http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7810-7738
Figures
Abstract
Objectives
We investigated the short-term impact of Typhoon Haiyan, one of the strongest typhoons ever to make landfall, on the pattern of admissions in two hospitals in Eastern Visayas, the Philippines.
Methods
This study took place at Eastern Visayas Regional Medical Center (EVRMC) in Tacloban, and Ormoc District Hospital (ODH) in Ormoc. We determined whether there were differences in the pattern of admissions between the week before and the three weeks after Haiyan by using information on sex, age, diagnosis, ward and outcome at discharge from patient records.
Results
There was a drop in admissions in both hospitals after Haiyan as compared to before. Admissions climbed back to the baseline after ten days in EVRMC and after two weeks in ODH. When comparing the period after Haiyan to the period before, there was a relative increase in male versus female admissions in ODH (OR 2.8, 95%CI 1.7–4.3), but not in EVRMC. Patients aged ≥50 years and 0–14 years had the highest relative increase in admissions. There was a relative decrease in admissions for the ICD10 group ‘Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium’ (OR 0.4, 95%CI 0.3–0.6), and an increase in ‘Certain infectious and parasitic diseases’ (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.2–3.5), mainly gastroenteritis, and ‘Diseases of the respiratory system’ (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.0–3.0), mainly pneumonia, compared to all other diagnosis groups in ODH. Out of all reasons for admission within the study period, 66% belong to these three ICD-10 groups. Data on reasons for admission were not available for EVRMC.
Conclusions
The observed reduction in patients after the Typhoon calls for ensuring that hospital accessibility should be protected and reinforced, especially for pregnant women, by trying to remove debris in the direct hospital vicinity. Hospitals in areas prone to tropical cyclones should be prepared to treat large numbers of patients with gastroenteritis and pneumonia, as part of their disaster plans.
Citation: van Loenhout JAF, Gil Cuesta J, Abello JE, Isiderio JM, de Lara-Banquesio ML, Guha-Sapir D (2018) The impact of Typhoon Haiyan on admissions in two hospitals in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. PLoS ONE 13(1): e0191516. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191516
Editor: Ana Paula Arez, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, PORTUGAL
Received: August 16, 2017; Accepted: January 5, 2018; Published: January 30, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 van Loenhout et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Data is available from the Harvard Dataverse repository (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/QSTIIC).
Funding: This study is part of the EM-DAT project and has been financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Office of U.S. Disaster Assistance (OFDA), agreement n°: AID-OFDA-A-15-00036. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Tropical cyclones are called typhoons if they occur in the northwestern Pacific Ocean and hurricanes in the Atlantic and northeastern Pacific Ocean. Damage due to this type of event occurs because of strong winds, which in turn can lead to storm surges, a tsunami-like phenomenon. These types of events can have a large impact on the number of hospital admissions, as well as on the cause for hospitalisation, as has been shown in previous studies. The number of admissions within six hospitals in Hampton Roads, Virginia (USA), increased on the day of Hurricane Isabel, but recovered to the baseline level the day after [1]. However, trauma admissions were still elevated two and three days after the event. Patients who missed at least one dialysis session during Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans (nearly 50%, and more often women) had much higher odds of being hospitalised in the following month [2]. An increase in the incidence of pneumonia hospitalisations among adults was found after an earthquake and the following tsunami in 2011 in northern Miyagi, Japan [3].
There is very limited research on the impact of tropical cyclones on hospital admissions in low- and middle-income countries. Patient data collected from a field hospital in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, after the 2004 tsunami showed no increase in cholera, malaria and dengue in the four months following the event [4]. However, there was an increase in the number of wounds and injuries, tetanus cases and respiratory infections, especially in the first six weeks after the tsunami [4]. Less than one third of patients with respiratory infections consisted of children under the age of five years.
On the 8th of November 2013, the Philippines was hit by Typhoon Haiyan, which was the strongest typhoon ever to make landfall on a major island in the western North Pacific Ocean [5]. The impact was enormous, with more than 7,000 deaths and 16 million people affected [6]. The city of Tacloban in the region Eastern Visayas (Fig 1) was hit hardest by the occurrence of a storm surge of up to 5 meters [5], due to which many people drowned, especially people aged 55 years and older and those who lived close to the sea [7]. In the first month after Haiyan, 108 foreign medical teams were sent to the Philippines [8]. Field hospitals were set up to support local hospitals with the diagnosis and treatment of communicable [9] and chronic diseases [10], and performing surgeries [11].
The study locations are indicated on the map (Ormoc District Hospital in Ormoc, and Eastern Visayas Regional Medical Center in Tacloban).
This study investigated the short-term impact of Typhoon Haiyan on admissions in two hospitals that remained operational during and after the typhoon in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. We examined whether there were differences in the pattern of admissions between the week before and the three weeks after Haiyan in terms of age, sex, the ward in which patients were admitted, their diagnosis and their outcome at discharge. The general assumption is that women and children are mostly affected by disasters, but until now there is almost no evidence to back this up. The results of this study help to fill the existing gap on the impact of tropical cyclones on hospital admissions in low- and middle-income countries, and it is essential for preparation of hospitals for future events.
Methods
Study setting
The study was carried out in the region of the Philippines that was hardest hit by the typhoon, the Eastern Visayas. Fig 1 shows this area, including the location of the two study sites. Data collection took place in two public hospitals: Eastern Visayas Regional Medical Center (EVRMC), a tertiary hospital in Tacloban, and Ormoc District Hospital (ODH), a secondary hospital in Ormoc. The capacities of EVRMC and ODH in 2013 were 250 and 100 beds, respectively. In EVRMC, there was an operational disaster plan in place, which was not the case for ODH. Although both hospitals remained operational, they were partly damaged by the typhoon. EVRMC was hit by strong winds as well as a storm surge, while ODH only experienced strong winds [5]. In both sites, there was very limited electricity during several days, parts of the infrastructure were destroyed, and the availability of medical and other supplies was affected. Staff had difficulty reaching the hospital, due to debris on the roads [12]. Despite these limitations, both hospitals did not stop admitting patients [13].
Data collection
Data from patient records were collected from centralised hospital registries. Patient records were summarised in logbooks in EVRMC and in Excel files in ODH. The research team collected data on all admissions that took place in November 2013, one week before (baseline) and approximately three weeks after Typhoon Haiyan. Admission date, sex, age, ward in which the patient was admitted, final diagnosis and patient outcome at discharge were available from patient records. In EVRMC, the research team entered patient data from logbooks in September 2016, using the software EpiData 3.1.
Data description
We grouped age in four categories: 0–4, 5–14, 15–49 and ≥50 years old. The research team reclassified all diagnoses according to the International Classification of Diseases, ICD-10 version 2016, up until the third level [14]. If patients had multiple diagnoses, we categorised them under multiple ICD-10 codes. The patient outcome at discharge was regrouped from ‘Improved’, ‘Recovered’, ‘Discharged’ and ‘Discharged against medical advice’ into ‘Alive’, and from ‘Died’ into ‘Death’.
Data analysis
We made a descriptive overview of the study variables for the baseline week (November 1–7), and each week after Typhoon Haiyan (November 8–14, 15–21, 22–28). We carried out logistic regression, comparing variables between the baseline period before Typhoon Haiyan (November 1–7) and the period after (November 8–30). As Haiyan occurred in the early morning of November 8, we included the 8th in the period after the typhoon. The hospitals were located on different sides of the island, and they were affected by different weather phenomena. EVRMC is a tertiary hospital and ODH secondary, so the number and complexity of cases they receive is different. For the above reasons, we decided to analyse and present the results separately.
For EVRMC, data on diagnosis and patient outcome at discharge were available for only 25% of the cases. Therefore, we decided not to include these variables for the EVRMC analyses, but instead we used ward as a proxy for diagnosis (e.g. Obstetrics ward for diagnoses related to pregnancy and childbirth). All other variables had few missing values for both hospitals (>90% complete).
Results
The daily number of admissions before and after Haiyan for both hospitals is shown in Fig 2. On the day of Typhoon Haiyan (November 8), there was a drop in admissions in both hospitals. Admissions in EVRMC climbed back to the baseline after ten days. In contrast, while admissions in ODH had also dropped significantly after the typhoon, they increased steadily and surpassed the baseline two weeks after the event.
Characteristics of admissions over time
The numbers of admissions per week in terms of sex, age, ward, patient outcome at discharge and diagnosis are presented in Tables 1 and 2. In both hospitals, the overall proportion of women was higher compared to men, although the proportion of women dropped in ODH after Haiyan. The most frequently admitted age groups were 0–4 and 15–49 years. In both hospitals, the Obstetrics ward admits the largest share of all inpatients during the complete study period. However, in the post-typhoon period, the Paediatrics and Medicine wards claimed a larger share. In ODH, the most common diagnoses over the whole study period were for the ICD10 groups ‘Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium’ (mainly ‘O80, Single spontaneous delivery’, n = 156), ‘Certain infectious and parasitic diseases’ (mainly ‘A09, Other gastroenteritis and colitis of infectious and unspecified origin’, n = 101) and ‘Diseases of the respiratory system’ (mainly ‘J18, Pneumonia, organism unspecified’, n = 104) (Table 2). The share of deliveries among the ICD10 group ‘Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium’ was 94%. The overall proportion of deaths among admitted patients in ODH was 2.8%.
Admissions before and after Haiyan
We tested whether there was a proportional increase in admission characteristics in the period after Haiyan (November 8–30) compared to baseline (November 1–7). Table 3 shows there was an increase in male versus female admissions in ODH (OR 2.8, 95%CI 1.7–4.4). This effect was not present for EVRMC. Older age groups (≥50 years) had the largest relative increase after Haiyan in EVRMC. In contrast, the very young (0–4 years) presented an increase in ODH. In EVRMC, there was a relative increase in patients admitted to the Orthopaedics ward (OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.1–5.6) and a decrease for patients in the Surgery ward (OR 0.6, 95%CI 0.4–0.8) compared to all other wards. In ODH after Haiyan compared to before, there was a proportional increase in patients admitted in the Paediatrics ward (OR 2.7, 95%CI 1.6–4.6), and a decrease in the Obstetrics ward (OR 0.4, 95%CI 0.3–0.6) compared to the rest of the wards. In terms of diagnoses, there was a relative decrease in admissions for the ICD10 group ‘Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium’ (OR 0.4, 95%CI 0.3–0.6), and an increase in ‘Certain infectious and parasitic diseases’ (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.2–3.5) and ‘Diseases of the respiratory system’ (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.0–3.0) compared to all other diagnosis groups. There was no difference in patient outcome at discharge when comparing the baseline and the period after Haiyan in ODH.
Sensitivity analysis
The contribution of childbirth-related admissions was large (Tables 1 and 2). Since we expected the number of childbirths to remain relatively stable compared to other reasons for admissions, we tested whether this reason for admission affected our results with respect to sex, age and ward. Therefore, we reanalysed those data after excluding cases with admissions in the Obstetrics ward (n = 396 and 200 for EVRMC and ODH, respectively), and those whose age was stated as new-born (N = 335 and 12 for EVRMC and ODH, respectively). For EVRMC, there were no differences in terms of the direction of associations for age, sex and ward distribution (data not shown). For ODH, the only difference was that within these analyses, admissions within the Gynaecology ward decreased significantly after Haiyan (OR 0.3, 95%CI 0.1–0.9) compared to all other wards.
Discussion
The results from our study show that there was an overall decrease in the number of admissions in the two weeks after Haiyan. We noted a decrease in admissions for females vs. males in the post-typhoon period. With regard to age groups, the very young and the older populations were more likely to be hospitalised than those between 5–49 years of age after the typhoon. Obstetrics and surgical admissions decreased, in contrast to orthopaedic admissions and hospitalisations for infections and respiratory diseases. The proportion of deaths among admitted patients was low and was not significantly affected by the typhoon.
Typically, acute events such as tropical cyclones and earthquakes do present peaks in the number of admissions [1, 15, 16], although evidence of this is rather sparse, especially on tropical cyclones. In the case of Haiyan, the combined effects of the severity of the typhoon and the ensuing destruction, including road infrastructure, may have played a very important role in the accessibility to the medical facilities in our study. In addition, people might have given lower priority to their medical needs than normal, due to being affected by typhoon-related circumstances such as lack of food and affected housing. The local population may have replaced their needs by medical care from neighbourhood sources or field hospitals, until such time that they were able to access the hospital. A manuscript currently under preparation by the same author group describes the pattern of outpatient consultations in a field hospital operated by the Non-Governmental Organisation Mercy Malaysia in the months following Haiyan. However, the level of care provided by certain field hospitals, where patients are not admitted, cannot deliver the care that would normally have been given in the original hospital. In addition, due to blocked roads and destruction at the local airport, foreign and inter-island medical assistance was very limited in the first days after Haiyan [17]. The fact that the local population replaced their health needs only during the period with limited accessibility would also explain the catching-up pattern that we see in ODH, where the number of admissions increased to above baseline levels after two weeks. These delays of accessing medical care could also contribute to the high death toll from cyclones, as shown in the systematic review by Doocy et al. [18], due to urgent medical conditions not being properly addressed.
We noticed an overall decrease in the absolute number of patients admitted in the Obstetrics ward and for reasons related to ‘Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium’, of which 94% consists of deliveries, after Haiyan compared to baseline (Tables 1 and 2). The evidence about the effects of disasters on pregnancy is mixed: one study suggests that disasters do not influence the gestational period [19], while another suggests that they can cause preterm labour [20]. Therefore, we expected the number of deliveries to either remain stable over time or increase within the study period. The observed decrease could be a matter of concern, because it implies that this difference in deliveries took place outside the hospital environment, although part of the deliveries could have taken place in field hospitals instead. Other studies have shown the impact of disasters on maternal health, such as that exposure to a disaster event impacts maternal mental health [20, 21], which in turn can lead to lower birth weights [22, 23]. Disaster relief should therefore put a stronger focus on ensuring that maternal health care is provided, e.g. by having skilled birth attendants aid in reach-out activities.
Apart from deliveries, Haiyan also affected other types of admissions. In EVRMC, a relative reduction in admissions in the Surgery ward was observed, although this was not seen in ODH (Table 2). This reduction could be due to limited electricity in the hospitals, resulting in postponement of planned but not critical surgical interventions. The increase in orthopaedic admissions in EVRMC is in line with previous studies. A study on the impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Indonesia showed a high proportion of injuries immediately after the event, which decreased after four weeks [4]. Another study showed an increase in trauma admissions in the days following hurricane Isabel in the US [1]. However, more refined data on whether all patients in the Orthopaedic ward in EVRMC were due to injuries would be required to come to a firm conclusion. In ODH, there was a relative increase in both ICD10 groups ‘Certain infectious and parasitic diseases’ and ‘Diseases of the respiratory system’, which mostly consisted of the diseases gastroenteritis and pneumonia, respectively. Samples collected in EVRMC after Haiyan also suggested increased incidence of these conditions [9]. In addition, an admissions-based study in ODH found that the highest burden of paediatric admissions was also due to gastrointestinal illnesses (39.9%) and respiratory tract infections (32.4%) [24]. An outbreak investigation carried out after Haiyan identified consumption of untreated drinking water as the main cause for gastroenteritis [25]. The widespread loss of roofs and protection, especially for vulnerable individuals such as children and the elderly, exposed them to weather conditions and humidity, potentially leading to respiratory infections.
The relationship between lack of roofing and pneumonia has been shown in a study in urban settings in Dhaka, Bangladesh [26]. An increase in pneumonia admissions was also seen after the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan, especially among elderly aged 65 years or older [3], and after the Great East Japan Earthquake [27]. Hospitals in areas prone to tropical cyclones should thus be prepared for treating larger numbers of patients with gastroenteritis and pneumonia. It is of interest whether this increase in infections and respiratory diseases was also seen in the number of outpatient consultations, since most patients with these conditions are generally not admitted. This is currently under study by the same author group.
We observed some differences in the sex and age patterns between the two hospitals. The absolute decrease in female admissions in ODH after Haiyan compared to the week before Haiyan, and the relative decrease compared to male admissions, were not observed in EVRMC. It may correspond with the decrease in admissions in the ODH Obstetrics ward, although this was not confirmed by our sensitivity analysis without cases admitted to the Obstetrics ward and new-borns. People aged ≥50 years had the highest relative risk of admission in EVRMC after Haiyan compared to baseline, while this was the case for children aged 0–4 years in ODH. Both these age groups are generally observed to be also at risk for increased mortality after tropical cyclones [18].
Our study had some limitations. First, in EVRMC, data on individual diagnoses was missing for a large part of the admissions. We used ward as a proxy for diagnosis, although some wards provide very little information on the type of admissions, e.g. the Medicine ward. Second, due to a high level of destruction in the study area during and after Haiyan, it is not possible to say with certainty how some of the patterns observed in our study can be explained, e.g. direct impact of the typhoon, damage and accessibility to the hospitals, closure of other hospitals, availability of field hospitals or casual seasonal changes. To gain more insight into these underlying patterns, we conducted a qualitative study with hospital personnel, which will be published separately.
Conclusion
Our study identified several priorities for hospitals in zones at high risk of tropical cyclones. First, because of the observed reduction in patients after the event, accessibility to the hospital should be protected by measures such as removing debris in the direct hospital vicinity and prioritising access for emergency transportation, in order to ensure access for both staff and patients in case of mass emergencies. Second, deliveries will remain a constant through the emergency period and constitute a significant proportion of all hospital care in countries such as the Philippines, where fertility is high. The decrease of admissions in the Obstetrics ward suggests that not all deliveries took place in the hospital setting. Therefore, the capacity to respond to urgent obstetric needs should be foreseen, e.g. by ensuring skilled birth attendants in reach-out activities if needed. Third, the most common conditions for admission after Haiyan were gastroenteritis and pneumonia, confirmed as well by studies elsewhere. Hospitals in high risk zones should therefore be prepared to treat large numbers of patients with these conditions, and this should be incorporated in their disaster plans. Finally, our study brings further evidence to the higher risk of admission faced by children and elderly following an acute event. These findings and recommendations are of particular importance for operational activities after a tropical cyclone.
Acknowledgments
We thank Alieza Del Socorro for her assistance in the data collection, Pascaline Wallemacq for creating Fig 1, and the staff in the registry offices of both hospitals for their help in providing and clarifying the data.
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