Advertisement
Browse Subject Areas
?

Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.

For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here.

  • Loading metrics

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Polymorphism of keratin 1 associates with systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis in a south Chinese population

  • Weiguang Luo,

    Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

    Affiliation Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

    ⨯
  • Bin Zhou,

    Roles Data curation

    Affiliation Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

    ⨯
  • Qizhi Luo,

    Roles Formal analysis

    Affiliation Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

    ⨯
  • Huilong Fang,

    Roles Formal analysis

    Affiliation Department of pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China

    ⨯
  • Xiaoxia Zuo ,

    Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Supervision

    yizhou_zou@sina.com (YZ); zuosusan@hotmail.com (XZ)

    Affiliation Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

    ⨯
  • Yizhou Zou

    Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

    yizhou_zou@sina.com (YZ); zuosusan@hotmail.com (XZ)

    Affiliations Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, The Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering and new Products for Developmental Biology of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China

    ⨯

Abstract

Both systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) diseases are related to the genetic and environmental factors, causing damage to the skin. The mutations of keratin 1 gene (KRT1) were reported to associate with skin diseases. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs14024) and the indel polymorphism (cds-indel, rs267607656), consisting mostly of the common haplotypes and could be used for genotyping of KRT1. We used the PCR with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) to determine the genotype of KRT1 in 164 SLE, 99 SSc patients, and 418 healthy controls. The results showed that the mutant with G at SNP rs14024 was associated with the high risk to SLE (p = 6.48×10−5) and SSc (p = 8.75×10−5), while the deletion allele at rs267607656 was associated with the low risk to SSc (p = 4.89×10−4) comparing to the normal controls. Haplogenotype, Del-/MU+ was associated with high susceptibility to SLE (OR = 1.87, p = 0.001) and SSc (OR = 2.29, p = 2.34×10−4). In contrast, the Haplogenotype Del+/MU- was associated with resistance to SLE (OR = 0.35, p = 6.24×10−5) and SSc (OR = 0.34, p = 0.001). This study demonstrates that the variations in KRT1 and the specific polymorphism of KRT1 in this Chinese Han population are associated with autoimmune diseases SLE and SSc. Typing KRT1 might be helpful to identify SLE and SSc patients.

Citation: Luo W, Zhou B, Luo Q, Fang H, Zuo X, Zou Y (2017) Polymorphism of keratin 1 associates with systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis in a south Chinese population. PLoS ONE 12(10): e0186409. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186409

Editor: Tao Cai, NIDCR/NIH, UNITED STATES

Received: May 25, 2017; Accepted: September 29, 2017; Published: October 13, 2017

Copyright: © 2017 Luo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.

Funding: This work was supported in part by grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Y. Zou, P.I., 81273265 and 81572562), and Hunan Science and Technology Project Foundation (Y. Zou, P.I., 2013FJ2005). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease with symptoms that can affect almost any organ [1]. The disease is caused by the deposition of antibody and immune complexes in blood vessels, leading to inflammation in the skin, joints, serosa, central nervous system, and/or kidney. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to development of the pathology [2]. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic connective tissue disease, also of autoimmune origin [3]. Patients suffer from excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix that results in progressive fibrotic replacement of normal tissue architecture [4], which affects the skin and internal organs. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies have confirmed genetic associations of 18 loci with SLE susceptibility achieving genome-wide significance in Asian population [5–8]. Mayes MD et al have found that seven SNPs in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene region and three non-HLA loci are associated with SSc diseases using the immunochip array [9].

These loci do not fully explain the genetic susceptibility to SLE and/or SSc, suggesting additional genetic factors yet to be discovered. Keratins are well known as intermediate filament forming proteins in epithelial cells [10]. Based on physicochemical properties on cells and tissues, keratins are distinguished as type I (KRT9–KRT28; KRT31–KRT38) and type II (KRT1–KRT8; KRT71–KRTT86) [11]. KRT1 and its heterodimer partner KRT10 are produced in the suprabasal cells of the epidermis[12] and are considered to be the earliest markers of terminal differentiation[13, 14]. KRT1 and KRT10 form the major filament cytoskeleton that provides mechanical support and involves in additional functions in epithelial cells [15]. KRT1, without KRT10, is also found on the surface of endothelial cells [16, 17], possessing the ability as a receptor to bind other molecules. It has reported that KRT1 associated with urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a multiprotein receptor for high-molecular-weight kininogen, prekallikrein and 2-chain urokinase plasminogen[16]. KRT1 was also reported to serve as a receptor for fatty acid-binding protein 4[18]. Recent study showed that the SNPs of KRT1 interval is associated with the migration rates of keratinocyte when the epidermal cell undergoing wounding healing stages[19]. KRT1 plays a crucial role in maintenance of skin integrity and involvement in inflammatiory response [20]. Numerous mutations in KRT1 have been reported [21] and most of the 62 known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of KRT1 are associated with skin diseases [22]. As pathologies of SLE and SSc often involved the skin [23, 24], we hypothesized the polymorphism of KRT1 might associate with SLE and SSc as genetic factors.

KRT1 genotyping were previously analyzed in three normal populations by Han and colleagues using Sanger sequencing-based typing (SBT). Of known SNPs, two polymorphic sites in exon 9 of KRT1 (rs14024, SNP, A/G and rs267607656 (cds-indel, -/GGCTCCGGAGGTAGCAGCTAC) were varied among different population. Other KRT1 variants were either dominant (> 99.5%) or rare (< 0.5%) in allele frequencies. Several common haplotypes identified with family analysis mainly consist of such two polymorphic sites [25]. We focused on two polymorphic sites in exon 9 of KRT1 (rs14024 and rs267607656) and developed a novel method based on PCR using the sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) for KRT1 genotyping. The KRT1 genotyping was performed on the cohorts of SLE and SSc patients and healthy controls. Here, we present data to show the evidence of association between two major autoimmune diseases (SLE and SSc) and KRT1 genotypes.

Materials and methods

Subjects

418 South-Chinese Han (SCH) blood donors as the normal healthy controls consisted of 76(18.2%) males and 342 (81.8%) females with age of 35.6 ± 9.3 years (Mean ± SD). 164 SLE cases (males: 6.1%, females: 93.9%; age: 30.3±8.8) and 99 SSc cases (males: 35.4%, females: 64.6%; age: 50.1±10.3) were recruited from the Xiangya Hospital from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015. All SLE patients defined as the cases were diagnosed using the revised criteria for the classification of SLE from the American College of Rheumatology/European League [26, 27]. 99 consecutive SSc cases were selected as SSc group based on the classification criteria for SSc of American College of Rheumatology /European League [26, 27]. Clinical information for all cases was collected from the affected individuals through a comprehensive clinical checkup by physician specialists and was tabulated in the database. Clinical experimental data were achieved from the clinic laboratory reports. Additional demographic information was gathered from cases and controls through a structured questionnaire survey. All individuals in the control group were clinically assessed to be without SLE, SSc, other autoimmune diseases, other skin diseases, or any family members (including first, second, and third degree relatives) who have the history of autoimmune and skin disorders. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Xiangya Hospital (201403157) and was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki principles. All participants provided written informed consent.

Genotyping

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from venous blood samples with anti-coagulated acid citrate and dextrose (ACD). DNA specimens were extracted from PBMCs using QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kits (QIAGEN China (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.). PCR-SSP was used to identify the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs14024, A/G) and the indel polymorphism (cds-indel, rs267607656, -/GGCTCCGGAGGTAGCAGCTAC) in exon 9 of the KRT1 gene. Three sets of primer pairs were used as following: rs14024-A: 5’-CTGTGAGCACAAGCCACACC-3’ (forward) and: 5’-GGAATAAGTGGTAGAAACAAACT-3’ (reverse); rs14024-G: 5’-CTGTGAGCACAAGCCACACC-3’ (forward) and 5’-GGAATAAGTGGTAGAAACAAACC-3’ (reverse); and rs267607656: 5’-CTGTGAGCACAAGCCACACC-3’ and 5’-TCCGGAGCCGTAGCTGCCATG-3’. The primers for GAPDH, 5’-CCCTTTGAGTTTGATGATGC-3’ and 5’-GGAAGATGGTGATGGGATTT-3’ were used as internal positive control.

Each PCR reaction with 20 ul of total volume contained 1 x PCR buffer, 0.2 mM each of four deoxy-nucleotides, 1 mM each of forward and corresponding reverse primers, 0.3 units of high fidelity Taq polymerase (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA), and 50 ng genomic DNA. The PCR reaction was performed using the following thermal cycling conditions: 1 cycle at 95°C for 2 min, 30 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 65°C for 60 s, and 72°C for 40 s respectively, and finally incubated for 10 min at 72°C. The fragments of the PCR products were visualized in 2.0% agarose gel under UV light and recorded by photograph. The SNP polymorphism at rs14042 was detected with presence or absence of PCR product, and the indel polymorphism (rs267607656, -/GGCTCCGGAGGTAGCAGCTAC) with or without 21-nucleotide deletion in exon 9 of the KRT1 gene was demonstrated with the different product size(s) in the electrophoresed gels.

Haplotype determination

The haplotypes formed by two polymorphic sites of rs14024 and rs267607656 at KRT1 gene were estimated by Haploview software in version 4.2 (Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Barrett et al., 2005). The name of haplotypes with two letters (G-L, A-L or A-Del) represent the combination of two polymorphic sites of KRT1 gene.

Statistical analysis

Allele and genotype frequencies of SNP and indel polymorphism were calculated. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) testing was performed using Arlequin version 3.11[28]. Statistical significance between patients and controls was determined using a standard chi-square test (SPSS 18.0 software, IBM Corporation, NY, United States), or 2-df chi-square test (3 X 2). SNP data were edited into Haploview format [29] and the linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype map were obtained using Haploview version 4.2. The statistical power (1-β) was calculated using PS Software (Power and Sample Size Calculation) [30]. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Validation of KRT1 genotyping assay

The genotypes of KRT1 were determined based on two polymorphic sites within exon 9. The genotyping of 6 reference samples with known-genotypes, which were typed using Sanger Sequencing of PCR products, were given in Fig 1. SNP rs14024 with A or G or both at position 388 of KRT1 exon 9 and indel genotypes at rs267607656 were determined with sequencing profiles (Fig 1a). The reference samples were used to validate this novel assay. A 698 bp of GAPDH gene fragment amplified in each PCR test was used as the internal positive control. Specific PCR product with or without a 410 bp size in gel represented either A or G, or both in the SNP, rs14024 (Fig 1b). 21-nuecletide deletion at rs267607656 of KRT1 gene was identified based on the size difference of PCR product running in 2% gel as Fig 1c. These typing results of 6 reference samples completely matched the results of genotypes with Sanger sequencing-based typing (SBT). The approach of PCR-SSP for KRT1 genotyping was validated.

thumbnail
Download:
Fig 1. Validation of PCR-SSP genotyping assay.

6 reference DNA samples identified with Sanger sequence-based typing (SBT) are utilized to validate the new method of PCR-SSP typing. (a): PCR products with KRT1 exon 9 DNA sequences were sequenced with forward and reverse sequencing primers. The 21-bp deletion and non-deletion in 6 samples are labeled in the left profiles of reverse-primer sequencing. The SNPs rs14024 with A, G or both (A/G) at position 388 in exon 9 of KRT1 gene are given in the right side. The same samples were used to type by PCR-SSP. (b): A 689 bp band, amplified by GAPDH primers serves as a positive control. Typing of SNP with either A, G or both at rs 14024 is read based on the presence of a 410-bp band in PCR products in different primer pairs. (c): The indel polymorphism in rs267607656 of KRT1 is detected by the sizes of PCR gels with larger bands (L, no deletion) and/or small bands (S, with deletion). The relatively small size (S) detected is stand for the existing of a 21-bp deletion in KRT1 gene.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186409.g001

The frequencies of KRT1 genotypes

The genotyping was assigned by the pattern of PCR reactions as showed in Fig 2. Allele and genotype frequencies of each SNP and the indel polymorphism in healthy Chinese Southern Han (CSH), SLE and SSc patients’ population were given in Tables 1 and 2. All were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (p = 0.08~0.95).

thumbnail
Download:
Table 1. The allele frequencies of SNP rs14024 and indel rs267607656 in different populations.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186409.t001

thumbnail
Download:
Table 2. The genotype frequencies of SNP rs14024 and indel rs267607656 in different populations.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186409.t002

thumbnail
Download:
Fig 2. The genotyping results of samples by PCR-SSP.

(a): Typing for SNP rs14024 is based on the two PCR reactions using specific sequence primers, SNP with A or G, or both were designed with a size band of 410 bp in PCR; a 689 bp band serves as the internal positive control. (b): The 21bp nucleotide deletion was detected with a small band (S) and wild type of rs267607656 is demonstrated with a large band (L) in PRC products. The PCR results of three control samples (con1, con2 and con3) and object samples (S1, S2, S3 et al.) are given, following by the read of typing results in parenthesis.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186409.g002

The univariate analysis showed the frequencies of allele rs14024-G of KRT1 were significantly increased in the SLE patients (57.62% vs 44.62%, OR: 1.69, 95%CI: 1.30–2.12, p = 6.48×10−5) and SSc (60.10% vs. 44.62%, OR: 1.87, 95%CI: 1.36–2.56, p = 8.75×10−5) against the normal controls (Table 1), while the frequencies of the deletion allele (S) at indel rs267607656 were significantly lower in SLE and SSc patients than that in normal healthy population (OR: 0.66, 95%CI: 0.49–0.89, p = 0.007 and OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.33–0.74, p = 4.89×10−4, respectively, Table 1). The sample size used for these comparisons provided a power of about 0.98, 0.98, 0.76, and 0.96 to detect ORs of 1.69, 1.87, 0.66, and 0.49 respectively, at a type 1 error rate α of 0.05.

Among three genotype categories in controls and cases with SLE or SSc, the significance was also found between control and SLE group with genotypes of SNP rs14024 (A/G (OR: 1.50, 95%CI: 1.04–2.15, p = 0.03), G/G (OR: 1.48, 95%CI: 1.02–2.19, p = 0.05), Table 2). The same phenomenon is found between control and SSc group with genotype at SNP rs14024 (G/G (OR: 2.04, 95%CI: 1.29–3.24, p = 0.002), Table 2). The genotype frequencies of Indel rs267607656 (L/S) were also significantly difference between SLE group and control (OR: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.44–0.93, p = 0.02, Table 2), and SSc group and control group (OR: 0.45, 95%CI: 0.28–0.74, p = 0.001, Table 2). The sample size used for these comparisons provided a power of about 0.58, 0.48, 0.85, 0.63 and 0.92 to detect ORs of 1.50, 1.48, 2.04, 0.64 and 0.45 respectively, at a type 1 error rate α of 0.05.Next, we did further analysis on the haplotype to elucidate the effect of the two SNPs linkage.

KRT1 haplotype analysis.

The haplotype combining two polymorphic sites tested was estimated with conventional estimation and maximization (EM) algorithm (significance level setup to 0.05) among three populations. Three of four possible haplotypes were found. As shown in Table 3, wild type (WT, A-L), combining allele-A at rs14024 and no deletion at rs267607656, deletion mutant (Del, A-S) with allele-A at rs14024 linking to 21-neucletide deletion at rs267607656, and mutant (MU, G-L) with G substitution at rs14024 without deletion mutant, were given in Table 3. None of the haplotype MD (G-S) was observed among three groups, while this haplotype MD combining a mutant “G” and 21-nueculetide deletion was supposed to be found in populations. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) of two sites with two alleles was evaluated in each group. Since three of four possible haplotypes were observed, the results showed that two polymorphic sites were in complete linkage disequilibrium in all three groups (D’ = 1 and r2 = 1), mainly due to the absence of haplotype MD (G-S).

thumbnail
Download:
Table 3. The frequencies of haplotype of KRT1 gene in SLE, SSc and control group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186409.t003

Haplotype of KRT1 and disease association

Considering two polymorphic sites as a haplotype of KRT1, the haplotypic frequencies of wild type (WT, A-L) were not different in SLE and SSc groups against control (p = 0.07 and 0.34, respectively, Table 3). The frequencies of the mutant haplotype (KRT1-MU, G-L) were significantly higher in SLE (57.62% vs. 44.62%, OR: 1.69, 95%CI: 1.30–2.19, p = 6.48×10−5) and SSc (60.1% vs. 44.62%, OR: 1.87, 95%CI: 1.36–2.56, p = 8.75×10−5) than that in the control (Table 3). However, the frequency of the deletion haplotype (KRT1-Del, A-S) was significantly lower in the SSc (16.67% vs. 28.83%, OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.33–0.74, p = 4.89×10−4, Table 3) than that in the control group. Since the frequency of haplotype Del was significantly lower in the SSc group, the deletion of 21 nucleotides at rs267607656 might associate with resistance to, or protection from SSc.

Haplogenotype of KRT1 and disease association

Hypothesizing that the haplotypes of KRT1-Del (low risk) and KRT1-MU (high risk) haplotypes have opposite effects to associate with SLE and SSc as above, the patients were further classified into three sub-groups according to the individuals having Del and no MU genotype (Del+/MU-, low risk alone), having no Del but with MU genotype (Del-/MU+, high risk alone), having both haplotypes (Del+/MU+, opposite risk together) and none of them (Del-/MU-) for a deep analysis (Table 4). The haplogenotype of Del-/MU+ were associated with a high risk to SLE (OR: 1.87, 95%CI: 1.30–2.69, p = 0.001) and SSc (OR: 2.29, 95%CI: 1.47–3.60, p = 2.32×10−4) observed as expected. Interestingly, the haplogenotype Del+/MU- were associated with the resistance to both SLE (OR: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.21–0.60, p = 6.24×10−5) and SSc (OR: 0.34, 95%CI: 0.17–0.66, p = 0.001) as predicted (Table 4). However, if two opposite haplotypes (Del+/MU+) present together, there was no significance found in subgroups with either SLE (OR:1.139, 95%CI: 0.750–1.730, p = 0.541) or SSc (OR:0.735, 95%CI: 0.421–1.286, p = 0.280)(Table 4). These results supported our hypothesis.

thumbnail
Download:
Table 4. The distribution of different haplo-genotypes in SLE, SSc and control group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186409.t004

Discussion

After reviewing the SNPs of KRT1 and their allelic frequencies in populations, two polymorphic sites in exon 9 of KRT1 are highlighted for the analysis in our investigation. SNP rs14024 encodes a nonsynonymous amino acid change from a lysine to arginine in exon 9 because of the codon replacing from AAG to AGG). The coded amino acid is positioned in the carboxy tail region of KRT1 molecule and this location is away from the highly conserved α-helical rod domains in the center of the KRT1 protein [19]. Indel polymorphism at rs267607656 with two size variants of human keratin 1 protein chain described by Korge [31] is characterized by a deletion of 7 amino acids in a repeatable sequence of the transmembrane subdomain of KRT1. This deletion corresponds to loss of an entire glycine loop of seven amino acids. The PCR-based KRT1 allele typing showed the different patterns with three PCR products (Fig 1). Our data also indicate that both polymorphic sites frequently varied in our local population (Table 1).

Our data demonstrated that the allele of rs14024-G was more frequent in patients with SLE and SSc than that in the local normal population (p = 6.48×10−5 and p = 8.75×10−5, Table 1). And the analysis of genotypes of the SNP rs14024 showed that the G/G was associated with SSc (OR: 2.04, 95%CI: 1.29–3.24, p = 0.002). The frequencies of allele with 21bp deletion (S) in KRT1 were lower in SSc patients than that in the local normal population. Moreover, the ratio of deletion-homozygous (S/S) at rs267607656 was also decreased in SSc patient groups comparing to the control (Table 2). Since it was difficult to identify the association of two alleles with the opposite effects, further analysis was performed on tran-cis for haplotypes of KRT1 gene.

Possible four haplotypes were supposed to be observed if two sites with two alleles in each. Our results showed that the haplotype MD (G-S) (Table 3) was not found in any of the samples tested. The same results have been reported by Dr. Stastny’s group [25]. It might be due to the short distance between two sites at KRT1 gene, as the crossover might not happen. In other possibility this kind of haplotype might be lethal. Our data indicated that mutation allele rs14024-G was high risk to associate with SLE (p = 6.48×10−5) and SSc (p = 8.75×10−5) (Table 1), but the frequency of deletion (S) at rs267607656 showed the resistant trend to SSc (OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.33–0.74, p = 4.89×10−4, Table 1). These results generated our hypothesis: haplotype MU (G-L) is susceptible to SLE and SSc and haplotype Del (A-S) is resistant to them. To analyze the data with this idea, we clearly showed that the frequency of haplogenotype of Del-/MU+ was significantly higher in SLE (p = 0.001) and SSc (p = 2.32×10−4) than that in control (Table 4). In contrast, the haplogenotype with a 21-base deletion but not with G mutation (Del+/Mu-) was significantly lower in SLE and SSc than that in control (p = 6.24×10−5, p = 0.001, respectively, Table 4). As expected, no difference was observed between the control and the patients with Del+/MU+ haplogenotype, as having an opposite effect with two haplotypes. This detail analysis avoided the neutralization or counteraction with opposite effect on tran-cis polymorphic sites.

Based on the GWAS study, Protein C-ets-1, DNA-binding protein Ikaros, Ras guanyl-releasing protein 3, Solute carrier family 15 member 4, TNF-α-induced protein 3-interacting protein 1 (TNIP1), 7q11.23, 10q11.22, 11q23.3 and 16p11.2 were identified associating with SLE susceptibility in a Chinese Han population [5]. A slice of genetic loci were also confirmed associating with SSc susceptibility by GWAS, such as CD247 [32], TNIP1, Psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidate gene 1 protein, and Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoB[33]. Among them, several variants were reported involving in the proliferation of keratinocyte [34, 35]. As a major protein produced by keratinocyte, keratins were reported participated in the progress of inflammation [20]. Given the skin inflammation was a common symptom of SLE and SSc, we genotyped the KRT1 and explored their association.

Up to now, GWAS have identified more than 80 SLE susceptibility loci [36] and 40 SSc risk genetic regions [37]. Nevertheless, the causal mutations responsible for the diseases remain elusive, it is necessary to conduct a more detailed investigation of the individual gene. Among the founded susceptibility loci, variants on Interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 (IFIH1) and Complement C1r subcomponent (C1R) attracted our attention. IFIH1 is a double-strand RNA receptor and play a vital role in innate immune response during virus infection by inducing the expression of interferon.[38] Polymorphisms in IFIH1 were also shown association with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome [39], type 1 diabetes mellitus[40] and psoriasis[41]. It was reported that IFIH1 mutations resulted in the aberrant induction of type I interferon, which was an etiology of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome [42]. Previous studies had shown that the severity of SLE was associated with the level of type I interferon[43, 44],consistent with other researcher’s finding that the variants of IFIH1 were a genetic risk for SLE[45, 46]. The levels of serum complement are reported to link to the pathogenesis of SLE [47] and Demirkaya E et al. shown that the variant in C1R resulting in a dysfunction complete C1r lead to the occurrence of the SLE [48]. The study of a single gene is conductive to explore more detail information about pathogenesis.

Our data showed that the association between two KRT1 polymorphic sites and effects of autoimmune diseases SLE and SSc. More work need to be done to elucidate the genetic diversity of KRT1 and the association with immune diseases. Some of such research work had been done and were reported by others. Pant and colleagues [49] found the KRT1 has extreme allele-specific expression differences in human white blood cells. This differential allelic expression of KRT1 is predominantly controlled by cis-regulatory polymorphism(s) in strong linkage disequilibrium with the gene.

Recently study by Roth et al. revealed a KRT1-mediated gene expression signature similar to atopic eczema and psoriasis, suggesting a functional link between KRT1 and human inflammatory skin diseases [20], and Wallace [50] reported that deletion of K1/K10 affects desmosomal structure and nuclear integrity. It is interesting to understand whether these specific alleles of KRT1 affect the structure of the encoded protein and hence its functions. This information is very useful for us to explore that KRT1 gene variety involves in the pathogenesis of SLE, SSc and other autoimmune diseases. However, expanding our study in a large cohort is needed to confirm our finding.

The data generated from our finding and others’ investigation might lead us to measure the amount of the expression of different haplotype of KRT1 in the further study. In our previously study [51], we had detected the antibodies against KRT1 among patients with autoimmune diseases using the antigens encoded by three common KRT1 alleles mentioned in this paper. The distinct epitopes encoded by the specific KRT1 alleles are identified to serve as targets for the antibodies against KRT1 molecules in patients. Therefore, typing for KRT1 genotypes could improve the diagnosis for SLE and SSc, and helpful to identify high risk individuals with potential genetic background. Moreover, it might be benefit to development of genetic therapy for such autoimmune diseases.

Acknowledgments

We thank all study participants and all the volunteers who have so willingly participated in this study, thus making this study possible. We appreciate the help of Professor Dr. Peter Stastny in critically reading the manuscript (Dept. of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX. USA).

References

  1. 1. Wakeland EK, Liu K, Graham RR, Behrens TW. Delineating the genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus. IMMUNITY. [Journal Article; Review]. 2001 2001-09-01;15(3):397–408. pmid:11567630
  2. 2. Kyttaris VC, Krishnan S, Tsokos GC. Systems biology in systemic lupus erythematosus: integrating genes, biology and immune function. AUTOIMMUNITY. [Journal Article; Review]. 2006 2006-12-01;39(8):705–9. pmid:17178567
  3. 3. Varga J, Abraham D. Systemic sclerosis: a prototypic multisystem fibrotic disorder. J CLIN INVEST. [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review]. 2007 2007-03-01;117(3):557–67. pmid:17332883
  4. 4. Gabrielli A, Avvedimento EV, Krieg T. Scleroderma. N Engl J Med. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review]. 2009 2009-05-07;360(19):1989–2003. pmid:19420368
  5. 5. Han JW, Zheng HF, Cui Y, Sun LD, Ye DQ, Hu Z, et al. Genome-wide association study in a Chinese Han population identifies nine new susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus. NAT GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2009 2009-11-01;41(11):1234–7. pmid:19838193
  6. 6. Yang W, Zhao M, Hirankarn N, Lau CS, Mok CC, Chan TM, et al. ITGAM is associated with disease susceptibility and renal nephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus in Hong Kong Chinese and Thai. HUM MOL GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2009 2009-06-01;18(11):2063–70. pmid:19286673
  7. 7. Yang W, Shen N, Ye DQ, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Qian XX, et al. Genome-wide association study in Asian populations identifies variants in ETS1 and WDFY4 associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLOS GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2010 2010-02-12;6(2):e1000841. pmid:20169177
  8. 8. Yang W, Tang H, Zhang Y, Tang X, Zhang J, Sun L, et al. Meta-analysis followed by replication identifies loci in or near CDKN1B, TET3, CD80, DRAM1, and ARID5B as associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in Asians. AM J HUM GENET. [Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2013 2013-01-10;92(1):41–51. pmid:23273568
  9. 9. Mayes MD, Bossini-Castillo L, Gorlova O, Martin JE, Zhou X, Chen WV, et al. Immunochip analysis identifies multiple susceptibility loci for systemic sclerosis. AM J HUM GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2014 2014-01-02;94(1):47–61. pmid:24387989
  10. 10. Bragulla HH, Homberger DG. Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia. J ANAT. [Journal Article; Review]. 2009 2009-04-01;214(4):516–59. pmid:19422428
  11. 11. Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, Langbein L, Lane EB, Magin TM, et al. New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2006 2006-07-17;174(2):169–74. pmid:16831889
  12. 12. Steinert PM. The two-chain coiled-coil molecule of native epidermal keratin intermediate filaments is a type I-type II heterodimer. J BIOL CHEM. [Journal Article]. 1990 1990-05-25;265(15):8766–74. pmid:1692836
  13. 13. Micallef L, Belaubre F, Pinon A, Jayat-Vignoles C, Delage C, Charveron M, et al. Effects of extracellular calcium on the growth-differentiation switch in immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT cells compared with normal human keratinocytes. EXP DERMATOL. [Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2009 2009-02-01;18(2):143–51. pmid:18637039
  14. 14. Woodcock-Mitchell J, Eichner R, Nelson WG, Sun TT. Immunolocalization of keratin polypeptides in human epidermis using monoclonal antibodies. J CELL BIOL. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. 1982 1982-11-01;95(2 Pt 1):580–8. pmid:6183275
  15. 15. Pekny M, Lane EB. Intermediate filaments and stress. EXP CELL RES. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review]. 2007 2007-06-10;313(10):2244–54. pmid:17524394
  16. 16. Mahdi F, Shariat-Madar Z, Todd RR, Figueroa CD, Schmaier AH. Expression and colocalization of cytokeratin 1 and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor on endothelial cells. BLOOD. [Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. 2001 2001-04-15;97(8):2342–50. pmid:11290596
  17. 17. Hasan AA, Zisman T, Schmaier AH. Identification of cytokeratin 1 as a binding protein and presentation receptor for kininogens on endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. 1998 1998-03-31;95(7):3615–20. pmid:9520414
  18. 18. Saavedra P, Girona J, Bosquet A, Guaita S, Canela N, Aragones G, et al. New insights into circulating FABP4: Interaction with cytokeratin 1 on endothelial cell membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2015 2015-11-01;1853(11 Pt A):2966–74. pmid:26343611
  19. 19. Tao H, Berno AJ, Cox DR, Frazer KA. In vitro human keratinocyte migration rates are associated with SNPs in the KRT1 interval. PLOS ONE. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2007 2007-08-01;2(8):e697. pmid:17668073
  20. 20. Roth W, Kumar V, Beer HD, Richter M, Wohlenberg C, Reuter U, et al. Keratin 1 maintains skin integrity and participates in an inflammatory network in skin through interleukin-18. J CELL SCI. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2012 2012-11-15;125(Pt 22):5269–79. pmid:23132931
  21. 21. Arin MJ, Oji V, Emmert S, Hausser I, Traupe H, Krieg T, et al. Expanding the keratin mutation database: novel and recurrent mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations in 28 patients with epidermolytic ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2011 2011-02-01;164(2):442–7. pmid:21271994
  22. 22. Omary MB, Coulombe PA, McLean WH. Intermediate filament proteins and their associated diseases. N Engl J Med. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review]. 2004 2004-11-11;351(20):2087–100. pmid:15537907
  23. 23. Deng GM, Tsokos GC. Pathogenesis and targeted treatment of skin injury in SLE. NAT REV RHEUMATOL. [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review]. 2015 2015-11-01;11(11):663–9. pmid:26241186
  24. 24. Rice LM, Ziemek J, Stratton EA, McLaughlin SR, Padilla CM, Mathes AL, et al. A longitudinal biomarker for the extent of skin disease in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2015 2015-11-01;67(11):3004–15. pmid:26240058
  25. 25. Han M, Fan L, Qin Z, Lavingia B, Stastny P. Alleles of keratin 1 in families and populations. HUM IMMUNOL. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2013 2013-11-01;74(11):1453–8. pmid:23707441
  26. 26. van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, Johnson SR, Baron M, Tyndall A, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. ANN RHEUM DIS. [Consensus Development Conference; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2013 2013-11-01;72(11):1747–55. pmid:24092682
  27. 27. van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, Johnson SR, Baron M, Tyndall A, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. [Consensus Development Conference; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2013 2013-11-01;65(11):2737–47. pmid:24122180
  28. 28. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. Arlequin (version 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online. 2007 2005-01-01;1:47–50.
  29. 29. Chen L, Johnson EO, Breslau N, Hatsukami D, Saccone NL, Grucza RA, et al. Interplay of Genetic Risk Factors and Parent Monitoring in Risk for Nicotine Dependence. Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2009 2009-10-01;104(10):1731–40.
  30. 30. Dupont WD, Plummer WJ. Power and sample size calculations. A review and computer program. Control Clin Trials. [Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. 1990 1990-04-01;11(2):116–28. pmid:2161310
  31. 31. Korge BP, Compton JG, Steinert PM, Mischke D. The two size alleles of human keratin 1 are due to a deletion in the glycine-rich carboxyl-terminal V2 subdomain. J INVEST DERMATOL. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 1992 1992-12-01;99(6):697–702. pmid:1281859
  32. 32. Radstake TR, Gorlova O, Rueda B, Martin JE, Alizadeh BZ, Palomino-Morales R, et al. Genome-wide association study of systemic sclerosis identifies CD247 as a new susceptibility locus. NAT GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2010 2010-05-01;42(5):426–9. pmid:20383147
  33. 33. Allanore Y, Saad M, Dieude P, Avouac J, Distler JH, Amouyel P, et al. Genome-wide scan identifies TNIP1, PSORS1C1, and RHOB as novel risk loci for systemic sclerosis. PLOS GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2011 2011-07-01;7(7):e1002091. pmid:21750679
  34. 34. Chen Y, Yan H, Song Z, Chen F, Wang H, Niu J, et al. Downregulation of TNIP1 Expression Leads to Increased Proliferation of Human Keratinocytes and Severer Psoriasis-Like Conditions in an Imiquimod-Induced Mouse Model of Dermatitis. PLOS ONE. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2015 2015-01-20;10(6):e127957.
  35. 35. Ippagunta SK, Gangwar R, Finkelstein D, Vogel P, Pelletier S, Gingras S, et al. Keratinocytes contribute intrinsically to psoriasis upon loss of Tnip1 function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. [Journal Article]. 2016 2016-10-11;113(41):E6162–71. pmid:27671649
  36. 36. Chen L, Morris DL, Vyse TJ. Genetic advances in systemic lupus erythematosus: an update. CURR OPIN RHEUMATOL. [Journal Article]. 2017 2017-09-01;29(5):423–33. pmid:28509669
  37. 37. Ramos PS, Silver RM, Feghali-Bostwick CA. Genetics of systemic sclerosis: recent advances. CURR OPIN RHEUMATOL. [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review]. 2015 2015-11-01;27(6):521–9. pmid:26317679
  38. 38. Pichlmair A, Schulz O, Tan CP, Rehwinkel J, Kato H, Takeuchi O, et al. Activation of MDA5 requires higher-order RNA structures generated during virus infection. J VIROL. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2009 2009-10-01;83(20):10761–9. pmid:19656871
  39. 39. Rice GI, Del TDY, Jenkinson EM, Forte GM, Anderson BH, Ariaudo G, et al. Gain-of-function mutations in IFIH1 cause a spectrum of human disease phenotypes associated with upregulated type I interferon signaling. NAT GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2014 2014-05-01;46(5):503–9. pmid:24686847
  40. 40. Liu S, Wang H, Jin Y, Podolsky R, Reddy MV, Pedersen J, et al. IFIH1 polymorphisms are significantly associated with type 1 diabetes and IFIH1 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. HUM MOL GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2009 2009-01-15;18(2):358–65. pmid:18927125
  41. 41. Strange A, Capon F, Spencer CC, Knight J, Weale ME, Allen MH, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies new psoriasis susceptibility loci and an interaction between HLA-C and ERAP1. NAT GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2010 2010-11-01;42(11):985–90. pmid:20953190
  42. 42. Oda H, Nakagawa K, Abe J, Awaya T, Funabiki M, Hijikata A, et al. Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome is caused by IFIH1 mutations. AM J HUM GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2014 2014-07-03;95(1):121–5. pmid:24995871
  43. 43. Bennett L, Palucka AK, Arce E, Cantrell V, Borvak J, Banchereau J, et al. Interferon and granulopoiesis signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus blood. J EXP MED. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. 2003 2003-03-17;197(6):711–23. pmid:12642603
  44. 44. Baechler EC, Batliwalla FM, Karypis G, Gaffney PM, Ortmann WA, Espe KJ, et al. Interferon-inducible gene expression signature in peripheral blood cells of patients with severe lupus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2003 2003-03-04;100(5):2610–5. pmid:12604793
  45. 45. Cunninghame GD, Morris DL, Bhangale TR, Criswell LA, Syvanen AC, Ronnblom L, et al. Association of NCF2, IKZF1, IRF8, IFIH1, and TYK2 with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLOS GENET. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2011 2011-10-01;7(10):e1002341. pmid:22046141
  46. 46. Van Eyck L, De Somer L, Pombal D, Bornschein S, Frans G, Humblet-Baron S, et al. Brief Report: IFIH1 Mutation Causes Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Selective IgA Deficiency. Arthritis Rheumatol. [Case Reports; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2015 2015-06-01;67(6):1592–7. pmid:25777993
  47. 47. Lewis MJ, Botto M. Complement deficiencies in humans and animals: links to autoimmunity. AUTOIMMUNITY. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review]. 2006 2006-08-01;39(5):367–78. pmid:16923536
  48. 48. Demirkaya E, Zhou Q, Smith CK, Ombrello MJ, Deuitch N, Tsai WL, et al. Deficiency of Complement 1r Subcomponent in Early-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Role of Disease-Modifying Alleles in a Monogenic Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. [Journal Article]. 2017 2017-05-23.
  49. 49. Pant PV, Tao H, Beilharz EJ, Ballinger DG, Cox DR, Frazer KA. Analysis of allelic differential expression in human white blood cells. GENOME RES. [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural]. 2006 2006-03-01;16(3):331–9. pmid:16467561
  50. 50. Wallace L, Roberts-Thompson L, Reichelt J. Deletion of K1/K10 does not impair epidermal stratification but affects desmosomal structure and nuclear integrity. J CELL SCI. [Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. 2012 2012-04-01;125(Pt 7):1750–8. pmid:22375063
  51. 51. Guo X, Hu J, Luo W, Luo Q, Guo J, Tian F, et al. Analysis of Sera of Recipients with Allograft Rejection Indicates That Keratin 1 Is the Target of Anti-Endothelial Antibodies. J Immunol Res. [Journal Article]. 2017 2017-01-20;2017:8679841. pmid:28265584