http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7053-3668
Figures
Abstract
Background
Studies investigating the fracture risk in patients with chronic osteomyelitis (COM) limited to case reports. This study evaluated the association between COM and subsequent fracture risk using population-based data.
Methods
A subset claims data of the Taiwan National Health Insurance was used to identify 7,147 patients with COM newly diagnosed in 1999–2005 without fracture history and 28,588 general population controls, frequency matched by sex, age and diagnosis date. The incident fractures was measured by the end of 2013.
Results
The incidence density of fracture was 1.94-fold greater in the COM cohort than in controls (21.5 vs. 11.1 per 1000 person-years), with the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.81 (95% CI: 1.67–1.95) for COM patients compared to controls after controlling for sex, age, and comorbidities of diabetes, osteoporosis, depression and end-stage renal disease in Cox proportional hazards regression. The fracture risk increased with age and women were at greater risk than men. The fracture incidence increased substantially in those with osteoporosis, 40.2 per 1000 person-years in COM patients. Site specific analysis showed a higher portion of incident fractures for lower limbs, 52.7% in COM cohort and 46.3% in controls.
Citation: Lo C, Sung F-C, Mou C-H, Lin T-C, Tseng C-H, Tzeng Y-L (2017) Population study evaluating fracture risk among patients with chronic osteomyelitis. PLoS ONE 12(12): e0189743. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189743
Editor: Hiroyuki Tsuchiya, Kanazawa University, JAPAN
Received: July 14, 2017; Accepted: November 30, 2017; Published: December 21, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Lo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Data are available from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) published by Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) Bureau. The data utilized in this study cannot be made available in the paper, the supplemental files, or in a public repository due to the “Personal Information Protection Act” executed by Taiwan’s government, starting from 2012. Requests for data can be sent as a formal proposal to the NHIRD (http://nhird.nhri.org.tw) or by email to nhird@nhri.org.tw.
Funding: The present study was supported in part by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW106-TDU-B-212-113004; MOHW105-TDU-B-212-133019), the research laboratory of pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of China Medical University (grant number DMR-105-042), China Medical University Hospital (DMR-106-025), Academia Sinica Taiwan Biobank Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10501010037), NRPB Stroke Clinical Trial Consortium (MOST 105-2325-B-039 -003), Tseng-Lien Lin Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan Brain Disease Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan, and Katsuzo and Kiyo Aoshima Memorial Funds, Japan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Individuals with bone disorders are at an elevated risk for fracture, which may lead to complications. Fractures or shatters of bone are usually associated with falls and accidents, or other excessive force applied to the bone. Old age, low bone mineral density, and previous fracture are strong risk factors for fractures at almost skeletal sites [1]. The elderly with low density bone weakened from calcium depletion are at a particularly higher risk of fracture [2,3]. The younger with osteogenesis imperfecta due to brittle bone are also at an increased risk of bone fractures with little trauma [4].
Osteomyelitis is often an acute infection of short-term, but it may progress into a chronic inflammation phase [5]. Chronic osteomyelitis (COM) is also a bone disorder with inflammation of the bone, resulting in the destruction of bone formation and fistulous tracts [6,7]. COM develops progressively over a period of weeks, months, or even years after the onset of infection [8,9]. Plain radiography is an appreciated method to differentiate COM from other bone disorders, and to monitor treatment progress [9,10]. Osteomyelitis is not only a common complication in open or closed fracture, it can also devastatingly lead to loss of bone substance and vascular and soft tissue injuries [8,11,12]. COM may lead to other avascular necrosis of bone and dead bone because of the formation of sequestrum [6,13]. Consequently, patients with COM may further lead to other bone disorders or cause pathological fracture [14–16]. An amputation may be required for the severe case [17–19]. In an infectious disease clinic study with 75 patients of diabetic foot infection, Yapici et al. found that these patients were at higher risk of developing osteomyelitis (53 cases or 70.7%) and amputation (25 cases or 33.3%). Findings from these studies suggest a potential risk of fractures for patients with COM [18].
Studies on the association between osteomyelitis and the risk of fractures limit to case reports [14,20–22]. A 13-year old Ugandan boy with chronic osteomyelitis because of Mycotic aneurysm infection experienced a pathological fracture of the femur [20]. Lin et al. (2010) reported a case of pathological fracture of the right distal radius for a 79-year old male patient with Enterobacter aerogenes osteomyelitis [21]. Döring et al. (2016) found recently that the displaced neck of femur fracture for an old patient was associated with chronic osteomyelitis of the ipsilateral foot. No other types of study have been conducted on the fracture risk for patients with COM. We hypothesized that a population-based study might be able to evaluate this relationship. We, therefore, used the claims data of National Health Insurance (NHI) of Taiwan to examine the risk of fracture for patients with COM.
Methods and materials
Data source
The NHI program of Taiwan is a single-payer system integrated from 13 public insurance systems in 1995, with nearly 99% of population covered by 1999 [23]. We obtained from the Taiwan National Health Research Institutes (NHRI) a subset of longitudinal electronic data with medical claims of insured population for the 1996–2013 period. The diagnoses of disease consisted of one primary code and four second codes using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) for each claim.
Study patients
From the NHI database, we identified 14,115 patients with osteomyelitis, presenting for more than a month, newly diagnosed from 1999 to 2005. We excluded 6,968 patients who had a fracture history (ICD-9-CM code 800–829) by the entry date. The remaining 7,147 patients (ICD-9-CM code 730.1) were included in the chronic osteomyelitis (COM) cohort. The first date with COM diagnosed was designated as the date for entering the study. For each COM patient, four persons without the history of osteomyelitis and fracture were randomly selected into the non-COM cohort as controls, frequency matched by sex, age (every 5 years), and entry-year and entry-month. We assessed the incident fracture in each study cohort. Each study subject was followed from the entry date until the date with fracture diagnosed, or censored because of death, withdrawal from the insurance program or the end of 2013. The potential comorbidities associating with the COM and fracture in this study included diabetes (ICD-9-CM code 250), osteoporosis (ICD-9-CM code 733.0), depression (ICD-9-CM code 296.2, 296.3, 300.4 and 311) and end-stage renal disease (ICD-9-CM code 585 from the registry of catastrophic illness patients).
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) and the significant level was set 0.05 at two-tailed test. Baseline distributions of sex, age (< 45, 45–59, 60–74 and ≥ 75 years) and comorbidities were compared between COM and non-COM cohorts and examined using Chi-square. The cumulative fracture free rates of both cohorts were presented with plot using Kaplan-Meier method and the difference between two plots was examined using log-rank test. Incidences of fracture were counted by dividing the number of incident fracture by follow-up person-years. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of fracture. Multivariable Cox model was used to calculate adjusted HRs after controlling sex, age, diabetes, osteoporosis, depression and end-stage renal disease. Sex- and age-specific incidence rates were calculated by age and sex for both cohorts; HRs of incident fracture were calculated using 20–44 year women without COM as the reference. We also assessed the fracture by site, including head (ICD-9-CM code 800–804), body (ICD-9-CM code 805–809), upper arm (ICD-9-CM code 810–819) and low limb (ICD-9-CM code 820–829). The further data analysis evaluated joint effects on fracture associating with diabetes, osteoporosis, depression and end-stage renal disease, comparing with individuals in the control cohort without these comorbidities.
Ethics and consent
All identification numbers of insured population had been encrypted and replaced with surrogate identifiers. Therefore, this study requires no informed consents of the study population with the approval from the Research Ethics Committee at China Medical University and Hospital (CMUH-104-REC2-115).
Results
Both the COM cohort (N = 7,147) and the control cohort (N = 28,588) were similar in sex and age distributions (Table 1). Men were more prone to osteomyelitis. Half of study population were 60 years old or older. The chronic osteomyelitis cohort was more prevalent with comorbidities of diabetes, osteoporosis, depression and end-stage renal disease.
By the end of follow-up period, 1086 and 3004 cases of fracture in COM and control cohorts were identified after 15-year of follow-up, respectively. The proportional fracture incidence was 9.89% higher in COM patients than in controls (Log-rank test p <0.001) (Fig 1). Compared to control cohort, the incidence density of fracture in COM cohort was 1.94-fold greater than controls (21.5 vs. 11.1 per 1000 person-years) with an adjusted HR of 1.81-fold (95% CI 1.67–1.95) after controlling for covariates (Table 2). The incident fracture increased with age in both cohorts, with the age associated fracture risk stronger for women than for men (Table 3). The fracture incidence was the greatest for women with COM of 75 years and older, 14.6-fold greater than 20–44 years women without COM, with an adjusted HR of 14.6 (95% CI 10.4–20.4).
COM patients with comorbidities of diabetes, depression and end-stage renal disease were at greater risk to develop fracture than those in the non-COM cohort (Table 4). The fracture incidence increased further to 40.2 per 1000 person-years for COM patients with osteoporosis, 2.23-fold greater than those with only COM. COM patients with more than two comorbidities had an incidence of 33.1 per 1000 person-years, with an aHR of 2.67 (95% CI 1.90–3.74) compared with controls without comorbidity.
Table 5 shows the fracture occurrence by site was most often to lower limbs (11.3 vs. 5.15 per 1000 person-years in COM patients and controls, respectively, followed by the body or upper arms and the lowest for head. The incidence of head fracture was greater in men than in women, while women had greater incident fractures of body, upper arms and lower limbs.
Discussion
Studies have linked fracture risk to old age, female, diabetes, osteoporosis and depression [24–34]. Osteoporosis has long been recognized as the major factor leading to fracture. The present study found COM is also a risk factor of fracture. Our findings confirmed that patients with COM had a near 2-fold greater risk of fracture than those without COM. The fracture risk for COM patients increased further for those with the comorbidity of diabetes, osteoporosis, depression or end-stage renal disease. The greatest increase was to 40.2 per 1000 person-year in those with osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is the well-known factor associated with an increased risk of fracture because of weak and brittle bones [35–37]. Women are generally at a higher risk than men because women have a lower bone density with a higher prevalence of osteoporosis after menopause that dispose to fracture [28,35,38].
Old age is a known key risk factor of fracture. This study showed that younger women without COM had the lowest incidence of fracture, but the age related risk is in a greater increase in women than in men in both cohorts. The fracture incidence was 6.6-fold greater for ≥75-year women than for <45-year women in the COM cohort (44.1 vs. 6.7 per 1000 person-years), while the corresponding incidence ratio was 1.9 folds (30.4 vs. 15.8 per 1000 person-years) for men. It is likely the mechanism of a greater fracture risk for women with COM could be related to a higher prevalence of osteoporosis in women, particularly in older women.
Patients with COM may suffer from avascular necrosis of bone and formation of dead bone [3,13,39]. We suspect that these condition may interact with osteoporosis to further weaken the bone in older women. The fracture risk is greater for women than for men when excessive force applied to the bone. Further data analysis showed, among 1086 fracture cases in the COM cohort, 463 cases were associated with falls, 353 cases were associated with accidents and 270 cases were unspecified (Table 6). The fracture incidence due to falls was 1.8-fold greater for women than for men (12.65 vs. 7.00 per 1000 person-years). On the other hand, the risk associating with accidents was 37% lower for women than for men (5.11 vs. 8.15 per 1000 person-years). This contrast demonstrates that the excessive force applied to the bone is greater from accidents than from falls.
Men are more likely than women to be involved in accidents. This hypothesis can also be explained in the site specific fracture data: men are more likely to have head fracture because of accidents. The results of age- and sex-specific analysis showed that the hazard of fracture for the young COM patients was much greater for men than for women (aHR: 6.05 vs. 2.57). It is possible that young men are more likely than young women to be involved in accidents and experienced the fracture.
Strengths and limitations
The present study took the advantage of a large population data to examine the hypothesis on the relationship between COM and fracture risk. The 15-year observation enhances our ability to identify fracture development subsequent to the chronic inflammation of the bone. The long-term follow-up of natural health history for the insured population reduces the potential surveillance bias. The large study cohorts enabled us to gain adequate power to stratify data into subgroups to ascertain the impact of COM on the risk of incident fractures by sex, age and comorbidity. However, there were several limitations for comment. COM is a disorder generally secondary to an infection after trauma or surgery. This study excluded patients with the history of fracture, thereby detecting a newly developed fracture. Previous case reports have associated COM with pathologic fractures [14,20,21]. We suspected that some cases among the 270 fracture cases unspecified as accidents or falls in the COM cohort were pathologic related. In addition, COM remains difficult to treat completely. However, information on laboratory tests were unavailable in the claims data. We were unable to distinguish whether COM patients were cured or not, and unable to identify the pathologic related fracture. Further study should be warranted to identify the COM related pathologic fracture and non-pathologic fracture, and to investigate the clinical effectiveness of therapy for the disease. Furthermore, information on lifestyle and health behavior, such as calcium vitamin consumption, smoking and drinking and exercise, was also unavailable for adjustment in the data analysis[40–42]. This bias may become non-distinguishable due to using a large population database with a long observation period.
Conclusions
The present study reveals an important role of COM in association with the risk of fracture. Patients with COM are at an elevated risk of developing fracture, regardless of the presence or absence of the comorbidities. The fracture risk for patients with COM could be greatly increased because of comorbidities, particularly for the elderly and those with osteoporosis. The site with the highest incidence of fracture was lower limbs. Both fall and accident are the causes leading to fracture for COM patients. These findings could be used to prompt clinical alerts. Clinicians should provide COM patients with timely consultation on fracture prevention, particularly of knowledge in fall and accident prevention for the elderly patients with osteoporosis and other comorbidities.
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