA sequence used for CTEN knockdown was CCGGCCTTGACTCCTACATTGACTTCTCGAGAAGTCAATGTAGGAGTCAAGGTTTTTTG, which is a validated sequence from Shanghai GenePharmCo., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Results
CTEN regulates EMT, migration and invasion of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells
To address whether CTEN is involved in EMT, migration and invasion of human lung adenocarcinomacell-line A549 and NCI-H1299, we first transfected pCMV-CTEN and pCMV-vector control into A549 and NCI-H1299 cells respectively. Then, we examined the expression of N-cadherin, E-cadherin and Vimentinin in the transfected cells. The results showed that the expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin were increased in pCMV-CTEN panel than in pCMV-vector control panel by real-time PCR, while the level of E-cadherin was decreased in pCMV-CTEN panel than in pCMV-vector control panel (Fig 1A).These differences can be further confirmed in the protein level by western blotting with β-actin as a loading control(Fig 1B). The following in-viro scratch-wound assay in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells showed that CTEN overexpressed group migrated faster than vector control group (Fig 1C). Furthermore, transwell assay demonstrated that overexpression of CTEN enhanced the invasion ability of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells (Fig 1D). Overall, the above results indicate that CTEN is a positive regulator of EMT, cell migration and invasion in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells.
CTEN positively regulates EMT, migration and invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and NCI-H1299 cells pCMV-CTEN and pCMV-vector control were transfected into A549 and NCI-H1299 cells respectively. Expression level of CTEN, E-cadherin (E-cad), N-cadherin (N-Cad) and Vimentin was examined by real-time PCR (A) and western blotting (B) migration (C) and invasion (D). Representative images depicting the effect of CTEN overexpression on A549 and NCI-H1299 cells. P<0.05, **P<0.01, vs.Vector.
CTEN stimulates the expression of TGF -β1 in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells.
Our study found that TGF -β1 promotes EMT, migration and invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells (S1 Fig). Therefore, we want to study the relationship between CTEN and TGF-β1 in lung cancer cells. Next, pCMV-CTEN and pCMV-vector was transfected into A549 and NCI-H1299 cells for 48 h. Western blot and Elise analysis revealed that overexpression of CTEN significantly enhanced the expression TGF-β1 (Fig 2A and 2B). And expression of downstream effectors Smad2,p-Smad2 and α-SMA were also significantly upregulated (Fig 2A). By contrast, silencing of CTEN with a specifc shRNA signifcantly suppressed the protein expression of TGF-β1, as well as the downstream effectors Smad2, p-smad2 and α-SMA compared with the NC shRNA (Fig 2C). These data indicated that CTEN stimulates the expression of TGF-β1 inducing downstream signaling in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells. The results were verified by Elise (Fig 2C and 2D).
Western blot and Eliseanalysis showing that overexpression of CTEN signifcantly enhanced the expression TGF-β1 and the downstream signaling pathway(A-B). Silencing of CTEN signifcantly suppressed the expression of TGF-β1 as well as the downstream effectors Smad2, p-Smad2 and α-SMA (C-D). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, vs. Control.
Silence of CTEN partially abolishes TGF -β1 -induced EMT process in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells
To determine whether CTEN prompts the EMT process in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells by stimulating TGF-β1 expression, A549 and NCI-H1299 cells with CTEN-shRNA, TGF-β1, either alone ortogether. Silencing of CTEN signifcantly suppressed the TGF—β1 signaling pathway. By comparison, treatment knockdown of CTEN with TGF—β1 markedly activated the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, including upregulation of, Smad2, α-SMA, Vimentinin and downregulation of E-cadherin (Fig 3A). Notably, CTEN partially reversed TGF-β1 treatment-induced changes to the expression of EMT markers (Fig 3A). The scratch-wound assay of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells were also determined((Fig 3B). As presented in Fig 3C TGF-β1 induced cell invasion was partially reversed by knockdown of CTEN.These data indicated that CTEN prompted A549 and NCI-H1299 migration, invasion and EMT, primarily by stimulating the expression of TGF-β1. This result suggested that TGF-β1 was a potential downstream target of CTEN in human lung adenocarcinoma.
Western blot analysis of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway when A549 and NCI-H1299 cells were treated with sh-CTEN and/or TGF-β1 (A)Scratch-wound changes of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells were determined in cells were treated with sh-CTEN and/or TGF-β1 (B). The invasion of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells were determined in cells were treated with sh-CTEN and/or TGF-β1 (C).*P<0.05, **P<0.01, vs. Control.
Discussion
Lung cancer is the highest incidence and mortality malignant tumor in China[8].Currently, Surgical treatment is the main treatment for lung cancer, combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and other means. In recent years, although great progress has been made in lung cancer, the 5-year survival rate of lung cancer patients is still less than 18%[9].The main reason is the failure to detect, diagnose and treat early. About 85% of lung cancer patients have metastases at the initial diagnosis, and are at an advanced stage with poor prognosis.
CTEN is a member of tensin family proteins which plays important role in mediating cell morphology, migration and signal transduction. It was reported that loss of CTEN led to prostate cancer[10]. Sasaki H et al detected the expression of CTEN in 89 cases of lung cancer patients and found that mRNA expression level of CTEN was positively correlated with T grade [11], this found indicated that CTEN play a role in the progression of lung cancer. In invasive breast cancer, CTEN, associated with EGFR and HER2, contributed to the metastasis of breast cancer cells [7]. CTEN enhances transcriptional activity of STAT3 for enhancing the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. [12]. CTEN can increase EMT in rectal cancer for reduce the E-cadherin level and promote the invasion and metastasis efficiency of rectal cancer cells [7].
EMT, which was firstly proposed by Greenburg and Hay in 1982 [13], refers to the transformation of epithelial cells into stromal cells under specific physiological and pathological conditions. EMT is one of the important factors for tumor invasion and metastasis. The hallmarks of EMT include: The morphological changes of cells from cobblestone to spindle shape;cells lose polarity, and cytoskeletal rearrangement occurs;cells break through the basement membrane to gain athletic capacity and enhanced cellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity-MMP2 and MMP9; enhanced expression level of stromal cell markers (N-Cadherin, Vimentin and Fibronectin) andreduced expression level of epithelial cell marker (E-Cadherin) [14]. Transforming growth factor (TGF), a class of cytokines, plays important role during mammalian embryonic development including regulating cell migration and proliferation, and tissue repair[15]. In recent years,the role of TGF-β1 in tumorigenesis is attracting more and more attention. It has been reported that TGF-β1 can induce EMT in many epithelial cells including mammary epithelial cells, liver cells and kidney proximal tubules [16]. And in vitro cell culture and in vivo metastasis experiments also confirm that TGF-β1 regulates the occurrence of EMT.
Our previous IHC results demonstrated that the expression levels of CTEN and TGF- β1 are both significantly correlated with NSCLC tumor size, histological grade TNM staging and lymph node metastasis. CTEN and TGF- β1 may play important role in tumorigenesis in NSCLC. But the underlying mechanism is still unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that overexpression of CTEN promoted migration and invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and NCI-H1299 cells. Real-time PCR and Western blotting restults showed that CTEN upregulated N-cadherin and Vimentin level while downregulated E-cadherin level. Taken together, these results indicated that CTEN can promote the occurrence of EMT of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells and thus elevat migration and invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma.
Conclusions
Our studies also show that overexpression of CTEN promotes TGF- β1 expression level in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells, and the promotion of CTEN on EMT, cell migration and invasion was obviously weakened if we knockdown TGF- β1 before CTEN overexpression. This resuts indicate that the enhancement of CTEN on EMT, cell migration and invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and NCI-H1299 cells is through TGF- β1. Thus, CTEN is hopefully to be a therapeutic target for invasion and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer.
Supporting information
S1 Fig. TGF- β1 promotes EMT, migration and invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells.
TGF- β1 signaling pathway is involved in EMT regulation and TGF- β1 is the most representative member of TGF- β1 protein family. So, we want to address the role of TGF- β1 in migration and invasion in A549 cells. pCMV-TGF- β1 and pCMV-vector control were transfected into A549 cells respectively. Then, we examined the expression levels of N-cadherin, E-cadherin and Vimentin in the transfected cells. The results showed that N-cadherin and Vimentin were expressed at a higher level in pCMV-TGF- β1 group than in pCMV-vector control group by real-time PCR and western blotting, while E-cadherin was expressed at a higher level in pCMV-vector group than in pCMV-CTEN control group (S1 Fig A-B). Then, the in-viro scratch-wound assay in A549 cells showed that TGF- β1 overepressed group migrated faster than vector control group (S1 Fig C). Further, transwell assay demonstrated that overexpression of TGF- β1 promoted the invasion ability of A549 cells (S1 Fig D). Together, these results demonstrate that TGF- β1 plays a positive role in EMT, cell migration and invasion of A549 cells.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198823.s001
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